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Lai BS, Riobueno-Naylor A, Baum C, Hawkins SS. Population-level effects of Hurricane Sandy on adolescent health. J Affect Disord 2024; 365:553-562. [PMID: 39181166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Youth are the largest and most vulnerable group exposed to disasters. More evidence is needed regarding how youth mental health and health behaviors vary based on disaster exposure, how mental health influences health behaviors, and how diverse groups of youth may be differentially affected. METHODS Using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey and Federal Emergency Management Agency, we examined the impact of Hurricane Sandy (2012) on mental health (sadness, suicidality) and health behaviors (substance use, physical activity, screen time, sexual behaviors) of 240,365 youth. Difference-in-differences regression analyses evaluated pre-disaster (2005-2011) and post-disaster (2013-2019) changes. RESULTS There were 83,442 (34.7 %) adolescents (51.2 % female, 18.1 % non-Hispanic White) located in 6 districts exposed to Hurricane Sandy and 156,923 (65.3 %) adolescents located in 13 non-exposed districts. Exposure was associated with differences in substance use, physical (in)activity, and risky sexual behaviors, but not mental health outcomes. Mental health did not moderate the association between disaster exposure and health behaviors. Hispanic adolescents and those identifying as Other races/ethnicities were most vulnerable to post-disaster negative health outcomes. LIMITATIONS Study limitations include questionnaire design, cross-sectional data, sampling, and possible response biases. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide critical information about youth mental health and health behaviors following disasters, as well as how youth may differ in their responses. Findings provide guidance for early identification and resource allocation for youth at higher risk for post-disaster health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S Lai
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, USA.
| | - Alexa Riobueno-Naylor
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, USA
| | - Christopher Baum
- Department of Economics, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, USA; School of Social Work, Boston College, USA
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Beames JR, Huckvale K, Fujimoto H, Maston K, Batterham PJ, Calear AL, Mackinnon A, Werner-Seidler A, Christensen H. The impact of COVID-19 and bushfires on the mental health of Australian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:34. [PMID: 36895004 PMCID: PMC9998012 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When COVID-19 spread to Australia in January 2020, many communities were already in a state of emergency from the Black Summer bushfires. Studies of adolescent mental health have typically focused on the effects of COVID-19 in isolation. Few studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 and other co-occurring disasters, such as the Black Summer bushfires in Australia, on adolescent mental health. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey to examine the impact of COVID-19 and the Black Summer bushfires on the mental health of Australian adolescents. Participants (N = 5866; mean age 13.61 years) answered self-report questionnaires about COVID-19 diagnosis/quarantine (being diagnosed with and/or quarantined because of COVID-19) and personal exposure to bushfire harm (being physically injured, evacuated from home and/or having possessions destroyed). Validated standardised scales were used to assess depression, psychological distress, anxiety, insomnia, and suicidal ideation. Trauma related to COVID-19 and the bushfires was also assessed. The survey was completed in two large school-based cohorts between October 2020 and November 2021. RESULTS Exposure to COVID-19 diagnosis/quarantine was associated with increased probability of elevated trauma. Exposure to personal harm by the bushfires was associated with increased probability of elevated insomnia, suicidal ideation, and trauma. There were no interactive effects between disasters on adolescent mental health. Effects between personal risk factors and disasters were generally additive or sub-additive. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent mental health responses to community-level disasters are multi-faceted. Complex psychosocial factors associated with mental ill health may be relevant irrespective of disaster. Future research is needed to investigate synergistic effects of disasters on young mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Beames
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kit Huckvale
- Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hiroko Fujimoto
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Maston
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J Batterham
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alison L Calear
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew Mackinnon
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Helen Christensen
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Raccanello D, Rocca E, Barnaba V, Vicentini G, Hall R, Brondino M. Coping Strategies and Psychological Maladjustment/Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Approach with Children and Adolescents Exposed to Natural Disasters. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2023; 52:25-63. [PMID: 35221639 PMCID: PMC8858219 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Following disasters, children and adolescents can use coping strategies to feel better. A growing body of studies investigated the relation between them and maladjustment/adjustment, i.e., negative symptomatology/positive indicators of development. Yet, these constructs are studied separately. Objective We conducted two meta-analyses to examine the mean correlation between disaster-related coping strategies and indicators of maladjustment/adjustment following natural disasters in children and adolescents, considering the role of some moderators. Methods We used PsycINFO, PubMed, Eric, and Scopus databases to identify articles on natural disasters (filters: participants ≤ 18 years at the disaster, peer-review, English language). Inclusion required investigating the relation between at least one coping strategy and at least one indicator of maladjustment (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression) and/or adjustment (e.g., self-efficacy, emotion understanding), for a total of 26 studies (k = 64, n = 9692, for maladjustment; k = 37, n = 3504, for adjustment). Results There were global positive significant correlations between coping strategies and negative symptomatology (r pooled = .23) for maladjustment, and positive indicators (r pooled = .17) for adjustment. Negative symptomatology positively correlated with escape (r = .19), social isolation (r = .15), submission (r = .64), and opposition (r = .16); positive indicators positively correlated with problem solving (r = .31), social support (r = .22), and submission (r = .30). We found a moderating role of age, disaster type, and continent for maladjustment. Conclusions The study presented an analysis of the coping strategies that can be effective for children and adolescents dealing with natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Raccanello
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Emmanuela Rocca
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Barnaba
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Vicentini
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Rob Hall
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Macquarie University and Environmetrics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margherita Brondino
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
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4
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Raccanello D, Rocca E, Vicentini G, Brondino M. Eighteen Months of COVID-19 Pandemic Through the Lenses of Self or Others: A Meta-Analysis on Children and Adolescents' Mental Health. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022; 52:737-760. [PMID: 36059590 PMCID: PMC9421638 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic can have a serious impact on children and adolescents' mental health. We focused on studies exploring its traumatic effects on young people in the first 18 months after that the pandemic was declared, distinguishing them also according to the type of informants (self-report and other-report instruments). Objective We applied a meta-analytic approach to examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the moderating role of kind of disorder and/or symptom, type of instrument, and continent. Method We used PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify articles on the COVID-19 pandemic, applying the following filters: participants until 20 years of age, peer-review, English as publication language. Inclusion required investigating the occurrence of disorders and/or symptoms during the first 18 months of the pandemic. The search identified 26 publications. Results The meta-analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of psychological disorders and/or symptoms for children and adolescents, who were not affected by mental health disturbances before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, was .20, 95% CI [.16, .23]. Moreover, we found a moderating role of type of instrument: occurrence was higher for self-report compared to other-report instruments. Conclusions The study presented an analysis of the psychological consequences for children and adolescents of the exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic, soliciting further research to identify factors underlying resilience. Notwithstanding limitations such as the small number of eligible articles and the fact that we did not examine the role of further characteristics of the studies (such as participants' age or design), this meta-analysis is a first step for future research documenting the impact of such an unexpected and devastating disaster like the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Raccanello
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Emmanuela Rocca
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Vicentini
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Margherita Brondino
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
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Hamideh S, Sen P, Fischer E. Wildfire impacts on education and healthcare: Paradise, California, after the Camp Fire. NATURAL HAZARDS (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 111:353-387. [PMID: 34658527 PMCID: PMC8500817 DOI: 10.1007/s11069-021-05057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The 2018 Camp Fire caused significant damages to the education and healthcare systems in the town of Paradise, CA. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative case study about disaster impacts and disparities, interdependencies, and recovery strategies of schools and hospitals in Paradise. Four major themes of findings emerged from the qualitative analysis of interviews with teachers, counselors, and administrators in Paradise education and healthcare systems and extensive archival research. First, complex and long-standing mental health challenges are the dominant impact on the educational system. Second, educational and healthcare impacts are shaped by social vulnerability. Third, educational and healthcare systems play a critical role for recovery of socially vulnerable groups due to the interconnectedness of community components. Fourth, adapting to new communication norms and technologies is effective for supporting educational and community recovery. Several specific recommendations are provided based on the findings for building back more resilient and equitable education and healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hamideh
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Payel Sen
- Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Erica Fischer
- School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
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Pfefferbaum B, Nitiéma P, Newman E. The association of mass trauma media contact with depression and anxiety: A meta-analytic review. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Aune T, Juul EML, Beidel DC, Nordahl HM, Dvorak RD. Mitigating adolescent social anxiety symptoms: the effects of social support and social self-efficacy in findings from the Young-HUNT 3 study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:441-449. [PMID: 32300894 PMCID: PMC8019414 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' exposure to negative life events (NLEs) and potentially traumatic events is highly prevalent and increases their risk of developing psychological disorders considerably. NLE exposure has also been linked to the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD) among older children and young adolescents. Despite the relatively low treatment efficacy reported for children and adolescents suffering from SAD, few studies have addressed the extent to which resilience factors, such as social support and social self-efficacy, are associated with SAD symptoms. This study examined whether social support and social self-efficacy predict, and buffer against SAD symptoms using a large, population-based sample of adolescents, among whom a large proportion have experienced NLEs. The results reveal that NLEs are significantly associated with SAD symptoms, while social support and social self-efficacy are both negatively associated with SAD symptoms. Only the NLEs × social support interaction significantly predicted SAD symptoms, with social support attenuating the association between NLEs and SAD symptoms. Moreover, increases in both social self-efficacy and social support were associated with reduced SAD symptoms, over and above variance explained by social support alone. Our cumulative results suggest that interventions that can modify both social support and social self-efficacy may help reduce SAD symptoms in at-risk adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Aune
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.
| | | | - Deborah C Beidel
- UCF RESTORES, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Hans M Nordahl
- Department of Mental Health, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, St.Olavs Hospital, Nidaros DPS, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert D Dvorak
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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Scott BG, Fike EA, McCullen JR. Depressive symptoms among stress-exposed youth: Relations with tonic and phasic indices of autonomic functioning. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:1029-1042. [PMID: 33200408 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models of adolescent depression postulate that one possible individual vulnerability factor for the development of depressive symptoms is autonomic dysregulation. However, there is limited and mixed support for these models among ethnically diverse and higher risk stress-exposed youth. Therefore, this study investigated the relations between both tonic and phasic indices of parasympathetic autonomic functioning (i.e., resting high-frequency heart rate variability [HF-HRV] and root mean square of successive differences [RMSSD]; HF-HRV and RMSSD reactivity to a mental arithmetic stressor) and depressive symptoms among 80 severely stress-exposed youth (51% female; 11-17 years of age) from diverse backgrounds (61.3% ethnic minority; caregiver-reported median family income = $20,000-$49,999 per year). Results demonstrated that lower resting HF-HRV and RMSSD, but not HF-HRV and RMSSD reactivity, was associated with greater youth depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that lower resting parasympathetic autonomic functioning may be a potential vulnerability factor of depressive symptoms among stress-exposed youth, instead of specific emotional responses to stressors. These findings will need to be replicated in larger samples of stress-exposed youth and youth at higher risk for or exhibiting clinical levels of depressive symptoms to better elucidate relations with autonomic functioning and depressive symptoms among adolescents.
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C Fong V, Iarocci G. Child and Family Outcomes Following Pandemics: A Systematic Review and Recommendations on COVID-19 Policies. J Pediatr Psychol 2020; 45:1124-1143. [PMID: 33083817 PMCID: PMC7665615 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A systematic review of mental health outcomes and needs of children and families during past pandemics was conducted based on the PRISMA protocol. The objectives were to evaluate the quality of existing studies on this topic, determine what is known about mental health outcomes and needs of children and families, and provide recommendations for how COVID-19 policies can best support children and families. Methods Seventeen studies were identified through a search of PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results Studies examining child outcomes indicate that social isolation and quarantining practices exert a substantial negative impact on child anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and fear symptoms. Potential risk factors such as living in rural areas, being female, and increasing grade level may exacerbate negative mental health outcomes for children. Studies examining parental and family outcomes indicate that parents experience high stress, anxiety, and financial burden during pandemics. The age of the parent and family socioeconomic status (SES) appeared to mitigate negative outcomes, where older parents and higher SES families had lower rates of mental health problems. Parents’ fear over the physical and mental health of their children, concerns over potential job loss and arranging childcare contributes to elevated stress and poorer well-being. Conclusions Findings from this review suggest current gaps in COVID-19 policies and provide recommendations such implementing “family-friendly” policies that are inclusive and have flexible eligibility criteria. Examples include universal paid sick leave for parents and financial supports for parents who are also frontline workers and are at an elevated risk for contracting the disease.
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Kawahara K, Ushijima H, Usami M, Takebayashi M. No Associations of Psychological Symptoms and Suicide Risk with Disaster Experiences in Junior High School Students 5 Years After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2377-2387. [PMID: 33116537 PMCID: PMC7571580 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s269835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural disasters such as earthquakes can cause substantial damage and trauma, especially to children. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of disaster experience on psychological symptoms, suicide risk, and associated factors in junior high school students 5 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE). The hypothesis of this study was that psychological symptoms and suicide risk of junior high school students are associated with disaster experience. METHODS A cross-sectional survey consisting of questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with students at two junior high schools in Ishinomaki city, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, about psychological symptoms, disaster situations, and their current environment 5 years after the GEJE was conducted. In total, data from 264 (117 boys [44.3%] and 147 girls [55.7%]) students were analyzed. RESULTS There were no associations between disaster experience and PTSSC-15, DSRS-C, and SCAS scores. Those with evacuation experience and still living in temporary housing had significantly higher scores on the oppositional defiant behavior inventory (ODBI). Of these students, 29 (11.0%) were considered to have suicide risk 5 years after the GEJE. The presence of depressive symptoms was the only factor related to suicide risk; no associations were found with sex, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, or other factors reported in previous studies, including disaster experience. CONCLUSIONS Disaster experience was not associated with psychological symptoms (PTSD, depression, anxiety) and suicide risk in junior high school students 5 years after the GEJE. The suicide risk appears to be the same as that in the general population in Japan. However, attention should be paid to externalization problems and depressive symptoms, an important suicide risk factor, even 5 years after the GEJE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kawahara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirokage Ushijima
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahide Usami
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Bistricky SL, Long LJ, Lai BS, Gallagher MW, Kanenberg H, Elkins SR, Harper KL, Short MB. Surviving the storm: Avoidant coping, helping behavior, resilience and affective symptoms around a major hurricane-flood. J Affect Disord 2019; 257:297-306. [PMID: 31302518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As extreme weather events increasingly affect the global population, it is valuable to understand their impacts on mental health. Extending upon previous theory and research, the current study examined a hypothesized framework of direct and indirect pathways. Exposure and psychosocial resource factors at the time of the hurricane/flood were expected to help explain post-disaster behavioral responses, such as avoidant coping, positive coping, and helping behaviors, which, in turn, would help account for post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms (DS). METHODS Survey data were collected from adult survivors (n = 801) of Hurricane Harvey 1-3 months post-disaster. PTSS, DS, and needing help were common, and loss/disruption and helping behavior were widespread. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized framework. RESULTS Models accounted for substantial variance in PTSS (70%) and DS (61%), with immediate loss/disruption, low self-reported resilience, and avoidant coping showing the strongest associations with symptoms. As predicted, results provided support for several modeled indirect pathways through avoidant coping to PTSS and DS. Further, helping behavior was consistently associated with increased PTSS, but not DS. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design and online data collection methods precluded testing of causal directionality and confirming clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS The current study represents a step toward elucidating potential mediators of avoidant coping and how helping behavior might relate to post-disaster psychopathology. Individuals in heavily hurricane/flood-exposed areas who have low psychosocial resources (social support and resilience) might be most vulnerable and most in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara R Elkins
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States of America
| | | | - Mary B Short
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States of America
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews recent research on the depression in young people following exposure to catastrophic stresses such as disasters, terrorism and political violence. RECENT FINDINGS Depression is one of the commonest outcomes following mass trauma, for all ages including children and adolescents. Recent articles continue to report high prevalence of depression which often continues for years. It is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, especially PTSD. Post-traumatic depression in children and adolescence affects purpose of life, impairs scholastic achievements, increases suicidality and has extensive comorbidity. Besides the trauma, individual constructs, personality factors, social support, exposure to other traumatic events are some of the predicting factors. Biological and genetic basis of post-traumatic depression has been reported. Studies suggest some benefit to psychotherapeutic interventions such as trauma-focussed cognitive behavioural therapy and web-based therapy. A considerable proportion of youths develop depression following mass traumatic events. More research is required regarding the effectiveness of interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilamadhab Kar
- Black Country Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Steps to Health, Showell Circus, Low Hill, Wolverhampton, WV10 9TH, UK.
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13
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Pfefferbaum B, Nitiéma P, Newman E. A Meta-analysis of Intervention Effects on Depression and/or Anxiety in Youth Exposed to Political Violence or Natural Disasters. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tian Q, Han H, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao J, Li S. Earthquake Trauma, Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory, and Depression Among Adolescent Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2505. [PMID: 30618936 PMCID: PMC6295465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma has a profound impact on overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM), which is a risk factor for depression. Violent earthquakes can cause tremendous trauma in survivors. We examined the relationship between earthquake trauma, OGM and depression in adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in this study. OGM was assessed using the autobiographical memory test in a sample of adolescent participants who experienced the violent earthquakes in Wenchuan, China, in 2008 and control participants who had never experienced a destructive earthquake. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II in all participants. The results showed that compared with the adolescents with no earthquake trauma, the adolescents with earthquake trauma reported significantly more depression (d = 0.49) and overgeneral autobiographical memories (d = 0.55). Moreover, when they experienced earthquake trauma, the adolescents with low OGM did not experience more depression, but the adolescents with average and high OGM experienced more depression than the adolescents with no earthquake trauma. This finding indicated that in a non-Western cultural context, adolescents' propensity toward OGM made them vulnerable to depression after experiencing an earthquake trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Tian
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dexiang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanguang Ma
- Department of Education, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Primary Education, Jinan Preschool Education College, Jinan, China
| | - Shouxin Li
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Hugron M, Dufour M, Guay S, Brunelle N, Tremblay J, Morvannou A, Leclerc D, Cousineau MM, Rousseau M, Berbiche D. Psychosocial Difficulties in Adolescents nine Months after a Railway Accident. Psychiatr Q 2018; 89:829-840. [PMID: 29728960 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-018-9583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A railway accident which occurred in Lac-Megantic in Quebec, Canada, caused disruption for an entire community. This study examines the psychosocial difficulties in a group of exposed adolescents aged between 11 to 17, nine months after the tragedy. The analyses were conducted on a sample of 515 adolescents, attending high school, and living near the impact area. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mental health problems (depression, anxiety), and problem use of alcohol or drugs prevalence were estimated. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for PTSD clinical threshold. Almost half (43.4%) of adolescents reported being severely exposed to the railway accident and one third (31.3%) have reported a PTSD. Serious injuries, depression and anxiety (p < .05) were associated with greater risks for adolescents with a PTSD. However, sex, victimization, and emerging problems or problem use of alcohol or drugs are not associated with the PTSD. The results of the study highlight the relationship between a traumatic event such as the railway accident and the presence of PTSD nine months after, as well as risk factors for PTSD in adolescents. Paying close attention to mental health problems in adolescents when a traumatic event occurs and provide adequate aid is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Hugron
- École de Criminologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Lionel-Groulx, 3150 rue Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1N8, Canada.
| | - Magali Dufour
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Stéphane Guay
- École de Criminologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Lionel-Groulx, 3150 rue Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - Natacha Brunelle
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Local 1064c pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3351 boulevard des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Joël Tremblay
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Local 1064c pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3351 boulevard des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Adèle Morvannou
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Danielle Leclerc
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Local 1064c pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3351 boulevard des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Marie-Marthe Cousineau
- École de Criminologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Lionel-Groulx, 3150 rue Jean-Brillant, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - Michel Rousseau
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Local 1064c pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3351 boulevard des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Djamal Berbiche
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec, J4K 0A8, Canada
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Lai BS, Osborne MC, Lee N, Self-Brown S, Esnard AM, Kelley ML. Trauma-informed schools: Child disaster exposure, community violence and somatic symptoms. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:586-592. [PMID: 29945077 PMCID: PMC7482407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increasing prevalence of natural disasters, trauma-informed school settings should include efficient methods for assessing child health and mental health in post-disaster environments. To develop such methods, factors that contribute to children's vulnerability and key signs of distress reactions after disasters need to be understood. To address these issues, we evaluated pre-disaster community violence exposure as a vulnerability factor for children's post-disaster reactions and somatic symptoms as a key post-disaster outcome. METHODS We evaluated 426 children exposed to Hurricane Katrina at two timepoints (3-7 months and 13-17 months post-disaster). Structural equation models evaluated community violence exposure, hurricane exposure, and posttraumatic stress and somatic symptoms. RESULTS Community violence exposure was associated with increased levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms among disaster-impacted youth, and did not moderate the relationship between disaster exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with somatic symptoms in the short-term recovery period (3-7 months), but not associated with somatic symptoms during the longer-term recovery period (13-17 months). LIMITATIONS This study did not include school-level factors, and somatic symptoms were based on parent reports. The study did not include parent functioning information or distinguish between whether somatic symptoms were medical or functional in nature. CONCLUSIONS Post-disaster school-based screeners may need to incorporate questions related to children's past exposure to community violence and their somatic symptoms to provide trauma-informed care for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S. Lai
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, United States,Corresponding author. (B.S. Lai)
| | | | - NaeHyung Lee
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, United States
| | | | - Ann-Margaret Esnard
- Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, United States
| | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, United States
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Lai BS, Osborne MC, Piscitello J, Self-Brown S, Kelley ML. The relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms among youth exposed to a natural disaster. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1450042. [PMID: 29696072 PMCID: PMC5912434 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1450042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Children are a vulnerable population following a natural disaster, due to their age and dependence on adults. The primary presenting problem children report after disasters is posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Prior research suggests that PTSS is inversely related to social support, which is often disrupted after a disaster. Objective: This study examined the relationship between social support (from parents, teachers, and peers) and PTSS in children affected by Hurricane Katrina. The research contributes to the literature by examining the mechanisms that drive this relationship over time. Methods: In this study, 426 children were followed over four timepoints, beginning 3-7 months after Hurricane Katrina and concluding 25-27 months post-hurricane. Three path models analysed the relationship between social support (from parents, teachers, and peers, measured by the Social Support Scale for Children) and PTSS (measured by the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index). Covariates included child age, minority status, gender, perceived life threat, and actual life threat. Nonsignificant paths were trimmed from the final models. Global fit indices were examined to determine model fit. Results: In the parent and peer social support models, PTSS exhibited statistically significant effects on social support from one wave to the next. In the teacher model, this was only true between Waves 2 and 3. Social support showed a statistically significant effect on PTSS between Wave 2 and Wave 3 in the peer model (standardized estimate = -0.26, p < .0001). No paths from social support to PTSS were significant in the parent and teacher models. Conclusion: Findings support a social selection model in which PTSS undermine social support, particularly in the first two years post-disaster. If these findings are replicated, this suggests that, in cases of limited funding, PTSS should be prioritized, given their cascading effects on social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S Lai
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Packenham JP, Rosselli RT, Ramsey SK, Taylor HA, Fothergill A, Slutsman J, Miller A. Conducting Science in Disasters: Recommendations from the NIEHS Working Group for Special IRB Considerations in the Review of Disaster Related Research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:094503. [PMID: 28949918 PMCID: PMC5915198 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Research involving human subjects after public health emergencies and disasters may pose ethical challenges. These challenges may include concerns about the vulnerability of prospective disaster research participants, increased research burden among disaster survivors approached by multiple research teams, and potentially reduced standards in the ethical review of research by institutional review boards (IRBs) due to the rush to enter the disaster field. The NIEHS Best Practices Working Group for Special IRB Considerations in the Review of Disaster Related Research was formed to identify and address ethical and regulatory challenges associated with the review of disaster research. The working group consists of a diverse collection of disaster research stakeholders across a broad spectrum of disciplines. The working group convened in July 2016 to identify recommendations that are instrumental in preparing IRBs to review protocols related to public health emergencies and disasters. The meeting included formative didactic presentations and facilitated breakout discussions using disaster-related case studies. Major thematic elements from these discussions were collected and documented into 15 working group recommendations, summarized in this article, that address topics such as IRB disaster preparedness activities, informed consent, vulnerable populations, confidentiality, participant burden, disaster research response integration and training, IRB roles/responsibilities, community engagement, and dissemination of disaster research results. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2378.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan P Packenham
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Steve K Ramsey
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. , Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice Fothergill
- Department of Sociology, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Julia Slutsman
- Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Children's National Medical Center , Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University , School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aubrey Miller
- Office of the Director, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews youth outcomes following exposure to natural disaster, with a focus on three relatively understudied outcomes: externalizing behavior problems, physical health, and posttraumatic growth. Recent, high-impact studies focusing on each outcome are summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Studies highlighted in this review utilize innovative and comprehensive approaches to improve our current understanding of youth broad-based physical and mental health outcomes beyond PTSD. The review concludes with recommendations to advance the field of youth disaster research by exploring how disasters may impact children across multiple domains, as well as using cutting edge ecobiological approaches and advanced modeling strategies to better understand how youth adjust and thrive following natural disaster.
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Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, Mashiko H, Nagao K, Okuyama M. Suicide risk among young children after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2017; 253:318-324. [PMID: 28412615 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On 11 March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit East Japan. We aim to investigate the impact of trauma experiences related to the earthquake on suicide risk among young children, stratified by child sex. Participants at baseline were children who were exposed to the 2011 disaster at preschool age (affected area, n=198; unaffected area, n=82, total n=280). From July 2013 to May 2014, suicide risk was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) in a follow-up interview conducted by a child psychiatrist or psychologist (N=210, follow-up rate: 75%). Among young girls in the affected area, 12 out of 65 (18.5%) showed suicidal ideation, which is significantly higher than girls in the unaffected area (4.7%, p for chi-square=0.036). In the multivariate model adjusted for potential confounders and mediators, the odds ratio for 4 or more trauma experiences related to the earthquake was 5.74 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-39.6, p=0.076) compared to no trauma experience related to the earthquake. Among young boys, trauma exposure was not associated with suicidal ideation. Our findings showed that young girls who experienced earthquake-related trauma at preschool age had a higher suicidal ideation 3 years after the earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junko Yagi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Iwate Medical University,, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Homma
- Miyagi Prefectural Comprehensive Children's Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Mashiko
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Makiko Okuyama
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan
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Lai BS, Esnard AM, Lowe SR, Peek L. Schools and Disasters: Safety and Mental Health Assessment and Interventions for Children. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:109. [PMID: 27778233 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article draws on experiences and lessons from global disasters and utilizes the United Nations Comprehensive School Safety Framework to highlight the necessary role of safe schools in protecting children, as well as adult staff, from the immediate threats and long-term implications of disasters. Specifically, we focus on three well-established pillars of school safety: Pillar I: Safe Learning Facilities; Pillar II: Disaster Management; and Pillar III: Risk Reduction and Resilience Education. In addition, we propose a potential fourth pillar, which underscores the function of schools in postdisaster mental health assessment and intervention for children. We argue that schools offer a central location and trusted institutional space for mental health assessment and intervention after disasters. We also examine the important linkages between schools, child mental health, and household and family recovery. We conclude with recommendations for filling gaps in research and practice related to ensuring the safety of schools and the associated health and well-being of children in the face of future disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S Lai
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, 1 Park Place, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Ann-Margaret Esnard
- Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, 14 Marietta Street, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Lori Peek
- Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, B-237 Clark Building, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Abstract
Children exposed to disasters are a vulnerable population, making the assessment of children post-disaster an important issue. Utilizing a Multiple Gating Stepped Care framework, we highlight recent literature related to post-disaster assessment and intervention for children. In particular, we focus on screening, clinical evaluation, and feedback-informed service delivery. Screening allows large populations of children to be assessed at a relatively low cost. Children identified by screening as being at risk may then be assessed through more in-depth clinical evaluations, in order to assess clinical symptoms, strengths, and stressors, and to make determinations about appropriate interventions. Continued assessment during therapy provides important feedback for the delivery of appropriate care. New formats for assessment, as well as issues related to identifying sources for assessment, are discussed. Recommendations for future directions are provided.
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Schonfeld DJ, Demaria T. Providing Psychosocial Support to Children and Families in the Aftermath of Disasters and Crises. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e1120-30. [PMID: 26371193 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disasters have the potential to cause short- and long-term effects on the psychological functioning, emotional adjustment, health, and developmental trajectory of children. This clinical report provides practical suggestions on how to identify common adjustment difficulties in children in the aftermath of a disaster and to promote effective coping strategies to mitigate the impact of the disaster as well as any associated bereavement and secondary stressors. This information can serve as a guide to pediatricians as they offer anticipatory guidance to families or consultation to schools, child care centers, and other child congregate care sites. Knowledge of risk factors for adjustment difficulties can serve as the basis for mental health triage. The importance of basic supportive services, psychological first aid, and professional self-care are discussed. Stress is intrinsic to many major life events that children and families face, including the experience of significant illness and its treatment. The information provided in this clinical report may, therefore, be relevant for a broad range of patient encounters, even outside the context of a disaster. Most pediatricians enter the profession because of a heartfelt desire to help children and families most in need. If adequately prepared and supported, pediatricians who are able to draw on their skills to assist children, families, and communities to recover after a disaster will find the work to be particularly rewarding.
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Pfefferbaum B, Jacobs AK, Griffin N, Houston JB. Children's disaster reactions: the influence of exposure and personal characteristics. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:56. [PMID: 25980513 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews children's reactions to disasters and the personal and situational factors that influence their reactions. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress reactions are the most commonly studied outcomes, though other conditions also occur including anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and substance use. More recently, traumatic grief and posttraumatic growth have been explored. New research has delineated trajectories of children's posttraumatic stress reactions and offered insight into the long-term consequences of their disaster experiences. Risk factors for adverse outcomes include pre-disaster vulnerabilities, perception of threat, and loss and life disruptions post-disaster. Areas in need of additional research include studies on the timing and course of depression and anxiety post-event and their interactions with other disorders, disaster-related functional and cognitive impairment, positive outcomes, and coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, WP3217, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors examined depression trajectories over two years among mothers exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Risk and protective factors for depression trajectories, as well as associations with child outcomes were analyzed. METHOD This study included 283 mothers (age at time 1, M = 39.20 years, SD = 7.21; 62% African American). Mothers were assessed at four time points over two years following Hurricane Katrina. Mothers reported posttraumatic stress symptoms, hurricane exposure, traumatic life events, and social support at time 1. Depressive symptoms were modeled at times 2, 3, and 4. Youth reported their distress symptoms (posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety) at time 4. RESULTS Latent class growth analyses identified three maternal depression trajectories among mothers exposed to Hurricane Katrina: low (61%), resilient (29%), and chronic (10%). Social support was identified as a protective factor among mothers. CONCLUSIONS Three main trajectories of maternal depression following Hurricane Katrina were identified. Social support was protective for mothers. Identified trajectories were not associated with children's distress outcomes. These results have implications for disaster responses, screening efforts, and interventions targeted towards families. Future studies warrant the investigation of additional risk and protective factors that can affect maternal and child outcomes.
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Lai BS, Kelley ML, Harrison KM, Thompson JE, Self-Brown S. Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms Among Children After Hurricane Katrina: A Latent Profile Analysis. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2015; 24:1262-1270. [PMID: 25892902 PMCID: PMC4399827 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-9934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized Latent Profile Analysis to identify typologies of distress (i.e., patterns of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms) among children exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Outcomes and risk factors for these pattern groups were examined. Participants were children (n = 353; ages 8-15 years) affected by Hurricane Katrina. Children were assessed at 3 - 7 months (Time 1) and 14 - 17 months (Time 2) post-Katrina. Results identified three pattern groups (No Disturbance, PTS Only, and Mixed Internalizing) at Time 1. Children in the No Disturbance group reported the lowest levels of internal distress, while the Mixed Internalizing group reported the highest levels of internal distress at Time 2. The Mixed Internalizing and the PTS Only groups reported greater school problems than the No Disturbance group at Time 2. Perceived life threat and community violence exposure were risk factors associated with higher likelihood of falling in the PTS Only and Mixed Internalizing groups, compared to the No Disturbance group. Immediate loss and disruption was also a risk factor associated with a higher likelihood of falling in the PTS Only group, compared to the No Disturbance group. Finally, social support from parents or a classmate/friend was a significant protective factor associated with a lower likelihood of falling into a symptomatic pattern group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S. Lai
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Julia E. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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