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Chen Y, Kobayashi M, Yuhn C, Oshima M. Development of a 3D Vascular Network Visualization Platform for One-Dimensional Hemodynamic Simulation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:313. [PMID: 38671739 PMCID: PMC11047578 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in computational performance and medical simulation technology have made significant strides, particularly in predictive diagnosis. This study focuses on the blood flow simulation reduced-order models, which provide swift and cost-effective solutions for complex vascular systems, positioning them as practical alternatives to 3D simulations in resource-limited medical settings. The paper introduces a visualization platform for patient-specific and image-based 1D-0D simulations. This platform covers the entire workflow, from modeling to dynamic 3D visualization of simulation results. Two case studies on, respectively, carotid stenosis and arterial remodeling demonstrate its utility in blood flow simulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Masaharu Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan;
| | - Changyoung Yuhn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Marie Oshima
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan;
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Daher A, Payne S. The conducted vascular response as a mediator of hypercapnic cerebrovascular reactivity: A modelling study. Comput Biol Med 2024; 170:107985. [PMID: 38245966 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that the cerebral blood flow (CBF) shows exquisite sensitivity to changes in the arterial blood partial pressure of CO2 ( [Formula: see text] ), which is reflected by an index termed cerebrovascular reactivity. In response to elevations in [Formula: see text] (hypercapnia), the vessels of the cerebral microvasculature dilate, thereby decreasing the vascular resistance and increasing CBF. Due to the challenges of access, scale and complexity encountered when studying the microvasculature, however, the mechanisms behind cerebrovascular reactivity are not fully understood. Experiments have previously established that the cholinergic release of the Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter in the cortex is a prerequisite for the hypercapnic response. It is also known that ACh functions as an endothelial-dependent agonist, in which the local administration of ACh elicits local hyperpolarization in the vascular wall; this hyperpolarization signal is then propagated upstream the vascular network through the endothelial layer and is coupled to a vasodilatory response in the vascular smooth muscle (VSM) layer in what is known as the conducted vascular response (CVR). Finally, experimental data indicate that the hypercapnic response is more strongly correlated with the CO2 levels in the tissue than in the arterioles. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the CVR, evoked by increases in local tissue CO2 levels and a subsequent local release of ACh, is responsible for the CBF increase observed in response to elevations in [Formula: see text] . By constructing physiologically grounded dynamic models of CBF and control in the cerebral vasculature, ones that integrate the available knowledge and experimental data, we build a new model of the series of signalling events and pathways underpinning the hypercapnic response, and use the model to provide compelling evidence that corroborates the aforementioned hypothesis. If the CVR indeed acts as a mediator of the hypercapnic response, the proposed mechanism would provide an important addition to our understanding of the repertoire of metabolic feedback mechanisms possessed by the brain and would motivate further in-vivo investigation. We also model the interaction of the hypercapnic response with dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), the collection of mechanisms that the brain possesses to maintain near constant CBF despite perturbations in pressure, and show how the dCA mechanisms, which otherwise tend to be overlooked when analysing experimental results of cerebrovascular reactivity, could play a significant role in shaping the CBF response to elevations in [Formula: see text] . Such in-silico models can be used in tandem with in-vivo experiments to expand our understanding of cerebrovascular diseases, which continue to be among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen Payne
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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3
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Haider MA, Pearce KJ, Chesler NC, Hill NA, Olufsen MS. Application and reduction of a nonlinear hyperelastic wall model capturing ex vivo relationships between fluid pressure, area, and wall thickness in normal and hypertensive murine left pulmonary arteries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2024; 40:e3798. [PMID: 38214099 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder manifested by elevated mean arterial blood pressure (>20 mmHg) together with vessel wall stiffening and thickening due to alterations in collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle cells. Hypoxia-induced (type 3) pulmonary hypertension can be studied in animals exposed to a low oxygen environment for prolonged time periods leading to biomechanical alterations in vessel wall structure. This study introduces a novel approach to formulating a reduced order nonlinear elastic structural wall model for a large pulmonary artery. The model relating blood pressure and area is calibrated using ex vivo measurements of vessel diameter and wall thickness changes, under controlled pressure conditions, in left pulmonary arteries isolated from control and hypertensive mice. A two-layer, hyperelastic, and anisotropic model incorporating residual stresses is formulated using the Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden model. Complex relations predicting vessel area and wall thickness with increasing blood pressure are derived and calibrated using the data. Sensitivity analysis, parameter estimation, subset selection, and physical plausibility arguments are used to systematically reduce the 16-parameter model to one in which a much smaller subset of identifiable parameters is estimated via solution of an inverse problem. Our final reduced one layer model includes a single set of three elastic moduli. Estimated ranges of these parameters demonstrate that nonlinear stiffening is dominated by elastin in the control animals and by collagen in the hypertensive animals. The pressure-area relation developed in this novel manner has potential impact on one-dimensional fluids network models of vessel wall remodeling in the presence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor A Haider
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine J Pearce
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naomi C Chesler
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center & Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nicholas A Hill
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mette S Olufsen
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Korte J, Klopp ES, Berg P. Multi-Dimensional Modeling of Cerebral Hemodynamics: A Systematic Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:72. [PMID: 38247949 PMCID: PMC10813503 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Circle of Willis (CoW) describes the arterial system in the human brain enabling the neurovascular blood supply. Neurovascular diseases like intracranial aneurysms (IAs) can occur within the CoW and carry the risk of rupture, which can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The assessment of hemodynamic information in these pathologies is crucial for their understanding regarding detection, diagnosis and treatment. Multi-dimensional in silico approaches exist to evaluate these hemodynamics based on patient-specific input data. The approaches comprise low-scale (zero-dimensional, one-dimensional) and high-scale (three-dimensional) models as well as multi-scale coupled models. The input data can be derived from medical imaging, numerical models, literature-based assumptions or from measurements within healthy subjects. Thus, the most realistic description of neurovascular hemodynamics is still controversial. Within this systematic review, first, the models of the three scales (0D, 1D, 3D) and second, the multi-scale models, which are coupled versions of the three scales, were discussed. Current best practices in describing neurovascular hemodynamics most realistically and their clinical applicablility were elucidated. The performance of 3D simulation entails high computational expenses, which could be reduced by analyzing solely the region of interest in detail. Medical imaging to establish patient-specific boundary conditions is usually rare, and thus, lower dimensional models provide a realistic mimicking of the surrounding hemodynamics. Multi-scale coupling, however, is computationally expensive as well, especially when taking all dimensions into account. In conclusion, the 0D-1D-3D multi-scale approach provides the most realistic outcome; nevertheless, it is least applicable. A 1D-3D multi-scale model can be considered regarding a beneficial trade-off between realistic results and applicable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Korte
- Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Fluid Dynamics and Technical Flows, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ehlar Sophie Klopp
- Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Berg
- Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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5
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Zhao TY, Johnson EMI, Elisha G, Halder S, Smith BC, Allen BD, Markl M, Patankar NA. Blood-wall fluttering instability as a physiomarker of the progression of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1614-1626. [PMID: 38082182 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of aneurysms is informed by empirically tracking their size and growth rate. Here, by analysing the growth of aortic aneurysms from first principles via linear stability analysis of flow through an elastic blood vessel, we show that abnormal aortic dilatation is associated with a transition from stable flow to unstable aortic fluttering. This transition to instability can be described by the critical threshold for a dimensionless number that depends on blood pressure, the size of the aorta, and the shear stress and stiffness of the aortic wall. By analysing data from four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging for 117 patients who had undergone cardiothoracic imaging and for 100 healthy volunteers, we show that the dimensionless number is a physiomarker for the growth of thoracic ascending aortic aneurysms and that it can be used to accurately discriminate abnormal versus natural growth. Further characterization of the transition to blood-wall fluttering instability may aid the understanding of the mechanisms underlying aneurysm progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Y Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Ethan M I Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Guy Elisha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sourav Halder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ben C Smith
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bradley D Allen
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neelesh A Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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6
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Colebank MJ, Umar Qureshi M, Olufsen MS. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of 1-D models of pulmonary hemodynamics in mice under control and hypertensive conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 37:e3242. [PMID: 31355521 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined as an elevated mean blood pressure in the main pulmonary artery (MPA) at rest, is associated with vascular remodeling of both large and small arteries. PH has several sub-types that are all linked to high mortality rates. In this study, we use a one-dimensional (1-D) fluid dynamics model driven by in vivo measurements of MPA flow to understand how model parameters and network size influence MPA pressure predictions in the presence of PH. We compare model predictions with in vivo MPA pressure measurements from a control and a hypertensive mouse and analyze results in three networks of increasing complexity, extracted from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images. We introduce global scaling factors for boundary condition parameters and perform local and global sensitivity analysis to calculate parameter influence on model predictions of MPA pressure and correlation analysis to determine a subset of identifiable parameters. These are inferred using frequentist optimization and Bayesian inference via the Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis (DRAM) algorithm. Frequentist and Bayesian uncertainty is computed for model parameters and MPA pressure predictions. Results show that MPA pressure predictions are most sensitive to distal vascular resistance and that parameter influence changes with increasing network complexity. Our outcomes suggest that PH leads to increased vascular stiffness and decreased peripheral compliance, congruent with clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel J Colebank
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - M Umar Qureshi
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mette S Olufsen
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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7
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Aboelkassem Y, Savic D. Particle swarm optimizer for arterial blood flow models. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 201:105933. [PMID: 33517234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mathematical modeling and computational simulations of arterial blood flow network can offer an insilico platform for both diagnostics and therapeutic phases of patients that suffer from cardiac diseases. These models are normally complex and involve many unknown parameters. For physiological relevance, these parameters should be optimized using in-vivo human/animal data sets. The main goal of this work is to develop an efficient, yet an accurate optimization algorithm to compute parameters in the arterial blood flow models. METHODS The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is proposed herein for the first time, as an accurate algorithm that applies to computing parameters in the Windkessel type model of blood flow in the arterial system. We begin by defining a 6-element Windkessel (WK6) arterial flow model, which is then implemented and validated using multiple flow rate and aortic pressure measurements obtained from different subjects including dogs, pigs and humans. The parameters in the model are obtained using the PSO technique which minimizes the pressure root mean square (P-RMS) error between the computed and the measured aortic pressure waveform. RESULTS Model parameters obtained using the proposed PSO method were able to recover the pressure waveform in the aorta during the cardiac cycle for both healthy and diseased species (animals/humans). The PSO method provides an accurate approach to solve this challenging multi-dimensional parameter identification problem. The results obtained by PSO algorithm was compared with the classical gradient-based, namely the non-linear square fit (NLSF) algorithm. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the PSO method offers alternative and accurate method to find optimal physiological parameters involved in the Windkessel model for the study of arterial blood flow network. The PSO method has performed better than the NLSF approach as depicted from the P-RMS calculations. Finally, we believe that the PSO method offers a great potential and could be used for many other biomedicine optimization problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragana Savic
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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8
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Sodagar H, Sodagar-Abardeh J, Shakiba A, Niazmand H. Numerical study of drug delivery through the 3D modeling of aortic arch in presence of a magnetic field. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:787-802. [PMID: 33449275 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic drug delivery known as smart technique in medicine is basically according to combining the drug inside capsules with the magnetic property or attaching the drug with magnetic surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale. In the present study, magnetic drug delivery in the aortic artery has been investigated. To approach the more realistic problem conditions of blood flow rheology, the effect of parameters such as non-Newtonian viscosity and oscillating input has been put into consideration. Also, the investigated geometrical parameters of arteries of the aortic arch have been chosen similar to the real size. The results indicate that an increase in the diameter of microparticles rises the efficiency of particles absorption. In addition, the influence of changing the direction of the wire carrying electricity and thus changing the direction of magnetic field on magnetic drug delivery has been examined in the geometry of the aortic arc and it is found that the highest particle absorption efficiency takes place in the case that the wire is parallel to the direction of y-axis. As an example, the results show that the rate of absorption efficiency for particles with 3 µm dia is 26.83% and 19.39% when the wire generating magnetic field is parallel to the direction of y-axis and z-axis, respectively, and this value is 10.91% for the case without a magnetic field. The number of particles released from different part of the aortic arch also is affected by the direction of magnetic field. This value illustrates that the percentage of particles released from different states, is equal when the magnetic field is absent and the wire carrying electricity is parallel to y-axis and z-axis. However, the number of particles released from the 2 outputs of the left carotid and left subclavian is less than the other 2 states (i.e., the state when there is not a magnetic field, and the state when the electric current direction is parallel to the y-axis direction) for the state when the wire carrying current is parallel to the z-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sodagar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Sodagar-Abardeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Ali Shakiba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hamid Niazmand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Filonova V, Arthurs CJ, Vignon-Clementel IE, Figueroa CA. Verification of the coupled-momentum method with Womersley's Deformable Wall analytical solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3266. [PMID: 31617679 PMCID: PMC7012768 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we perform a verification study of the Coupled-Momentum Method (CMM), a 3D fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model which uses a thin linear elastic membrane and linear kinematics to describe the mechanical behavior of the vessel wall. The verification of this model is done using Womersley's deformable wall analytical solution for pulsatile flow in a semi-infinite cylindrical vessel. This solution is, under certain premises, the analytical solution of the CMM and can thus be used for model verification. For the numerical solution, we employ an impedance boundary condition to define a reflection-free outflow boundary condition and thus mimic the physics of the analytical solution, which is defined on a semi-infinite domain. We first provide a rigorous derivation of Womersley's deformable wall theory via scale analysis. We then illustrate different characteristics of the analytical solution such as space-time wave periodicity and attenuation. Finally, we present the verification tests comparing the CMM with Womersley's theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Alberto Figueroa
- Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
- Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s
College London, UK
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10
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Evaluating the Effectiveness of 2 Different Flow Diverter Stents Based on the Stagnation Region Formation in an Aneurysm Sac Using Lagrangian Coherent Structure. World Neurosurg 2019; 127:e727-e737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Aboelkassem Y, Virag Z. A hybrid Windkessel-Womersley model for blood flow in arteries. J Theor Biol 2018; 462:499-513. [PMID: 30528559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid Windkessel-Womersley (WK-W) coupled mathematical model for the study of pulsatile blood flow in the arterial system is proposed in this article. The model consists of the Windkessel-type proximal and distal compartments connected by a tube to represent the aorta. The blood flow in the aorta is described by the Womersley solution of the simplified Navier-Stokes equations. In addition, we defined a 6-elements Windkessel model (WK6) in which the blood flow in the connecting tube is modeled by the one-dimensional unsteady Bernoulli equation. Both models have been applied and validated using several aortic pressure and flow rate data acquired from different species such as, humans, dogs and pigs. The results have shown that, both models were able to accurately reconstruct arterial input impedance, however, only the WK-W model was able to calculate the radial distribution of the axial velocity in the aorta and consequently the model predicts the time-varying wall shear stress, and frictional pressure drop during the cardiac cycle more accurately. Additionally, the hybrid WK-W model has the capability to predict the pulsed wave velocity, which is also not possible to obtain when using the classical Windkessel models. Moreover, the values of WK-W model parameters have found to fall in the physiologically realistic range of values, therefore it seems that this hybrid model shows a great potential to be used in clinical practice, as well as in the basic cardiovascular mechanics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Aboelkassem
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Zdravko Virag
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Melis A, Clayton RH, Marzo A. Bayesian sensitivity analysis of a 1D vascular model with Gaussian process emulators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 33. [PMID: 28337862 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional models of the cardiovascular system can capture the physics of pulse waves but involve many parameters. Since these may vary among individuals, patient-specific models are difficult to construct. Sensitivity analysis can be used to rank model parameters by their effect on outputs and to quantify how uncertainty in parameters influences output uncertainty. This type of analysis is often conducted with a Monte Carlo method, where large numbers of model runs are used to assess input-output relations. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the computational efficiency of variance-based sensitivity analysis of 1D vascular models using Gaussian process emulators, compared to a standard Monte Carlo approach. The methodology was tested on four vascular networks of increasing complexity to analyse its scalability. The computational time needed to perform the sensitivity analysis with an emulator was reduced by the 99.96% compared to a Monte Carlo approach. Despite the reduced computational time, sensitivity indices obtained using the two approaches were comparable. The scalability study showed that the number of mechanistic simulations needed to train a Gaussian process for sensitivity analysis was of the order O(d), rather than O(d×103) needed for Monte Carlo analysis (where d is the number of parameters in the model). The efficiency of this approach, combined with capacity to estimate the impact of uncertain parameters on model outputs, will enable development of patient-specific models of the vascular system, and has the potential to produce results with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Melis
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
| | - Richard H Clayton
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
| | - Alberto Marzo
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
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13
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Puelz C, Čanić S, Rivière B, Rusin CG. Comparison of reduced models for blood flow using Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin methods. APPLIED NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS : TRANSACTIONS OF IMACS 2017; 115:114-141. [PMID: 29081563 PMCID: PMC5654593 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnum.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional blood flow models take the general form of nonlinear hyperbolic systems but differ in their formulation. One class of models considers the physically conserved quantities of mass and momentum, while another class describes mass and velocity. Further, the averaging process employed in the model derivation requires the specification of the axial velocity profile; this choice differentiates models within each class. Discrepancies among differing models have yet to be investigated. In this paper, we comment on some theoretical differences among models and systematically compare them for physiologically relevant vessel parameters, network topology, and boundary data. In particular, the effect of the velocity profile is investigated in the cases of both smooth and discontinuous solutions, and a recommendation for a physiological model is provided. The models are discretized by a class of Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Puelz
- Rice University, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics
| | | | - Béatrice Rivière
- Rice University, Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics
| | - Craig G Rusin
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology
- Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Medicine-Cardiology
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14
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Korade I, Virag Z, Krizmanić S. A fast method for solving a linear model of one-dimensional blood flow in a viscoelastic arterial tree. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 231:203-212. [PMID: 28116980 DOI: 10.1177/0954411916688718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of optimization of the whole arterial tree, a fast method for solving of one-dimensional model of blood flow is required. A semi-analytic transmission line method for solving a linearized one-dimensional model of blood flow in an arterial tree with viscoelastic walls is proposed. The transmission line method that solves the linearized model in the frequency domain and the method of characteristics that solves either linearized or non-linear one-dimensional models in the time domain are compared regarding accuracy and computational time. For this purpose, the benchmark problem of a 37-artery network with available experimental data is used. In the case of the linearized model, the results from the transmission line method and the method of characteristics are practically the same. The difference between the transmission line method solution of the linearized model and the method of characteristics solution of the non-linear model is much smaller than the error of either method of characteristics or transmission line method numerical solutions with respect to the experimental data. For typical applications, the transmission line method is at least two orders of magnitude faster than the method of characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Korade
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravko Virag
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Severino Krizmanić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Safaei S, Bradley CP, Suresh V, Mithraratne K, Muller A, Ho H, Ladd D, Hellevik LR, Omholt SW, Chase JG, Müller LO, Watanabe SM, Blanco PJ, de Bono B, Hunter PJ. Roadmap for cardiovascular circulation model. J Physiol 2016; 594:6909-6928. [PMID: 27506597 DOI: 10.1113/jp272660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational models of many aspects of the mammalian cardiovascular circulation have been developed. Indeed, along with orthopaedics, this area of physiology is one that has attracted much interest from engineers, presumably because the equations governing blood flow in the vascular system are well understood and can be solved with well-established numerical techniques. Unfortunately, there have been only a few attempts to create a comprehensive public domain resource for cardiovascular researchers. In this paper we propose a roadmap for developing an open source cardiovascular circulation model. The model should be registered to the musculo-skeletal system. The computational infrastructure for the cardiovascular model should provide for near real-time computation of blood flow and pressure in all parts of the body. The model should deal with vascular beds in all tissues, and the computational infrastructure for the model should provide links into CellML models of cell function and tissue function. In this work we review the literature associated with 1D blood flow modelling in the cardiovascular system, discuss model encoding standards, software and a model repository. We then describe the coordinate systems used to define the vascular geometry, derive the equations and discuss the implementation of these coupled equations in the open source computational software OpenCMISS. Finally, some preliminary results are presented and plans outlined for the next steps in the development of the model, the computational software and the graphical user interface for accessing the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Safaei
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Vinod Suresh
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Mithraratne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexandre Muller
- ENSEEIHT, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Ladd
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leif R Hellevik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stig W Omholt
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lucas O Müller
- LNCC/MCTI, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Pablo J Blanco
- LNCC/MCTI, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Bernard de Bono
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Hunter
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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A Novel Analytical Approach to Pulsatile Blood Flow in the Arterial Network. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3047-3068. [PMID: 27138525 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Haemodynamic simulations using one-dimensional (1-D) computational models exhibit many of the features of the systemic circulation under normal and diseased conditions. We propose a novel linear 1-D dynamical theory of blood flow in networks of flexible vessels that is based on a generalized Darcy's model and for which a full analytical solution exists in frequency domain. We assess the accuracy of this formulation in a series of benchmark test cases for which computational 1-D and 3-D solutions are available. Accordingly, we calculate blood flow and pressure waves, and velocity profiles in the human common carotid artery, upper thoracic aorta, aortic bifurcation, and a 20-artery model of the aorta and its larger branches. Our analytical solution is in good agreement with the available solutions and reproduces the main features of pulse waveforms in networks of large arteries under normal physiological conditions. Our model reduces computational time and provides a new approach for studying arterial pulse wave mechanics; e.g., the analyticity of our model allows for a direct identification of the role played by physical properties of the cardiovascular system on the pressure waves.
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17
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Boileau E, Nithiarasu P, Blanco PJ, Müller LO, Fossan FE, Hellevik LR, Donders WP, Huberts W, Willemet M, Alastruey J. A benchmark study of numerical schemes for one-dimensional arterial blood flow modelling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2015; 31:e02732. [PMID: 26100764 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Haemodynamical simulations using one-dimensional (1D) computational models exhibit many of the features of the systemic circulation under normal and diseased conditions. Recent interest in verifying 1D numerical schemes has led to the development of alternative experimental setups and the use of three-dimensional numerical models to acquire data not easily measured in vivo. In most studies to date, only one particular 1D scheme is tested. In this paper, we present a systematic comparison of six commonly used numerical schemes for 1D blood flow modelling: discontinuous Galerkin, locally conservative Galerkin, Galerkin least-squares finite element method, finite volume method, finite difference MacCormack method and a simplified trapezium rule method. Comparisons are made in a series of six benchmark test cases with an increasing degree of complexity. The accuracy of the numerical schemes is assessed by comparison with theoretical results, three-dimensional numerical data in compatible domains with distensible walls or experimental data in a network of silicone tubes. Results show a good agreement among all numerical schemes and their ability to capture the main features of pressure, flow and area waveforms in large arteries. All the information used in this study, including the input data for all benchmark cases, experimental data where available and numerical solutions for each scheme, is made publicly available online, providing a comprehensive reference data set to support the development of 1D models and numerical schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Boileau
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Perumal Nithiarasu
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Pablo J Blanco
- National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, LNCC/MCTI, Av. Getúlio Vargas 333, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro 25651-075, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine Assisted by Scientific Computing, INCT-MACC, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas O Müller
- National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, LNCC/MCTI, Av. Getúlio Vargas 333, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro 25651-075, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine Assisted by Scientific Computing, INCT-MACC, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredrik Eikeland Fossan
- Department of Structural Engineering, Division of Biomechanics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Leif Rune Hellevik
- Department of Structural Engineering, Division of Biomechanics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wouter P Donders
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Huberts
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Willemet
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jordi Alastruey
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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18
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Du T, Hu D, Cai D. Outflow boundary conditions for blood flow in arterial trees. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128597. [PMID: 26000782 PMCID: PMC4441455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the modeling of the pulse wave in the systemic arterial tree, it is necessary to truncate small arterial crowns representing the networks of small arteries and arterioles. Appropriate boundary conditions at the truncation points are required to represent wave reflection effects of the truncated arterial crowns. In this work, we provide a systematic method to extract parameters of the three-element Windkessel model from the impedance of a truncated arterial tree or from experimental measurements of the blood pressure and flow rate at the inlet of the truncated arterial crown. In addition, we propose an improved three-element Windkessel model with a complex capacitance to accurately capture the fundamental-frequency time lag of the reflection wave with respect to the incident wave. Through our numerical simulations of blood flow in a single artery and in a large arterial tree, together with the analysis of the modeling error of the pulse wave in large arteries, we show that both a small truncation radius and the complex capacitance in the improved Windkessel model play an important role in reducing the modeling error, defined as the difference in dynamics induced by the structured tree model and the Windkessel models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Du
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MOE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MOE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - David Cai
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Natural Sciences, and MOE-LSC, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, U.S.A.
- NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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19
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Manini S, Antiga L, Botti L, Remuzzi A. pyNS: an open-source framework for 0D haemodynamic modelling. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1461-73. [PMID: 25549775 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of computational approaches have been proposed for the simulation of haemodynamics and vascular wall dynamics in complex vascular networks. Among them, 0D pulse wave propagation methods allow to efficiently model flow and pressure distributions and wall displacements throughout vascular networks at low computational costs. Although several techniques are documented in literature, the availability of open-source computational tools is still limited. We here present python Network Solver, a modular solver framework for 0D problems released under a BSD license as part of the archToolkit ( http://archtk.github.com ). As an application, we describe patient-specific models of the systemic circulation and detailed upper extremity for use in the prediction of maturation after surgical creation of vascular access for haemodialysis.
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20
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Cousins W, Gremaud PA. Impedance boundary conditions for general transient hemodynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2014; 30:1294-1313. [PMID: 24954012 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the implementation and calibration of a new generalized structured tree boundary condition for hemodynamics. The main idea is to approximate the impedance corresponding to the vessels downstream from a specific outlet. Unlike previous impedance conditions, the one considered here is applicable to general transient flows as opposed to periodic ones only. The physiological character of the approach significantly simplifies calibration. We also describe a novel way to incorporate autoregulation mechanisms in structured arterial trees at minimal computational cost. The strength of the approach is illustrated and validated on several examples through comparison with clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Cousins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Qureshi MU, Vaughan GD, Sainsbury C, Johnson M, Peskin CS, Olufsen MS, Hill N. Numerical simulation of blood flow and pressure drop in the pulmonary arterial and venous circulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 13:1137-54. [PMID: 24610385 PMCID: PMC4183203 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel multiscale mathematical and computational model of the pulmonary circulation is presented and used to analyse both arterial and venous pressure and flow. This work is a major advance over previous studies by Olufsen et al. (Ann Biomed Eng 28:1281-1299, 2012) which only considered the arterial circulation. For the first three generations of vessels within the pulmonary circulation, geometry is specified from patient-specific measurements obtained using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Blood flow and pressure in the larger arteries and veins are predicted using a nonlinear, cross-sectional-area-averaged system of equations for a Newtonian fluid in an elastic tube. Inflow into the main pulmonary artery is obtained from MRI measurements, while pressure entering the left atrium from the main pulmonary vein is kept constant at the normal mean value of 2 mmHg. Each terminal vessel in the network of 'large' arteries is connected to its corresponding terminal vein via a network of vessels representing the vascular bed of smaller arteries and veins. We develop and implement an algorithm to calculate the admittance of each vascular bed, using bifurcating structured trees and recursion. The structured-tree models take into account the geometry and material properties of the 'smaller' arteries and veins of radii ≥ 50 μm. We study the effects on flow and pressure associated with three classes of pulmonary hypertension expressed via stiffening of larger and smaller vessels, and vascular rarefaction. The results of simulating these pathological conditions are in agreement with clinical observations, showing that the model has potential for assisting with diagnosis and treatment for circulatory diseases within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Umar Qureshi
- Department of Mathematics, International Islamic University, Sector H10, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan and School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW, U.K.
| | - Gareth D.A. Vaughan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW, U.K.
| | | | - Martin Johnson
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow G81 4D7, U.K.
| | - Charles S. Peskin
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, 251 Mercer Street, NY 10012, U.S.A.
| | - Mette S. Olufsen
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27502, U.S.A.
| | - N.A. Hill
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QW, U.K.
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22
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Xiao N, Alastruey J, Figueroa CA. A systematic comparison between 1-D and 3-D hemodynamics in compliant arterial models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2014; 30:204-31. [PMID: 24115509 PMCID: PMC4337249 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic comparison of computational hemodynamics in arteries between a one-dimensional (1-D) and a three-dimensional (3-D) formulation with deformable vessel walls. The simulations were performed using a series of idealized compliant arterial models representing the common carotid artery, thoracic aorta, aortic bifurcation, and full aorta from the arch to the iliac bifurcation. The formulations share identical inflow and outflow boundary conditions and have compatible material laws. We also present an iterative algorithm to select the parameters for the outflow boundary conditions by using the 1-D theory to achieve a desired systolic and diastolic pressure at a particular vessel. This 1-D/3-D framework can be used to efficiently determine material and boundary condition parameters for 3-D subject-specific arterial models with deformable vessel walls. Finally, we explore the impact of different anatomical features and hemodynamic conditions on the numerical predictions. The results show good agreement between the two formulations, especially during the diastolic phase of the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Jordi Alastruey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, UK
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23
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Low K, van Loon R, Sazonov I, Bevan RLT, Nithiarasu P. An improved baseline model for a human arterial network to study the impact of aneurysms on pressure-flow waveforms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2012; 28:1224-1246. [PMID: 23212798 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an improved and robust one-dimensional human arterial network model is presented. The one-dimensional blood flow equations are solved using the Taylor-locally conservative Galerkin finite element method. The model improvements are carried out by adopting parts of the physical models from different authors to establish an accurate baseline model. The predicted pressure-flow waveforms at various monitoring positions are compared against in vivo measurements from published works. The results obtained show that wave shapes predicted are similar to that of the experimental data and exhibit a good overall agreement with measured waveforms. Finally, computational studies on the influence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm are presented. The presence of aneurysms results in a significant change in the waveforms throughout the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Low
- Swansea Biomedical Computing Lab, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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24
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Reymond P, Perren F, Lazeyras F, Stergiopulos N. Patient-specific mean pressure drop in the systemic arterial tree, a comparison between 1-D and 3-D models. J Biomech 2012; 45:2499-505. [PMID: 22884968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional models of the systemic arterial tree are useful tools for studying wave propagation phenomena, however, their formulation for frictional losses is approximate and often based on solutions for developed flow in straight non-tapered arterial segments. Thus, losses due to bifurcations, tortuosity, non-planarity and complex geometry effects cannot be accounted for in 1-D models. This may lead to errors in the estimation of mean pressure. To evaluate these errors, we simulated steady flow in a patient specific model of the entire systemic circulation using a standard CFD code with Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood properties and compared the pressure evolution along three principal and representative arterial pathlines with the prediction of mean pressure, as given by the 1-D model. Pressure drop computed from aortic root up to iliac bifurcation and to distal brachial is less than 1 mmHg and 1-D model predictions agree well with the 3-D model. In smaller vessels like the precerebral and cerebral arteries, the losses are higher (mean pressure drop over 10 mmHg from mean aortic pressure) and are consistently underestimated by the 1-D model. Complex flow patterns resulting from tortuosity, non-planarity and branching yield shear stresses, which are higher than the ones predicted by the 1-D model. In consequence, the 1-D model overestimates mean pressure in peripheral arteries and especially in the cerebral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Reymond
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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OLUFSEN METTES, HILL NA, VAUGHAN GARETHDA, SAINSBURY CHRISTOPHER, JOHNSON MARTIN. Rarefaction and blood pressure in systemic and pulmonary arteries. JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 2012; 705:280-305. [PMID: 22962497 PMCID: PMC3433075 DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2012.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of vascular rarefaction (the loss of small arteries) on the circulation of blood are studied using a multiscale mathematical model that can predict blood flow and pressure in the systemic and pulmonary arteries. We augmented a model originally developed for the systemic arteries (Olufsen et al. 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004) to (a) predict flow and pressure in the pulmonary arteries, and (b) predict pressure propagation along the small arteries in the vascular beds. The systemic and pulmonary arteries are modelled as separate, bifurcating trees of compliant and tapering vessels. Each tree is divided into two parts representing the `large' and `small' arteries. Blood flow and pressure in the large arteries are predicted using a nonlinear cross-sectional area-averaged model for a Newtonian fluid in an elastic tube with inflow obtained from magnetic resonance measurements. Each terminal vessel within the network of the large arteries is coupled to a vascular bed of small `resistance' arteries, which are modelled as asymmetric structured trees with specified area and asymmetry ratios between the parent and daughter arteries. For the systemic circulation, each structured tree represents a specific vascular bed corresponding to major organs and limbs. For the pulmonary circulation, there are four vascular beds supplied by the interlobar arteries. This manuscript presents the first theoretical calculations of the propagation of the pressure and flow waves along systemic and pulmonary large and small arteries. Results for all networks were in agreement with published observations. Two studies were done with this model. First, we showed how rarefaction can be modelled by pruning the tree of arteries in the microvascular system. This was done by modulating parameters used for designing the structured trees. Results showed that rarefaction leads to increased mean and decreased pulse pressure in the large arteries. Second, we investigated the impact of decreasing vessel compliance in both large and small arteries. Results showed, that the effects of decreased compliance in the large arteries far outweigh the effects observed when decreasing the compliance of the small arteries. We further showed that a decrease of compliance in the large arteries results in pressure increases consistent with observations of isolated systolic hypertension, as occurs in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- METTE S. OLUFSEN
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27502, USA
| | - N. A. HILL
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK
| | - GARETH D. A. VAUGHAN
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QW, UK
| | - CHRISTOPHER SAINSBURY
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - MARTIN JOHNSON
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4HX, UK
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26
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A pulse wave propagation model to support decision-making in vascular access planning in the clinic. Med Eng Phys 2012; 34:233-48. [PMID: 21840239 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Zhang G, Hahn JO, Mukkamala R. Tube-load model parameter estimation for monitoring arterial hemodynamics. Front Physiol 2011; 2:72. [PMID: 22053157 PMCID: PMC3205439 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A useful model of the arterial system is the uniform, lossless tube with parametric load. This tube-load model is able to account for wave propagation and reflection (unlike lumped-parameter models such as the Windkessel) while being defined by only a few parameters (unlike comprehensive distributed-parameter models). As a result, the parameters may be readily estimated by accurate fitting of the model to available arterial pressure and flow waveforms so as to permit improved monitoring of arterial hemodynamics. In this paper, we review tube-load model parameter estimation techniques that have appeared in the literature for monitoring wave reflection, large artery compliance, pulse transit time, and central aortic pressure. We begin by motivating the use of the tube-load model for parameter estimation. We then describe the tube-load model, its assumptions and validity, and approaches for estimating its parameters. We next summarize the various techniques and their experimental results while highlighting their advantages over conventional techniques. We conclude the review by suggesting future research directions and describing potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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28
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Raghu R, Vignon-Clementel IE, Figueroa CA, Taylor CA. Comparative Study of Viscoelastic Arterial Wall Models in Nonlinear One-Dimensional Finite Element Simulations of Blood Flow. J Biomech Eng 2011; 133:081003. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that blood vessels exhibit viscoelastic properties, which are modeled in the literature with different mathematical forms and experimental bases. The wide range of existing viscoelastic wall models may produce significantly different blood flow, pressure, and vessel deformation solutions in cardiovascular simulations. In this paper, we present a novel comparative study of two different viscoelastic wall models in nonlinear one-dimensional (1D) simulations of blood flow. The viscoelastic models are from papers by Holenstein et al. in 1980 (model V1) and Valdez-Jasso et al. in 2009 (model V2). The static elastic or zero-frequency responses of both models are chosen to be identical. The nonlinear 1D blood flow equations incorporating wall viscoelasticity are solved using a space-time finite element method and the implementation is verified with the Method of Manufactured Solutions. Simulation results using models V1, V2 and the common static elastic model are compared in three application examples: (i) wave propagation study in an idealized vessel with reflection-free outflow boundary condition; (ii) carotid artery model with nonperiodic boundary conditions; and (iii) subject-specific abdominal aorta model under rest and simulated lower limb exercise conditions. In the wave propagation study the damping and wave speed were largest for model V2 and lowest for the elastic model. In the carotid and abdominal aorta studies the most significant differences between wall models were observed in the hysteresis (pressure-area) loops, which were larger for V2 than V1, indicating that V2 is a more dissipative model. The cross-sectional area oscillations over the cardiac cycle were smaller for the viscoelastic models compared to the elastic model. In the abdominal aorta study, differences between constitutive models were more pronounced under exercise conditions than at rest. Inlet pressure pulse for model V1 was larger than the pulse for V2 and the elastic model in the exercise case. In this paper, we have successfully implemented and verified two viscoelastic wall models in a nonlinear 1D finite element blood flow solver and analyzed differences between these models in various idealized and physiological simulations, including exercise. The computational model of blood flow presented here can be utilized in further studies of the cardiovascular system incorporating viscoelastic wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Raghu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, James H. Clark Center, E3.1, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
| | | | - C. Alberto Figueroa
- Department of Bioengineering, James H. Clark Center, E382, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
| | - Charles A. Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, James H. Clark Center, E350B, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
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29
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Leguy CAD, Bosboom EMH, Belloum ASZ, Hoeks APG, van de Vosse FN. Global sensitivity analysis of a wave propagation model for arm arteries. Med Eng Phys 2011; 33:1008-16. [PMID: 21600829 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wave propagation models of blood flow and blood pressure in arteries play an important role in cardiovascular research. For application of these models in patient-specific simulations a number of model parameters, that are inherently subject to uncertainties, are required. The goal of this study is to identify with a global sensitivity analysis the model parameters that influence the output the most. The improvement of the measurement accuracy of these parameters has largest consequences for the output statistics. A patient specific model is set up for the major arteries of the arm. In a Monte-Carlo study, 10 model parameters and the input blood volume flow (BVF) waveform are varied randomly within their uncertainty ranges over 3000 runs. The sensitivity in the output for each system parameter was evaluated with the linear Pearson and ranked Spearman correlation coefficients. The results show that model parameter and input BVF uncertainties induce large variations in output variables and that most output variables are significantly influenced by more than one system parameter. Overall, the Young's modulus appears to have the largest influence and arterial length the smallest. Only small differences were obtained between Spearman's and Pearson's tests, suggesting that a high monotonic association given by Spearman's test is associated with a high linear corelation between the inputs and output parameters given by Pearson's test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A D Leguy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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30
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Application of 1D blood flow models of the human arterial network to differential pressure predictions. J Biomech 2011; 44:869-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Leguy CAD, Bosboom EMH, Gelderblom H, Hoeks APG, van de Vosse FN. Estimation of distributed arterial mechanical properties using a wave propagation model in a reverse way. Med Eng Phys 2010; 32:957-67. [PMID: 20675178 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To estimate arterial stiffness, different methods based either on distensibility, pulse wave velocity or a pressure-velocity loop, have been proposed. These methods can be employed to determine the arterial mechanical properties either locally or globally, e.g. averaged over an entire arterial segment. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new method that estimates distributed arterial mechanical properties non-invasively. This new method is based on a wave propagation model and several independent ultrasound and pressure measurements. Model parameters (including arterial mechanical properties) are obtained from a reverse method in which differences between modeling results and measurements are minimized using a fitting procedure based on local sensitivity indices. This study evaluates the differences between in vivo measured and simulated blood pressure and volume flow waveforms at the brachial, radial and ulnar arteries of 6 volunteers. The estimated arterial Young's modulus range from 1.0 to 6.0MPa with an average of (3.8±1.7)MPa at the brachial artery and from 1.2 to 7.8MPa with an average of (4.8±2.2)MPa at the radial artery. A good match between measured and simulated waveforms and the realistic stiffness parameters indicate a good in vivo suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A D Leguy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Reymond P, Merenda F, Perren F, Rüfenacht D, Stergiopulos N. Validation of a one-dimensional model of the systemic arterial tree. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H208-22. [PMID: 19429832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00037.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A distributed model of the human arterial tree including all main systemic arteries coupled to a heart model is developed. The one-dimensional (1-D) form of the momentum and continuity equations is solved numerically to obtain pressures and flows throughout the systemic arterial tree. Intimal shear is modeled using the Witzig-Womersley theory. A nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive law for the arterial wall is considered. The left ventricle is modeled using the varying elastance model. Distal vessels are terminated with three-element windkessels. Coronaries are modeled assuming a systolic flow impediment proportional to ventricular varying elastance. Arterial dimensions were taken from previous 1-D models and were extended to include a detailed description of cerebral vasculature. Elastic properties were taken from the literature. To validate model predictions, noninvasive measurements of pressure and flow were performed in young volunteers. Flow in large arteries was measured with MRI, cerebral flow with ultrasound Doppler, and pressure with tonometry. The resulting 1-D model is the most complete, because it encompasses all major segments of the arterial tree, accounts for ventricular-vascular interaction, and includes an improved description of shear stress and wall viscoelasticity. Model predictions at different arterial locations compared well with measured flow and pressure waves at the same anatomical points, reflecting the agreement in the general characteristics of the "generic 1-D model" and the "average subject" of our volunteer population. The study constitutes a first validation of the complete 1-D model using human pressure and flow data and supports the applicability of the 1-D model in the human circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Reymond
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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DEVAULT KRISTEN, GREMAUD PIERREA, NOVAK VERA, OLUFSEN METTES, VERNIÈRES GUILLAUME, ZHAO PENG. BLOOD FLOW IN THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS: MODELING AND CALIBRATION. MULTISCALE MODELING & SIMULATION : A SIAM INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2008; 7:888-909. [PMID: 19043621 PMCID: PMC2587352 DOI: 10.1137/07070231x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A numerical model based on one-dimensional balance laws and ad hoc zero-dimensional boundary conditions is tested against experimental data. The study concentrates on the circle of Willis, a vital subnetwork of the cerebral vasculature. The main goal is to obtain efficient and reliable numerical tools with predictive capabilities. The flow is assumed to obey the Navier-Stokes equations, while the mechanical reactions of the arterial walls follow a viscoelastic model. Like many previous studies, a dimension reduction is performed through averaging. Unlike most previous work, the resulting model is both calibrated and validated against in vivo data, more precisely transcranial Doppler data of cerebral blood velocity. The network considered has three inflow vessels and six outflow vessels. Inflow conditions come from the data, while outflow conditions are modeled. Parameters in the outflow conditions are calibrated using a subset of the data through ensemble Kalman filtering techniques. The rest of the data is used for validation. The results demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- KRISTEN DEVAULT
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205 (, , )
| | - PIERRE A. GREMAUD
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205 (, , )
| | - VERA NOVAK
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (, )
| | - METTE S. OLUFSEN
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205 (, , )
| | - GUILLAUME VERNIÈRES
- Statistical and Applied Mathematical Sciences Institute (SAMSI), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-4006 ()
| | - PENG ZHAO
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 (, )
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