Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Alginate Immobilized Trametes versicolor IBL-04 Laccase as Eco-friendly Biocatalyst for Dyes Degradation

From nature to applications: Laccase immobilization onto bio-based materials for eco-conscious environmental remediation

Biodegradable and sustainable materials utilized for laccase immobilization have garnered substantial scholarly interest owing to their capacity to enhance enzyme stability and reusability, which are paramount for effective bioremediation methodologies. Laccase, a versatile oxidase, possesses the ability to degrade a broad spectrum of environmental contaminants, thus rendering it an invaluable asset in bioremediation endeavours. The immobilization of laccase onto biodegradable substrates not only augments its operational stability but also resonates with sustainable environmental strategies. This article systematically investigates recent advancements in sustainable and eco-conscious methodologies aimed at immobilizing laccase. By integrating biodegradable and non-toxic components, we elucidated how these materials not only proficiently enhanced the operational stability of laccases, but also improved their biodegradation effectiveness. A comprehensive analysis revealed that these sustainable materials facilitate immobilized laccase-mediated efficient removal of hazardous chemicals. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges that persist despite the encouraging characteristics of sustainable and eco-friendly approaches to laccase immobilization and pollutant elimination, and engage in discourse regarding potential pathways for their broader application and scalable solutions. This review highlights the significance of incorporating green technologies into environmental remediation efforts, thereby fostering the development of more effective and ecologically sound solutions for sustainable laccase immobilization to mitigate environmental contaminants efficiently.

Multifunctional quaternary ammonium-modified TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and MIL-100 with encapsulated laccase for efficient removal of anionic arund cationic dyes in wastewater

The increasing prevalence of micropollutants like cationic and anionic dyes in wastewater creates an influential environmental challenge, mainly due to their toxic effects and persistence. Current methods often lack the efficiency and versatility to cope with a wide variety of contaminants. This study explores the modification of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF) using (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) to enhance their cationic properties. Laccase was immobilized within the MIL-100 framework and integrated into the cationized TOCNF network. The optimum enzyme concentration was obtained using Lowry's method equal to 2.5 mg/L, and the efficiency of enzyme immobilization at this concentration was 61%. Immobilized laccase in nanocomposite showed maximum activity at 30 °C and pH = 4. The performance of the nanocomposite with cationized-TOCNF was superior to the unmodified cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite (TOCNF), which effectively absorbs and degrades the cationic dye crystal violet and the anionic dye acid orange 7 with an efficiency of 95 and 98%, respectively. The multifunctional cellulose nanofibers increases the adsorbent potential against a wide range of micropollutants, and its integration with the laccase enzyme immobilized in the MIL-100 metal-organic framework provides a promising approach for new applications in the field of wastewater treatment.

A review on the immobilization of bromelain

This review shows the endeavors performed to prepare immobilized formulations of bromelain extract, usually from pineapple, and their use in diverse applications. This extract has a potent proteolytic component that is based on thiol proteases, which differ depending on the location on the fruit. Stem and fruit are the areas where higher activity is found. The edible origin of this enzyme is one of the features that determines the applications of the immobilized bromelain to a more significant degree. The enzyme has been immobilized on a wide diversity of supports via different strategies (covalent bonds, ion exchange), and also forming ex novo solids (nanoflowers, CLEAs, trapping in alginate beads, etc.). The use of preexisting nanoparticles as immobilization supports is relevant, as this facilitates one of the main applications of the immobilized enzyme, in therapeutic applications (as wound dressing and healing components, antibacterial or anticancer, mucus mobility control, etc.). A curiosity is the immobilization of this enzyme on spores of probiotic microorganisms via adsorption, in order to have a perfect in vivo compatibility. Other outstanding applications of the immobilized enzyme are in the stabilization of wine versus haze during storage, mainly when immobilized on chitosan. Curiously, the immobilized bromelain has been scarcely applied in the production of bioactive peptides.

Laccase immobilized on nanocomposites for wastewater pollutants degradation: current status and future prospects

The bio-enzyme degradation technology is a promising approach to sustainably remove pollution in the water and laccase is one of the most widely used enzymes in this area. Nevertheless, the further industrial application of laccase is limited by low stability, short service, low reusability and high price. The immobilization technology can significantly improve the stability and reusability of enzymes and thus promoting their industrial applications. Nanocomposite materials have been developed and applied in the efficient immobilization of laccase due to their superior physical, chemical, and biological performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various nanocomposite immobilization methods for laccase and the consequent changes in enzymatic properties post-immobilization. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the factors that impact laccase immobilization and its water removal efficiency. Furthermore, this review examines the effectiveness of common contaminants' removal mechanisms while summarizing and discussing issues related to laccase immobilization on nanocomposite carriers. This review aims to provide valuable guidance for enhancing laccase immobilization efficiency and enzymatic water pollutant removal.