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Mason LA, Thomas AK, Taylor HA. Metacognitive judgment formation during map learning: Evidence for global monitoring. Cognition 2024; 246:105743. [PMID: 38412761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Street maps are sometimes complex. They may show landmark names, locations, routes between landmarks, and where landmarks are relative to one another. Map learners may aim to learn one map component, like landmark locations, but later must remember a different component, such as routes. In other words, congruency between learning goals and tests may contribute to map memory. Further, research demonstrates that complex knowledge acquisition may be improved when metacognitive processes are congruent with tested material. The present work examined the relationship between learning goals, a type of metacognitive monitoring judgment referred to as judgments of learning (JOLs), and tests of map learning to determine whether congruency between goals and JOL prompts (Exp 1) and JOL prompts and tests (Exp 2) influenced memory and metacognitive accuracy. Congruency between learning goals and JOL prompts contributed to metacognitive accuracy, particularly when map components were highly complex. Contrary to our hypotheses, congruency between JOL prompts and tests did not contribute to memory or metacognitive accuracy. Our results suggest learners could accurately predict their memory, and cues such as map complexity and information accumulation across learning trials influenced rating magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Mason
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Ayanna K Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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2
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Moore CM, Wakim PG, Taylor HA. Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making and Satisfaction: A Survey of US High School Students. J Adolesc Health 2024:S1054-139X(24)00061-2. [PMID: 38520433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate self-reported individual-, household-, and community-level factors impacting COVID-19 vaccination decision-making among a sample of high school-aged US adolescents. METHODS We surveyed adolescents ages 15-17 living in the United States during September and October 2022 (n = 454). Univariable and targeted bivariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to examine associations between adolescent characteristics and COVID-19 vaccination status, satisfaction with vaccination status, reasons weighed for and against vaccination, and experience of perceived access barriers. RESULTS More than three-quarters of high school-aged adolescents in our sample reported satisfaction with their current COVID-19 vaccination status, and respondents were more likely to report satisfaction with their COVID-19 vaccination status when they reported actively participating in the decision. DISCUSSION Adolescents remain an important age group for targeted public health and policy interventions given that their vaccination rates still lag behind averages for adults. Allowing for minor consent to vaccination, as well as parent-, school-, or peer-based interventions, may prove especially effective for addressing rates among high school-aged students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Moore
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Paul G Wakim
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Wooten T, Esterman M, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Ward N. The relationship between sustained attention and parasympathetic functioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 197:112298. [PMID: 38199297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustained attention (SA) is an important cognitive ability that plays a crucial role in successful cognitive control. Resting vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) has emerged as an informative index of parasympathetic nervous system activity and a sensitive correlate of individual differences in cognitive control. However, it is unclear how resting vmHRV is associated with individual differences in sustained attention. The primary aim of the current study was to assess if resting vmHRV was associated with individual differences in performance on a neuropsychological assessment of sustained attention. We further aimed to characterize the relationship between resting vmHRV and dispositional factors related to sustained attention, specifically attentional errors in daily life, self-regulation, mindfulness and media-multitasking. Based on previous work, we hypothesized higher resting vmHRV would be associated with better sustained attention across task-based and self-report measures. We did not find resting vmHRV to be significantly associated with performance measures on a task-based assessment of sustained attention. Further, resting vmHRV was not significantly associated with attention errors, self-regulation, mindfulness, or media-multitasking. This work stands to expand the current understanding between parasympathetic functioning, cognition, and behavior, investigating the unexplored domain of sustained attention and related dispositional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wooten
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Michael Esterman
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Attention and Learning Laboratory, VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tad T Brunyé
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; U.S. Army DEVCOM, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Sugarman J, Taylor HA, Bachmann LH, Barbee LA, Cahill S, Celum C, Luetkemeyer AF, Mayer KH, Mena L, Mermin J, Upshur R, Aral S. Ethical Considerations in Implementing Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2024; 51:135-138. [PMID: 38079243 PMCID: PMC10922428 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sugarman
- Johns Hopkins University, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sean Cahill
- The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Connie Celum
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | - Leandro Mena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | - Sevgi Aral
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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5
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Fernandez Lynch H, Hurley EA, Taylor HA. Responding to the Call to Meaningfully Assess Institutional Review Board Effectiveness. JAMA 2023:2806686. [PMID: 37351871 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.8457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Fernandez Lynch
- The Consortium to Advance Effective Research Ethics Oversight (AEREO), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Elisa A Hurley
- The Consortium to Advance Effective Research Ethics Oversight (AEREO), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research (PRIM&R), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Holly A Taylor
- The Consortium to Advance Effective Research Ethics Oversight (AEREO), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioethics, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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Taylor HA. Leveraging the Power of the Centralized IRB Review. Am J Bioeth 2023; 23:118-119. [PMID: 37220358 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2023.2201224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Nicholls SG, Taylor HA, James R, Anderson EE, Friesen P, Schonfeld T, Summers EI. A Cross Sectional Survey of Recruitment Practices, Supports, and Perceived Roles for Unaffiliated and Non-scientist Members of IRBs. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2023; 14:174-184. [PMID: 36821084 PMCID: PMC10444906 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2023.2180107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are federally mandated to include both nonscientific and unaffiliated representatives in their membership. Despite this, there is no guidance or policy on the selection of unaffiliated or non-scientist members and reports indicate a lack of clarity regarding members' roles. In the present study we sought to explore processes of recruitment, training, and the perceived roles for unaffiliated and non-scientist members of IRBs. METHODS We distributed a self-administered REDCap survey of members of the Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs familiar with IRB member recruitment. The survey included closed and open-ended questions regarding: the operation of the HRPP/IRB(s), how unaffiliated and non-scientist members are recruited, whether they had faced challenges recruiting for these roles, and training and mentorship offered. The survey also collected information regarding the perceived value and roles of unaffiliated and non-scientist members. RESULTS 76 responses were included in the analysis (38% completion rate). The most common approach for recruitment was referral from current IRB members, with almost half of respondents indicating challenges recruiting unaffiliated members. Over 75% indicated no additional training was provided to unaffiliated or non-scientist members compared to affiliated or scientist members. Most common supports provided were travel/parking expenses and honoraria. Commonly perceived roles were to provide an independent voice from the participant perspective, notably regarding consent processes and materials. CONCLUSIONS Respondents indicated challenges in defining unaffiliated and non-scientist members and limited practices toward recruitment and support. Future work should more closely examine the challenges in defining these roles and applying the definitions in practice, as well as strategies that may improve recruitment and retention of unaffiliated and non-scientist members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Nicholls
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Bioethics Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Emily E. Anderson
- Loyola University of Chicago, Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics, Maywood, IL,USA
| | | | - Toby Schonfeld
- VA National Center for Ethics in Health Care, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elyse I. Summers
- Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP), Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Meaningfully evaluating the quality of institutional review boards (IRBs) and human research protection programs (HRPPs) is a long-recognized challenge. To be accredited by the Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP), organizations must demonstrate that they measure and improve HRPP "quality, effectiveness, and efficiency" (QEE). We sought to learn how AAHRPP-accredited organizations interpret and satisfy this standard, in order to assess strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in current approaches and to inform recommendations for improvement. METHODS We conducted 3 small-group interviews with a total of 19 participant representatives of accredited organizations at the 2019 AAHRPP annual meeting. Participants were eligible if they had familiarity with their organization's approach to satisfying the relevant QEE standard. RESULTS Participants reported lacking clear definitions for HRPP quality or effectiveness but described various approaches to assessing QEE, typically focused on turnaround time, compliance, and researcher satisfaction. Evaluation of IRB members was described as relatively superficial and information regarding research subject experience was not reported as central to QEE assessment, although participants described several efforts to improve consideration of patient, subject, and community perspectives in IRB review. Participants also described efforts to educate and build relationships with key stakeholders as important features of a high-quality HRPP. While generally satisfied with their approaches, participants expressed concern about resource and time constraints that pushed them to be reactive and automatic about QEE, rather than proactive and critical. CONCLUSIONS The relevant AAHRPP accreditation standard may obscure critical gaps in defining and measuring QEE elements. We recommend that AAHRPP: (1) offer a definition of QEE or require accredited organizations to provide their own, to help clarify the rationale and goals behind assessment and improvement efforts, and (2) require accredited organizations to establish QEE objectives and measures focused on participant outcomes and deliberative quality during protocol review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Fernandez Lynch
- Department of Medical Ethics & Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Mason LA, Thomas AK, Taylor HA. On the proposed role of metacognition in environment learning: recommendations for research. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:104. [PMID: 36575318 PMCID: PMC9794647 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacognition plays a role in environment learning (EL). When navigating, we monitor environment information to judge our likelihood to remember our way, and we engage in control by using tools to prevent getting lost. Yet, the relationship between metacognition and EL is understudied. In this paper, we examine the possibility of leveraging metacognition to support EL. However, traditional metacognitive theories and methodologies were not developed with EL in mind. Here, we use traditional metacognitive theories and approaches as a foundation for a new examination of metacognition in EL. We highlight three critical considerations about EL. Namely: (1) EL is a complex process that unfolds sequentially and is thereby enriched with multiple different types of cues, (2) EL is inherently driven by a series of ecologically relevant motivations and constraints, and (3) monitoring and control interact to support EL. In doing so, we describe how task demands and learning motivations inherent to EL should shape how metacognition is explored. With these considerations, we provide three methodological recommendations for investigating metacognition during EL. Specifically, researchers should: (1) instantiate EL goals to impact learning, metacognition, and retrieval processes, (2) prompt learners to make frequent metacognitive judgments and consider metacognitive accuracy as a primary performance metric, and (3) incorporate insights from both transfer appropriate processing and monitoring hypotheses when designing EL assessments. In summary, to effectively investigate how metacognition impacts EL, both ecological and methodological considerations need to be weighed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Mason
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Ayanna K Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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10
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Taylor HA, Dowdy DW, Searle AR, Stennett AL, Dukhanin V, Zwerling AA, Merritt MW. Disadvantage and the Experience of Treatment for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). SSM Qual Res Health 2022; 2:100042. [PMID: 35252955 PMCID: PMC8896740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - David W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
| | - Alexandra R Searle
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
| | - Andrea L Stennett
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
| | - Vadim Dukhanin
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Alice A Zwerling
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand, Ottawa ON K1G 5Z3 Canada
| | - Maria W Merritt
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics; and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
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11
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Moore CM, Taylor HA. More than Semantics: Abortion Access and Equity. Am J Bioeth 2022; 22:68-69. [PMID: 35917425 PMCID: PMC9764843 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2022.2089284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna McGrew
- From the Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Holly A Taylor
- From the Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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13
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Taylor HA, Porter KM, Paquette ET, McCormick JB, Tumilty E, Arnold JF, Spector-Bagdady K, Danis M, Brandt D, Shah J, Wilfond BS, Lee LM. Creating a Research Ethics Consultation Service: Issues to Consider. Ethics Hum Res 2021; 43:18-25. [PMID: 34496156 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article provides pragmatic advice for organizations interested in creating a research ethics consultation service (RECS). A robust RECS has the potential to build capacity among investigators to identify and consider the ethical issues they encounter while conducting their research. Determining whether to establish an RECS should begin with an institutional-needs assessment that includes three key questions: What are the current resources available to research teams to navigate ethical concerns that arise from their research? Is there a demand or perceived need for more resources? Is there institutional support (financial and otherwise) to establish and maintain an RECS? If this results in the decision to establish the consultation service, relevant institutional stakeholders must be identified and consulted, and personnel with the requisite skills recruited. The next step is to establish an RECS and build the infrastructure to process and respond to requests. The RECS's long-term sustainability will depend on a stable source of funding and a mechanism to receive constructive feedback to ensure that the service is meeting the institutional needs it set out to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- Research bioethicist in the Department of Bioethics at the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health
| | - Kathryn M Porter
- Research scientist at the Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute
| | - Erin Talati Paquette
- Assistant professor of pediatrics (critical care) at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and an assistant professor of law (by courtesy) at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law
| | - Jennifer B McCormick
- Associate professor in the Department of Humanities in the College of Medicine at the Pennsylvania State University
| | - Emma Tumilty
- Bioethicist and lecturer at the School of Medicine in the Faculty of Health at Deakin University Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jason F Arnold
- Senior fellow of bioethics and health policy and the assistant director of the CTR fellowship program at the Institute of Human Values in Health Care at the Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Kayte Spector-Bagdady
- Associate director of the Center for Bioethics & Social Sciences in Medicine and an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Marion Danis
- Head of the section on ethics and health policy in the Department of Bioethics at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health
| | - Debra Brandt
- Research assistant professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Iowa
| | - Jina Shah
- Senior director of patient safety and pharmacovigilance at Kite, a Gilead Sciences company, in Santa Monica, CA
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Professor in the divisions of bioethics and palliative care and pulmonary and sleep medicine in the Department of Pediatrics at the Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute at the University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Lisa M Lee
- Associate vice president for research and innovation, the director of scholarly integrity and research compliance, and a professor of population health sciences at Virginia Tech
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Rid A, Shah SK, Miller FG, Danis M, Nicolini M, Ochoa J, Taylor HA, Wendler DS, Grady C. Ethical trade-offs in vaccine development and distribution-Response to Gurwitz. Vaccine 2021; 39:1028-1029. [PMID: 33546811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rid
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Seema K Shah
- Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Department of Pediatrics, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Franklin G Miller
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Marion Danis
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Marie Nicolini
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Jorge Ochoa
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - David S Wendler
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Christine Grady
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Taylor HA, Washington D, Wang NY, Patel HD, Ford DE, Kass NE, Ali J. Randomized comparison of two interventions to enhance understanding during the informed consent process for research. Clin Trials 2021; 18:466-476. [PMID: 33892597 PMCID: PMC10173028 DOI: 10.1177/17407745211009529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Many investigators have tested interventions to improve research participant understanding of information shared during the informed consent process, using a variety of methods and with mixed results. A valid criticism of most consent research is that studies are often conducted in simulated research settings rather than ongoing clinical studies. The present study rigorously tested two simple and easily adoptable strategies for presenting key consent information to participants eligible to enroll in six actual clinical trials (i.e. six parent studies). METHODS In collaboration with the study team from each parent study, we developed two consent interventions: a fact sheet and an interview-style video. The content of each of the intervention was based on the information shared in the consent form approved for each parent study. Participants were randomized to the standard consent process, or to one of the two interventions. Once exposed to the assigned consent mode, participants were asked to complete an assessment of understanding. The study was powered to determine whether those exposed to the fact sheet or video performed better on the consent assessment compared to those exposed to the standard consent. We also assessed participant satisfaction with the consent process. RESULTS A total of 284 participants were randomized to one of the three consent arms. Assessments of understanding were completed with a total of 273 participants from July 2017 to April 2019. Participants exposed to the video had better understanding scores compared to those exposed to the standard consent form process (p value = 0.020). Participants were more satisfied with the video when compared to the standard consent. Participants who received the fact sheet did not achieve higher overall understanding or satisfaction scores when compared to the standard consent process. CONCLUSION This randomized study of two novel consent interventions across six different clinical trials demonstrated a statistically significant difference in participant understanding based on overall scores among those exposed to the video intervention compared to those exposed to the standard consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nae-Yuh Wang
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiten D Patel
- Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy E Kass
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Ali
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Berkman BE, Mastroianni AC, Jamal L, Solis C, Taylor HA, Hull SC. The Ethics of Repurposing Previously Collected Research Biospecimens in an Infectious Disease Pandemic. Ethics Hum Res 2021; 43:2-18. [PMID: 33620774 PMCID: PMC8014521 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of a pandemic, repurposing biospecimens from established research projects could prove to be extraordinarily useful in achieving substantial and timely public health benefits. Nonetheless, there are potential ethical and regulatory uncertainties that may impede access to those valuable biospecimens. In this article, we argue that there should be a presumption in favor of using previously collected identifiable research biospecimens without reconsent to directly address an infectious disease pandemic, assuming certain conditions are met. This argument fills a unique yet critical gap in decision-making where the specific consent accompanying the identifiable biospecimens would not otherwise permit repurposing. Further, it suggests that even if gaining reconsent is feasible, doing so in a fast-moving crisis is not necessary. This analysis also attempts to address the ethical concerns of public health authorities who already may have the power to use such specimens but are reluctant to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Berkman
- Faculty member at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Bioethics and the deputy director of the National Human Genome Research Institute's Bioethics Core at the NIH
| | | | - Leila Jamal
- Affiliated scholar in the NIH Department of Bioethics, a genomics education specialist at the National Cancer Institute, and serves as the associate director for cancer genomics in the Johns Hopkins/NIH Genetic Counseling master's degree program
| | | | | | - Sara Chandros Hull
- Faculty member at the NIH Department of Bioethics and the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute's Bioethics Core at the NIH
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Fabi R, Taylor HA. Publicly Funded Health Care for Pregnant Undocumented Immigrants: Achieving Moral Progress Through Overlapping Consensus. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 2021; 31:77-99. [PMID: 33716228 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
What just societies owe to non-citizen immigrants is a controversial question. This paper considers three accounts of the requirements of distributive justice for non-citizens to determine what they might suggest about the provision of publicly funded health care to pregnant undocumented immigrants. These accounts are compared to locate an overlapping consensus on the duty of the state to provide care to pregnant undocumented immigrants. The aim of this paper is not to take a substantive position on the "right" prenatal policy, but rather to explore the moral space that this issue occupies and suggest that real moral progress can be achieved through the consistent application of shared values.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wendler
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jorge Ochoa
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Millum
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Grady
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Strassle
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - E Jardas
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jorge Ochoa
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin E Berkman
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marion Danis
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Annette Rid
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Holly A Taylor
- From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Taylor HA, Mogul DB. Digital Negotiations: Navigating Parental Permission and Adolescent Assent for On-Line Survey Participation. Am J Bioeth 2020; 20:84-85. [PMID: 32945751 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2020.1806375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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21
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Keller AM, Taylor HA, Brunyé TT. Uncertainty promotes information-seeking actions, but what information? Cogn Res Princ Implic 2020; 5:42. [PMID: 32894402 PMCID: PMC7477035 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Navigating an unfamiliar city almost certainly brings out uncertainty about getting from place to place. This uncertainty, in turn, triggers information gathering. While navigational uncertainty is common, little is known about what type of information people seek when they are uncertain. The primary choices for information types with environments include landmarks (distal or local), landmark configurations (relation between two or more landmarks), and a distinct geometry, at least for some environments. Uncertainty could lead individuals to more likely seek one of these information types. Extant research informs both predictions about and empirical work exploring this question. This review covers relevant cognitive literature and then suggests empirical approaches to better understand information-seeking actions triggered by uncertainty. Notably, we propose that examining continuous navigation data can provide important insights into information seeking. Benefits of continuous data will be elaborated through one paradigm, spatial reorientation, which intentionally induces uncertainty through disorientation and cue conflict. While this and other methods have been used previously, data have primarily reflected only the final choice. Continuous behavior during a task can better reveal the cognition-action loop contributing to spatial learning and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlynn M Keller
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,Tufts University, Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 1800, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Tad T Brunyé
- Tufts University, Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 1800, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.,US Army CCDC Soldier Center, 15 General Greene Ave., Natick, MA, 01760, USA
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Dowdy DW, Zwerling AA, Stennett A, Searle A, Dukhanin V, Taylor HA, Merritt MW. Measuring Stigma to Assess the Social Justice Implications of Health-Related Policy Decisions: Application to Novel Treatment Regimens for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. MDM Policy Pract 2020; 5:2381468320915239. [PMID: 32440569 PMCID: PMC7227142 DOI: 10.1177/2381468320915239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In making policy decisions with constrained resources, an important consideration is the impact of alternative policy options on social justice. Social justice considers interactions between individuals and society and can be conceptualized across domains of agency, association, and respect. Despite its importance, social justice is rarely considered formally in health policy decision making, partially reflecting challenges in its measurement. We define three criteria for considering social justice in health-related policy decisions: 1) linkage of social justice to a measurable construct; 2) ability to reproducibly and feasibly estimate the impacts of a policy decision on the selected construct; and 3) appropriate presentation to decision makers of the expected social justice implications using that construct. We use preliminary data from qualitative interviews from three groups of respondents in South Africa and Uganda to demonstrate that stigma meets the first of these criteria. We then use the example of policy addressing novel treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and a validated tuberculosis stigma scale to illustrate how policy effects on stigma could be estimated (criterion 2) and presented to decision makers in the form of justice-enhanced cost-effectiveness analysis (criterion 3). Finally, we provide a point-by-point guide for conducting similar assessments to facilitate consideration of social justice in health-related policy decisions. Our case study and guide for how to make social justice impacts more apparent to decision makers also illustrates the importance of local data and local capacity. Performing social justice assessments alongside more traditional evaluations of cost-effectiveness, budget impact, and burden of disease could help represent data-informed considerations of social justice in health care decision making more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dowdy
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice A Zwerling
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrea Stennett
- Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandra Searle
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vadim Dukhanin
- Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Holly A Taylor
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria W Merritt
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Panetta K, Wan Q, Agaian S, Rajeev S, Kamath S, Rajendran R, Rao SP, Kaszowska A, Taylor HA, Samani A, Yuan X. A Comprehensive Database for Benchmarking Imaging Systems. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2020; 42:509-520. [PMID: 30507525 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2018.2884458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cross-modality face recognition is an emerging topic due to the wide-spread usage of different sensors in day-to-day life applications. The development of face recognition systems relies greatly on existing databases for evaluation and obtaining training examples for data-hungry machine learning algorithms. However, currently, there is no publicly available face database that includes more than two modalities for the same subject. In this work, we introduce the Tufts Face Database that includes images acquired in various modalities: photograph images, thermal images, near infrared images, a recorded video, a computerized facial sketch, and 3D images of each volunteer's face. An Institutional Research Board protocol was obtained and images were collected from students, staff, faculty, and their family members at Tufts University. The database includes over 10,000 images from 113 individuals from more than 15 different countries, various gender identities, ages, and ethnic backgrounds. The contributions of this work are: 1) Detailed description of the content and acquisition procedure for images in the Tufts Face Database; 2) The Tufts Face Database is publicly available to researchers worldwide, which will allow assessment and creation of more robust, consistent, and adaptable recognition algorithms; 3) A comprehensive, up-to-date review on face recognition systems and face datasets.
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Tenbrink T, Taylor HA, Brunyé TT, Gagnon SA, Gardony AL. Cognitive focus affects spatial decisions under conditions of uncertainty. Cogn Process 2020; 21:287-302. [PMID: 31974762 PMCID: PMC7203091 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-020-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Finding one’s way to a destination is a common, everyday task that often relies on spatial information provided by humans and/or automatic devices. However, the information can be inaccurate. How we decide which route to take will depend on our thoughts about the available route information, including who or what provided it, and how these sources may be associated with differential accuracy and fallibility. In three experiments (previously reported in Brunyé et al. (Q J Exper Psychol 68(3):585–607, 2015)), we found that when route directions conflicted with the perceived environment, people trusted the landmark information other humans provided, but relied on the turn direction information from an automatic device. But what guides these behavioral results? Here we present a systematic linguistic analysis of retrospective reports that sheds some light on how information about the direction source affects cognitive focus. A focus on direction sources in the instruction triggered a cognitive focus on the direction source throughout. Participants who systematically switched strategies focused more on features of the scenario than those who did not. Non-switching strategies were associated with a higher focus on the participants’ own reasoning processes, in particular when relying on turn information. These results highlight how cognitive focus is guided by scenario factors and individual preferences, triggering inferences that influence decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora Tenbrink
- School of Languages, Literatures and Linguistics, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Tad T Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Cognitive Science, U.S. Army CCDC Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Cognitive Science, U.S. Army CCDC Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Aaron L Gardony
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Cognitive Science, U.S. Army CCDC Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad T. Brunyé
- Center for Applied Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Shaina B. Martis
- Center for Applied Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Breanne Hawes
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Center for Applied Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Mahoney CR, Giles GE, Williams CS, Brunye TT, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB, Marriott BP, Lieberman HR. Relationships between use of dietary supplements, caffeine and sensation seeking among college students. J Am Coll Health 2019; 67:688-697. [PMID: 30388945 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1500475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Caffeine and dietary supplement (DS) use by college students is not well-documented. Given reported associations between energy drink consumption and sensation seeking, we used the Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V) to assess relationships between sensation-seeking, caffeine, and DS use. Participants: Data from 1,248 college students from five US institutions were collected from 2009 to 2011. Methods: Linear regression was used to examine relationships between scores on the SSS-V and caffeine and DS use, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Male sex, nonHispanic race-ethnicity, higher family income, tobacco use, consuming caffeinated beverages, more than 400 mg caffeine per day, and energy drinks with alcohol at least 50% of the time, were significantly associated with higher total SSS-V scores (P < 0.001). Those using protein DSs had higher total, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility SSS-V scores (Ps < 0.001). Conclusions: Results demonstrate a positive correlation between sensation-seeking attitudes and habitual caffeine, energy drink, and DS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Mahoney
- Cognitive Science, Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) , Natick , Massachusetts , USA
- Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science, Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) , Natick , Massachusetts , USA
- Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts , USA
| | | | - Tad T Brunye
- Cognitive Science, Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) , Natick , Massachusetts , USA
- Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts , USA
| | | | | | - Bernadette P Marriott
- Abt Associates, Inc. , Durham , North Carolina , USA
- Samueli Institute , Alexandria , Virginia , USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) , Natick , Massachusetts , USA
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Abstract
We reviewed the public comments submitted in response to the Department of Health and Human Services' (DHHS's) original and revised proposal for mandated single-IRB review of federally funded multisite research to see who responded to the proposed mandate and to determine what they said and how the agency addressed the public comments in its revised proposal. Our analysis indicates that support for the single-IRB mandate was limited. The most common argument against the proposed mandate came from those concerned with the loss of site-specific institutional review board (IRB) review of the protocol for a multisite study to address issues relevant to local context. Concerns were also raised that the single-IRB approach would replace one inefficient system (that entails, for example, multiple reviews of a single study) with another potentially inefficient system (involving the negotiation and management of multiple interinstitutional agreements). Empirical research about the implementation of DHHS's final rule-and the separate rule of the National Institutes of Health-mandating single-IRB review is needed to determine whether the single-IRB model achieves the stated goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- Associate professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a member of the core faculty at Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Associate professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Ann-Margret Ervin
- Assistant scientist in the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Abstract
This paper examines the practice implications of various state policies that provide publicly funded prenatal care to undocumented immigrants for health care workers who see undocumented patients. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with purposively sampled health care workers at safety net clinics in California, Maryland, Nebraska, and New York. Health care workers were asked about the process through which undocumented patients receive prenatal care in their health center and the ethical tensions and frustrations they encounter when providing or facilitating this care under policy restrictions. Respondents discussed several professional practice norms as well as the ethical tensions they encountered when policy or institutional constraints prevented them from living up to professional norms. Using Nancy Berlinger's "workarounds" framework, this paper examines health care workers' responses to the misalignment of their professional norms and the policy restrictions in their state. These findings suggest that the prenatal policies in each state raise ethical and professional challenges for the health care workers who implement them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Fabi
- Rachel E. Fabi, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, NY. She received her B.A. from Yale University in New Haven, CT, and her Ph.D. in health policy and management with a concentration in bioethics from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, MD. Dr. Fabi works at the intersection of bioethics and public health policy, and her research focuses on access to health care for non-citizens. Holly A. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H., was Associate Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management (HPM), Bloomberg School of Public Health and Core Faculty member of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD when this work was completed. Dr. Taylor received her B.A. from Stanford University, her M.P.H. from the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in health policy with a concentration in bioethics from the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Taylor is trained as a social scientist and uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore topics in the ethics of human subject research and ethical considerations in public health approaches to infectious disease
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Rachel E. Fabi, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, NY. She received her B.A. from Yale University in New Haven, CT, and her Ph.D. in health policy and management with a concentration in bioethics from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, MD. Dr. Fabi works at the intersection of bioethics and public health policy, and her research focuses on access to health care for non-citizens. Holly A. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H., was Associate Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management (HPM), Bloomberg School of Public Health and Core Faculty member of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD when this work was completed. Dr. Taylor received her B.A. from Stanford University, her M.P.H. from the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in health policy with a concentration in bioethics from the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Taylor is trained as a social scientist and uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore topics in the ethics of human subject research and ethical considerations in public health approaches to infectious disease
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Burte H, Gardony AL, Hutton A, Taylor HA. Knowing when to fold 'em: Problem attributes and strategy differences in the Paper Folding test. Personality and Individual Differences 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cantelon JA, Davis FC, Ward N, Hussey E, Kanarek RB, Taylor HA. Influence of Physical Stress on Interpretation of Ambiguous Social Cues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000563500.30568.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brunyé TT, Smith AM, Hendel D, Gardony AL, Martis SB, Taylor HA. Retrieval practice enhances near but not far transfer of spatial memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2019; 46:24-45. [PMID: 30998073 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Students learn more effectively through repeated retrieval of study materials relative to repeated exposure to the materials, a phenomenon known as the testing effect or retrieval practice. This pattern has been demonstrated repeatedly with verbal materials, and more recently with visuospatial materials. The extent to which retrieval practice produces spatial memories that successfully transfer to more diverse task demands remains unknown. Transferring spatial memory to novel task demands can involve challenging orientation and perspective transformations, possibly limiting the benefits of retrieval practice for application to realistic spatial tasks. In 4 experiments, participants learned a map of a large-scale urban environment, engaging in either study practice (repeated exposure) or retrieval practice (exposure and testing). Across experiments we varied the retrieval demands of the final memory test, increasing the breadth of transfer from study to test (from near to far transfer). Final memory tests included reconstructing a map from memory (Experiment 1), judgments of relative direction from an allocentric perspective (Experiment 2), judgments of relative direction from an egocentric perspective (Experiment 3), and navigating between target landmarks within the learned environment (Experiment 4). Results demonstrated that retrieval practice enhances near to medium transfer of memory for the map itself, including accessing spatial memory from varied orientations. However, it does not assist in medium to far transfer of spatial knowledge to pointing or navigation tasks performed from an alternate perspective. Results are considered in the context of domain-specific theories of spatial memory and navigation, and domain-general theories of learning strategies and transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Smith
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences
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Zajac L, Burte H, Taylor HA, Killiany R. Self-reported navigation ability is associated with optic flow-sensitive regions' functional connectivity patterns during visual path integration. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01236. [PMID: 30884216 PMCID: PMC6456774 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive skill that varies between individuals, and the mechanisms underlying this variability are not clear. Studying simpler components of spatial navigation may help illuminate factors that contribute to variation in this complex skill; path integration is one such component. Optic flow provides self-motion information while moving through an environment and is sufficient for path integration. This study aims to investigate whether self-reported navigation ability is related to information transfer between optic flow-sensitive (OF-sensitive) cortical regions and regions important to navigation during environmental spatial tasks. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to define OF-sensitive regions and map their functional connectivity (FC) with the retrosplenial cortex and hippocampus during visual path integration (VPI) and turn counting (TC) tasks. Both tasks presented visual self-motion through a real-world environment. Correlations predicting a positive association between self-reported navigation ability (measured with the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale) and FC strength between OF-sensitive regions and retrosplenial cortex and OF-sensitive regions and the hippocampus were performed. RESULTS During VPI, FC strength between left cingulate sulcus visual area (L CSv) and right retrosplenial cortex and L CSv and right hippocampus was positively associated with self-reported navigation ability. FC strength between right cingulate sulcus visual area (R CSv) and right retrosplenial cortex during VPI was also positively associated with self-reported navigation ability. These relationships were specific to VPI, and whole-brain exploratory analyses corroborated these results. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that perceived spatial navigation ability is associated with communication strength between OF-sensitive and navigationally relevant regions during visual path integration, which may represent the transformation accuracy of visual motion information into internal spatial representations. More broadly, these results illuminate underlying mechanisms that may explain some variability in spatial navigation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zajac
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Burte
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
To help eliminate perinatal HIV transmission, the US Department of Health and Human Services recommends against breastfeeding for women living with HIV, regardless of viral load or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) status. However, cART radically improves HIV prognosis and virtually eliminates perinatal transmission, and breastfeeding's health benefits are well-established. In this setting, pregnancy is increasing among American women with HIV, and a harm reduction approach to those who breastfeed despite extensive counseling is suggested. We assess the evidence and ethical justification for current policy, with attention to pertinent racial and health disparities. We first review perinatal transmission and breastfeeding data relevant to US infants. We compare hypothetical risk of HIV transmission from breastmilk to increased mortality from sudden infant death syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis from avoiding breastfeeding, finding that benefits may outweigh risks if mothers maintain undetectable viral load on cART. We then review maternal health considerations. We conclude that avoidance of breastfeeding by women living with HIV may not maximize health outcomes and discuss our recommendation for revising national guidelines in light of autonomy, harm reduction and health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle S Gross
- Marielle S. Gross, M.D., M.B.E., is a Hecht-Levi postdoctoral research fellow in the Berman Institute of Bioethics at Johns Hopkins University where she recently completed residency training in Gynecology & Obstetrics. She attended medical school at the University of Florida, and previously completed degrees in Philosophy, Jewish Ethics and Bioethics at Columbia University, the Jewish Theological Seminary, and New York University, respectively. Holly A. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Core Faculty member of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Associate Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management (HPM), Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Taylor received her B.A. from Stanford University, her M.P.H. from the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in health policy with a concentration in bioethics from the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Cecilia Tomori, Ph.D., studied biology and education at Swarthmore College and obtained her Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Michigan in 2011. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and served as faculty there between 2013-2017. Jenell S. Coleman, M.D., M.P.H., is associate professor in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with a joint appointment in the Department of Medicine and is the medical director of the John's Hopkins Women's Health Center. Dr. Coleman earned her M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and completed Ob/Gyn residency at the University of California, Los Angeles. She completed a fellowship in reproductive infectious diseases at the University of California, San Francisco and received an M.P.H. from the University of California, Berkeley
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Marielle S. Gross, M.D., M.B.E., is a Hecht-Levi postdoctoral research fellow in the Berman Institute of Bioethics at Johns Hopkins University where she recently completed residency training in Gynecology & Obstetrics. She attended medical school at the University of Florida, and previously completed degrees in Philosophy, Jewish Ethics and Bioethics at Columbia University, the Jewish Theological Seminary, and New York University, respectively. Holly A. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Core Faculty member of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Associate Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management (HPM), Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Taylor received her B.A. from Stanford University, her M.P.H. from the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in health policy with a concentration in bioethics from the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Cecilia Tomori, Ph.D., studied biology and education at Swarthmore College and obtained her Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Michigan in 2011. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and served as faculty there between 2013-2017. Jenell S. Coleman, M.D., M.P.H., is associate professor in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with a joint appointment in the Department of Medicine and is the medical director of the John's Hopkins Women's Health Center. Dr. Coleman earned her M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and completed Ob/Gyn residency at the University of California, Los Angeles. She completed a fellowship in reproductive infectious diseases at the University of California, San Francisco and received an M.P.H. from the University of California, Berkeley
| | - Cecilia Tomori
- Marielle S. Gross, M.D., M.B.E., is a Hecht-Levi postdoctoral research fellow in the Berman Institute of Bioethics at Johns Hopkins University where she recently completed residency training in Gynecology & Obstetrics. She attended medical school at the University of Florida, and previously completed degrees in Philosophy, Jewish Ethics and Bioethics at Columbia University, the Jewish Theological Seminary, and New York University, respectively. Holly A. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Core Faculty member of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Associate Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management (HPM), Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Taylor received her B.A. from Stanford University, her M.P.H. from the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in health policy with a concentration in bioethics from the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Cecilia Tomori, Ph.D., studied biology and education at Swarthmore College and obtained her Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Michigan in 2011. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and served as faculty there between 2013-2017. Jenell S. Coleman, M.D., M.P.H., is associate professor in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with a joint appointment in the Department of Medicine and is the medical director of the John's Hopkins Women's Health Center. Dr. Coleman earned her M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and completed Ob/Gyn residency at the University of California, Los Angeles. She completed a fellowship in reproductive infectious diseases at the University of California, San Francisco and received an M.P.H. from the University of California, Berkeley
| | - Jenell S Coleman
- Marielle S. Gross, M.D., M.B.E., is a Hecht-Levi postdoctoral research fellow in the Berman Institute of Bioethics at Johns Hopkins University where she recently completed residency training in Gynecology & Obstetrics. She attended medical school at the University of Florida, and previously completed degrees in Philosophy, Jewish Ethics and Bioethics at Columbia University, the Jewish Theological Seminary, and New York University, respectively. Holly A. Taylor, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Core Faculty member of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Associate Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management (HPM), Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Taylor received her B.A. from Stanford University, her M.P.H. from the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan and her Ph.D. in health policy with a concentration in bioethics from the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Cecilia Tomori, Ph.D., studied biology and education at Swarthmore College and obtained her Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Michigan in 2011. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and served as faculty there between 2013-2017. Jenell S. Coleman, M.D., M.P.H., is associate professor in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with a joint appointment in the Department of Medicine and is the medical director of the John's Hopkins Women's Health Center. Dr. Coleman earned her M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and completed Ob/Gyn residency at the University of California, Los Angeles. She completed a fellowship in reproductive infectious diseases at the University of California, San Francisco and received an M.P.H. from the University of California, Berkeley
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Taylor HA, Rutkow L, Barnett DJ. Local Preparedness for Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Qualitative Exploration of Willingness and Ability to Respond. Health Secur 2019; 16:311-319. [PMID: 30339094 PMCID: PMC6207156 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2018.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As ecologic, social, and economic conditions continue to facilitate the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases, local health department workers' willingness to respond will remain vital to the United States' ability to recognize and respond to new and emerging disease threats. As demonstrated by heavy occupational morbidity and mortality associated with the 2014 Ebola outbreak, infectious disease response can pose serious risks to the health workforce and presents many ethical and logistical challenges. To explore willingness to respond to an infectious disease outbreak among local health departments-the hub of the public health emergency preparedness system-we conducted focus groups with 46 local health department staff attending 2 national conferences. We examined perspectives from our participants on how local health department employees learn about and articulate their professional commitment to the department, the ways in which local health department leaders support local health department employees in responding to an outbreak, and how local health department staff articulate their responsibilities to their families. We conclude with a proposal for how a web of ethical commitments likely influences willingness to respond. These commitments and their relationship to willingness to respond should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Taylor
- Holly A. Taylor, PhD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management; Lainie Rutkow, PhD, JD, is a Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management; and Daniel J. Barnett, MD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering; all in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lainie Rutkow
- Holly A. Taylor, PhD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management; Lainie Rutkow, PhD, JD, is a Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management; and Daniel J. Barnett, MD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering; all in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J. Barnett
- Holly A. Taylor, PhD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management; Lainie Rutkow, PhD, JD, is a Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management; and Daniel J. Barnett, MD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering; all in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lynch HF, Nicholls S, Meyer MN, Taylor HA. Of Parachutes and Participant Protection: Moving Beyond Quality to Advance Effective Research Ethics Oversight. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 14:190-196. [PMID: 30541368 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618812625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There are several reasons to believe that Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Human Research Protection Programs (HRPPs) contribute to ethical research and the protection of research participants, but there are also important reasons to interrogate this belief. Determining whether IRBs and HRPPs "work" requires empirical evaluation of whether and how well they actually achieve what they were designed to do. In other words, it is critical to examine their outcomes and not only their procedures and structures. In this response to Tsan, we argue that the concept of IRB and HRPP quality entails three dimensions: (1) effectiveness, (2) procedures and structures likely to promote effectiveness, and (3) features unrelated to effectiveness but nonetheless essential, such as efficiency, fairness, and proportionality. Because not all types of quality necessarily guarantee or entail effectiveness, we suggest that broad quality assessments, including such features as regulatory compliance and other procedural measures suggested by Tsan, are unhelpful as the first step in evaluating IRBs and HRPPs. Instead, we must start with outcomes relevant to effectiveness. To do this, we launched the Consortium to Advance Effective Research Ethics Oversight (AEREO), with a mission to define and specify ways to measure relevant outcomes for research ethics oversight, empirically evaluate whether those outcomes are achieved, test new approaches to achieving them, and ultimately, develop and implement empirically-based policy and practice to advance IRB and HRPP effectiveness. We describe several anticipated AEREO projects and call for collaboration between various stakeholders to more meaningfully evaluate IRB and HRPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Holly A Taylor
- 4 Johns Hopkins University Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | -
- The following AEREO Consortium Members endorse this article in their individual capacities and not necessarily on behalf of any institutions of which they are a part: Angela Bain, Barbara E. Bierer, Justin Clapp, Anne K. Clark, Carl Coleman, Whitney Eriksen, Jonathan Green, Sarah Greene, Elisa A. Hurley, Steven Joffe, Susan Kornetsky, Lisa M. Lee, Lindsay McNair, Linda Parreco, Suzanne M. Rivera, Stephen Rosenfeld, Michele Russell-Einhorn, Megan Singleton, David H. Strauss, Emma Tumilty, and Tracy Ziolek. This publication represents the views of the authors and does not reflect the official position or policy of the National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, or the Department of Health and Human Services
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Giles GE, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Graber HL, Barbour RL, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Endurance Exercise Enhances Emotional Valence and Emotion Regulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459576 PMCID: PMC6232759 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise consistently benefits both emotion and cognition, particularly cognitive control. We evaluated acute endurance exercise influences on emotion, domain-general cognitive control and the cognitive control of emotion, specifically cognitive reappraisal. Thirty-six endurance runners, defined as running at least 30 miles per week with one weekly run of at least 9 miles (21 female, age 18-30 years) participated. In a repeated measures design, participants walked at 57% age-adjusted maximum heart rate (HRmax; range 51%-63%) and ran at 70% HRmax (range 64%-76%) for 90 min on two separate days. Participants completed measures of emotional state and the Stroop test of domain-general cognitive control before, every 30 min during and 30 min after exercise. Participants also completed a cognitive reappraisal task (CRT) after exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) tracked changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and dHb) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results suggest that even at relatively moderate intensities, endurance athletes benefit emotionally from running both during and after exercise and task-related PFC oxygenation reductions do not appear to hinder prefrontal-dependent cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Marianna D. Eddy
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Heather L. Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE, Eddy MD, Haga Z, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Davis FC. Exerting cognitive control under threat: Interactive effects of physical and emotional stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:1236-1243. [PMID: 30321039 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with stressful occupations, such as law enforcement and military personnel, are required to operate in high stakes environments that can be simultaneously physically and emotionally demanding. These individuals are tasked with maintaining peak performance under stressful and often unpredictable conditions, exerting high levels of cognitive control to sustain attention and suppress task-irrelevant actions. Previous research has shown that physical and emotional stressors differentially influence such cognitive control processes. For example, physical stress impairs while emotional stress facilitates the ability to inhibit a prepotent response, yet, interactions between the two remain poorly understood. Here we examined whether emotional stress induced by threat of unpredictable electric shock mitigates the effects of physical stress on response inhibition. Participants performed an auditory Go/NoGo task under safe versus threat conditions while cycling at high intensity (84% HRmax) for 50 min. In threat conditions, participants were told they would receive mild electric shocks that were unpredictable and unrelated to task performance. Self-reported anxiety increased under threat versus safe conditions, and perceived exertion increased with exercise duration. As predicted, we observed decrements in response inhibition (increased false alarms) as exertion increased under safe conditions, but improved response inhibition as exertion increased under threat conditions. These findings are consistent with previous work showing that anxiety induced by unpredictable threat promotes adaptive survival mechanisms, such as improved vigilance, threat detection, cautious behavior, and harm avoidance. Here, we suggest that emotional stress induced by unpredictable threat can also mitigate decrements in cognitive performance experienced under physically demanding conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace E Giles
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center
| | - Marianna D Eddy
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center
| | | | | | | | - F Caroline Davis
- U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center
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Alzate Angel JC, Pericàs JM, Taylor HA, Benach J. Systemic Factors and Barriers That Hamper Adequate Data Collection on the HIV Epidemic and Its Associated Inequalities in Countries With Long-Term Armed Conflicts: Lessons From Colombia. Am J Public Health 2018; 108:1341-1344. [PMID: 30138065 PMCID: PMC6137797 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although advances in treatment and diagnosis have transformed HIV into a chronic disease in high-income countries, a spectrum of structural, political, sociocultural, and health system barriers hamper early diagnosis and timely treatment of HIV in many middle- and low-income countries. In most Latin American countries, in spite of the great improvement in access to antiretroviral therapy, a large proportion of individuals infected with HIV do not know their status. In Colombia, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS currently estimates a much larger number of HIV cases than the number reported by Colombian authorities. Potential reasons for underdiagnosis and underreporting include sociocultural factors such as social stigma, restrictions in access to health care, a lack of public health research and robust surveillance systems, and the particular recent history and social situation related to the armed conflict the country has suffered through for several decades. Lessons from Colombia may be helpful in monitoring, understanding, and tackling the HIV epidemic in countries with long-term armed conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Alzate Angel
- Juan C. Alzate Angel is with the Clinical Research Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia. Juan M. Pericàs is with ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain. Holly A. Taylor is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Joan Benach is with the Health Inequalities Research Group, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona
| | - Juan M Pericàs
- Juan C. Alzate Angel is with the Clinical Research Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia. Juan M. Pericàs is with ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain. Holly A. Taylor is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Joan Benach is with the Health Inequalities Research Group, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona
| | - Holly A Taylor
- Juan C. Alzate Angel is with the Clinical Research Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia. Juan M. Pericàs is with ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain. Holly A. Taylor is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Joan Benach is with the Health Inequalities Research Group, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona
| | - Joan Benach
- Juan C. Alzate Angel is with the Clinical Research Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia. Juan M. Pericàs is with ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona, Spain. Holly A. Taylor is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Joan Benach is with the Health Inequalities Research Group, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Johns Hopkins University-Universitat Pompeu Fabra Public Policy Center, Barcelona
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Wilfond BS, Morales C, Johnson LM, Taylor HA. Ethical Considerations for Unblinding a Participant's Assignment to Interpret a Resolved Adverse Event. Am J Bioeth 2018; 18:66-67. [PMID: 30339065 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1522167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Wilfond
- a Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, and University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Christian Morales
- b Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | | | - Holly A Taylor
- b Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
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Taylor HA, Morales C, Johnson LM, Wilfond BS. A Randomized Trial of Rapamycin to Increase Longevity and Healthspan in Companion Animals: Navigating the Boundary Between Protections for Animal Research and Human Subjects Research. Am J Bioeth 2018; 18:58-59. [PMID: 30339066 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1522166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | - Christian Morales
- a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | | | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- c Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, and University of Washington School of Medicine
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Abstract
Four experiments examined perceptuo-motor associations involved in spatial knowledge encoding and retrieval. Participants learned spatial information by studying a map or by navigating through a real environment and then verified spatial descriptions based on either egocentric or cardinal directional terms. Participants moved the computer mouse to a YES or NO button to verify each statement. We tracked mouse cursor trajectories to examine perceptuo-motor associations in spatial knowledge. An encoding hypothesis predicts that perceptuo-motor associations depend on the involvement of perceptions and actions during encoding, regardless of how spatial knowledge would be used. The retrieval hypothesis predicts that perceptuo-motor associations change as a function of retrieval demands, regardless of how they are learned. The results supported the retrieval hypothesis. Participants showed action compatibility effects with egocentric retrieval, regardless of how spatial information was learned. With well-developed spatial knowledge, a reliable compatibility effect emerged during egocentric retrieval, but no or limited compatibility effects emerged with cardinal retrieval. With less-developed knowledge, the compatibility effects evident during cardinal retrieval suggest a process of egocentric recoding. Other factors of environment learning, such as location proximity and orientation changes, also impacted the compatibility effect, as revealed in the temporal dynamics of mouse movements. Taken together, the results demonstrate that retrieval demands differentially rely upon perceptuo-motor associations in long-term spatial knowledge. This effect is also modulated by environment experience, proximity of learned locations, and experienced orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- 1 Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,2 Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Holly A Taylor
- 2 Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,3 Center for Applied Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Tad T Brunyé
- 2 Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,3 Center for Applied Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,4 U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, RDNS-SEW-THC, Natick, MA, USA
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Harrison KL, Taylor HA, Merritt MW. Action Guide for Addressing Ethical Challenges of Resource Allocation Within Community-Based Healthcare Organizations. The Journal of Clinical Ethics 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/jce2018292124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Giles GE, Cantelon JA, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Taylor HA, Mahoney CR, Kanarek RB. Cognitive reappraisal reduces perceived exertion during endurance exercise. Motiv Emot 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Giles GE, Cantelon JA, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Taylor HA, Mahoney CR, Kanarek RB. Cognitive Reappraisal Improves Psychological State During Endurance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535105.34013.ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE, Kanarek RB, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA. The Effects of Acute Exercise on Working Memory and Delay Discounting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535361.34961.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Taylor HA, Morales C. Involving Pregnant Women in Research: What Should We Recommend When the Regulations Seem Ethically Problematic? Am J Bioeth 2018; 18:91-92. [PMID: 29621467 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1433798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | - Christian Morales
- a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
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Taylor HA, Morales C. Is It Ethically Appropriate to Refuse to Compensate Participants Who Are Believed to Have Intentionally Concealed Medical Conditions? Am J Bioeth 2018; 18:83-84. [PMID: 29621472 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1433796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Taylor
- a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
| | - Christian Morales
- a Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
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Porter KM, Danis M, Taylor HA, Cho MK, Wilfond BS. Defining the Scope and Improving the Quality of Clinical Research Ethics Consultation: Response to Open Peer Commentaries About the National Collaborative. Am J Bioeth 2018; 18:W13-W15. [PMID: 29393779 PMCID: PMC6188676 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2017.1413438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Open Peer Commentaries on “The Emergence of Clinical Research Ethics Consultation: Insights from a National Collaborative201D highlight the many ways in which the practice of ethics consultation for clinical research can be further advanced. We respond here to a number of key considerations highlighted by commentators, including the role and scope of research ethics consultation (REC), relationships with other institutional services and programs, efforts to ensure the quality of consultations provided, and the feasibility of widespread REC services.
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