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Almehizia AA, Khattab AENA, Darwish AM, Al-Omar MA, Naglah AM, Bhat MA, Kalmouch A. Anti-inflammatory activity of novel derivatives of pyrazolo [3,4d] pyridazine against digestive system inflammation. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2729-2739. [PMID: 37126195 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The digestive system is exposed to severe inflammation as a result of taking some medications that have gastrointestinal side effects. Sixty Swiss-albino male mice were randomly distributed into six groups to treat inflammations of the colon, stomach, and small intestine caused by taking high doses of diclofenac (D), with two novel synthesized compounds, pyrazolo [3,4 d] pyridazine derivatives (Co1 and Co2). Myeloperoxidase enzyme activity was determined in the colon and small intestinal tissues. Serum contents of TNF-α, IL-22, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA. Histopathological examinations of the colon, small intestinal, and stomach tissues were microscopically analyzed. TNF-α, IL-22, and TNFSF11 gene expression were measured in the colon, intestinal, and spleen using qRT-PCR. Diclofenac caused surface columnar epithelial cell loss, focal necrosis of the gastric mucosa, inflammatory cell infiltration, and congested blood vessels in the stomach, colon, and small intestinal tissues. Co1 component was found to be better than Co2 component in reducing the focal necrosis of gastric mucosa and improving the histological structures of the stomach, colon, and small intestinal tissues. After 14 days, the activity of the myeloperoxidase enzyme was increased in group D and decreased in groups DCo1, DCo2, Co1, and Co2. Serum concentrations of TNF-α and IgG were increased, while IL-22 and IGM were reduced in the D, DCo1, and DCo2 groups compared with the Co1 and control groups. TNF-α gene was upregulated in the D group and downregulated in the Co1 group, while the IL-22 gene was downregulated in the D group and upregulated in the Co1 group compared with the control group. The CO1 component may be useful in reducing digestive system inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd El-Nasser A Khattab
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Darwish
- Cell Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Al-Omar
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Naglah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashooq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef Kalmouch
- Peptide Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Genel O, Pariante CM, Borsini A. The role of AQP4 in the pathogenesis of depression, and possible related mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:366-377. [PMID: 34474133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water-regulatory channel or production of autoantibodies against this protein have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, and possible mechanisms have been proposed. However, the nature of the interaction between AQP4 expression and its implications in depression remain elusive. To our knowledge, this is the first review summarising data for the involvement of AQP4 in the context of depression and related mechanisms across a wide range of experimental studies: pre-clinical (KO and wild-type), post-mortem, ex vivo, and clinical studies in depression. Overall, preclinical AQP4 wild-type studies showed that exposure to stress or inflammation, used as models of depression, decreased AQP4 protein and gene expression in various brain regions, including prefrontal cortex (PFC), choroid plexus and, especially, hippocampus. In preclinical AQP4 KO studies, AQP4 expression is necessary to prevent the effect of stress and inflammation on reduced neurogenesis and gliogenesis, and increased apoptosis and depressive-like behaviours. While in post-mortem and ex vivo studies of depression AQP4 expression was usually decreased in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and locus coeruleus, in clinical studies, where mRNA AQP4 expression or serum AQP4 autoantibodies were measured, there were no differences in depressed patients when compared with controls. In the future, studies should further investigate the mechanisms underlying the action of AQP4, and continue exploring if AQP4 autoantibodies are either contributing or underlying mechanisms of depression, or whether they are simply a mechanism underlying other autoimmune conditions where depression is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Genel
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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Khaw YM, Aggarwal N, Barclay WE, Kang E, Inoue M, Shinohara ML. Th1-Dependent Cryptococcus-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Model With Brain Damage. Front Immunol 2020; 11:529219. [PMID: 33133067 PMCID: PMC7550401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.529219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS) is identified upon immune reconstitution in immunocompromised patients, who have previously contracted an infection of Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn). C-IRIS can be lethal but how the immune system triggers life-threatening outcomes in patients is still poorly understood. Here, we establish a mouse model for C-IRIS with Cn serotype A strain H99, which is highly virulent and the most intensively studied. C-IRIS in mice is induced by the adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells in immunocompromised Rag1-deficient mice infected with a low inoculum of Cn. The mice with C-IRIS exhibit symptoms which mimic clinical presentations of C-IRIS. This C-IRIS model is Th1-dependent and shows host mortality. This model is characterized with minimal lung injury, but infiltration of Th1 cells in the brain. C-IRIS mice also exhibited brain swelling with resemblance to edema and upregulation of aquaporin-4, a critical protein that regulates water flux in the brain in a Th1-dependent fashion. Our C-IRIS model may be used to advance our understanding of the paradoxical inflammatory phenomenon of C-IRIS in the context of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ming Khaw
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nupur Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William E. Barclay
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eunjoo Kang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Chen Q, Li P, Li S, Xiao W, Yang S, Lu H. Brain Complications with Influenza Infection in Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2020.103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhu L, Yin H, Qian T, Qi GJ, Ren JS, Wang Y, Qi BX. Distinct expression and clinical value of aquaporin 4 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Med Virol 2019; 94:587-593. [PMID: 30942492 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Brain dysfunction is a prerequisite for critical complications in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) may be involved in the pathological process of cerebral oedema and injury in children with severe and critical HFMD. This study aimed to assess the association of AQP-4 with the severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated HFMD. Children with EV71-infected HFMD were divided into a common group (clinical stage 1), a severe group (clinical stage 2), and a critical group (clinical stage 3) according to Chinese guidelines. The levels of AQP-4, interleukin-6 (IL-6), norepinephrine (NE), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) before and after treatment were tested. Serum AQP-4, IL-6, NE, and NSE levels showed significant differences among the critical, severe, and common groups before and after treatment (P<0.01). No significant differences in AQP-4 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were observed between the critical and severe groups before and after treatment, but the CSF AQP-4 levels in these two groups were higher than those in the common group before treatment (P<0.01). Serum AQP-4 levels, but not CSF AQP-4 levels, closely correlated with serum IL-6, NE, and NSE levels. These results suggest that the level of AQP-4 in serum, but not in CSF, is a candidate biomarker for evaluating the severity and prognosis of EV71-associated HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tong Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gong-Jian Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Song Ren
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bo-Xiang Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Wang B, Li W, Jin H, Nie X, Shen H, Li E, Wang W. Curcumin attenuates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced brain injuries by inhibiting AQP4 and p38 MAPK pathway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 255:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Park J, Masaki T, Mezaki Y, Yokoyama H, Nakamura M, Maehashi H, Fujimi TJ, Gouraud SS, Nagatsuma K, Nakagomi M, Kimura N, Matsuura T. Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin is involved in astrocyte injury in concert with arginine-vasopressin during the development of acute hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189346. [PMID: 29216295 PMCID: PMC5720809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims We developed a bio-artificial liver (BAL) using a radial-flow bioreactor and rescued mini-pig models with lethal acute liver failure (ALF). The point of the rescue is the recovery from hepatic encephalopathy (HE). HE on ALF has sometimes resulted in brain death following brain edema with astrocyte swelling. Several factors, including ammonia and glutamine, have been reported to induce astrocyte swelling and injury. However, many clinicians believe that there are any other factors involved in the development of HE. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify novel HE-inducible factors, particularly those inducing astrocyte dysfunction. Methods Mini-pig plasma samples were collected at three time points: before the administration of toxins (α-amanitin and LPS), when HE occurred after the administration of toxins, and after treatment with extracorporeal circulation (EC) by the BAL. To identify the causative factors of HE, each plasma sample was subjected to a comparative proteome analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. To assess the direct effects of candidate factors on the astrocyte function and injury, in vitro experiments with human astrocytes were performed. Results Using a proteome analysis, we identified alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (ACT), which was increased in plasma samples from mini-pigs with HE and decreased in those after treatment with EC by BAL. In in vitro experiments with human astrocytes, ACT showed growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic effects on astrocytes. In addition, the expression of water channel protein aquaporin-4, which is induced in injured astrocytes, was increased following ACT treatment. Interestingly, these effects of ACT were additively enhanced by adding arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and were canceled by adding an AVP receptor antagonist. Conclusions These results suggest that ACT is involved in astrocyte injury and dysfunction in concert with AVP during the development of acute HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuk Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mezaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Maehashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko J. Fujimi
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bunkyo University, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sabine S. Gouraud
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagatsuma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakagomi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanism of β-Asarone against A β1-42-Induced Injury in Astrocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8516518. [PMID: 29599803 PMCID: PMC5828282 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8516518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that activated astrocytes play important roles in AD, and β-asarone, a major component of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, was shown to be a potential therapeutic candidate for AD. While our previous study found that β-asarone could improve the cognitive function of rats hippocampally injected with Aβ, the effects of β-asarone on astrocytes remain unclear, and this study aimed to investigate these effects. A rat model of Aβ1-42 (10 μg) was established, and the rats were intragastrically treated with β-asarone at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg or donepezil at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg. The sham and model groups were intragastrically injected with an equal volume of saline. Animals were sacrificed on the 28th day after administration of the drugs. In addition, a cellular model of Aβ1-42 (1.1 μM, 6 h) was established, and cells were treated with β-asarone at doses of 0, 2.06, 6.17, 18.5, 55.6, and 166.7 μg/mL. β-Asarone improved cognitive impairment, alleviated Aβ deposition and hippocampal damage, and inhibited GFAP, AQP4, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression. These results suggested that β-asarone could alleviate the symptoms of AD by protecting astrocytes, possibly by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β secretion and then downregulating AQP4 expression.
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Wang C, Yan M, Jiang H, Wang Q, He S, Chen J, Wang C. Mechanism of aquaporin 4 (AQP 4) up-regulation in rat cerebral edema under hypobaric hypoxia and the preventative effect of puerarin. Life Sci 2017; 193:270-281. [PMID: 29054452 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aim to investigate the mechanism of aquaporin 4 (AQP 4) up-regulation during high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) in rats under hypobaric hypoxia and preventative effect of puerarin. METHODS Rats were exposed to a hypobaric chamber with or without the preventative treatment of puerarin or dexamethasone. Morriz water maze was used to evaluate the spatial memory injury. HE staining and W/D ratio were used to evaluate edema injury. Rat astrocytes and microglia were co-cultured under the condition of hypoxia with the administration of p38 inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor or puerarin. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) of cortex and culture supernatant were measured with ELISA. AQP4, phosphorylation of MAPKs, NF-κB pathway of cortex and astrocytes were measured by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS Weakened spatial memory and cerebral edema were observed after hypobaric hypoxia exposure. AQP4, phosphorylation of NF-κB and MAPK signal pathway of cortex increased after hypoxia exposure and decreased with preventative treatment of puerarin. Hypoxia increased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in cortex and microglia and puerarin could prevent the increase of them. AQP4 of astrocytes increased after co-cultured with microglia when both were exposed to hypoxia. AQP4 showed a decrease after administered with p38 inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor or puerarin. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia triggers inflammatory response, during which AQP4 of astrocytes can be up regulated through the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from microglia. Puerarin can exert a preventative effect on the increase of AQP4 through inhibiting the release of TNF-α and phosphorylation of NF-κB, MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Muyang Yan
- Department of Hyperbaric Chamber, PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Hyperbaric Chamber, PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Outpatient Department of Chinese People's Liberation Army Aviation School, 101023 Beijing, China
| | - Shang He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Hyperbaric Chamber, PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA General Hospital, 100853 Beijing, China.
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Lan YL, Fang DY, Zhao J, Ma TH, Li S. A research update on the potential roles of aquaporin 4 in neuroinflammation. Acta Neurol Belg 2016; 116:127-34. [PMID: 26259614 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-015-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of aquaporins (AQPs) in the brain has led to intense research on the underlying roles of this family of proteins under both normal and pathological conditions. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the major water-channel membrane protein expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), primarily in astrocytes. Emerging evidence suggests that AQP4 could play an important role in water and ion homeostasis in the brain, and it has been studied in various brain pathological conditions. However, far less is known about the potential for AQP4 to influence neuroinflammation and, furthermore, its potential role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of many clinical diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis (MS) and brain injuries, is related to the regulation of AQP4 expression. Investigating the effects of AQP4 on microglia and astrocytes could be important to understand its role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Although the exact roles of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in protection against the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation remain unclear, research into the possible neuroprotective effects of AQP4 against neuroinflammation regulation seems to be important for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Deng-Yang Fang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Liaoning Engineering Technology Centre of Target-based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Ageing-related Neurodegeneration, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tong-Hui Ma
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
- College of Basic Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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The Potential Roles of Aquaporin 4 in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5300-9. [PMID: 26433375 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the major water channel expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and it is primarily expressed in astrocytes. It has been studied in various brain pathological conditions. However, the potential for AQP4 to influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unclear. Research regarding AQP4 functions related to AD can be traced back several years and has gradually progressed toward a better understanding of the potential mechanisms. Currently, it has been suggested that AQP4 influences synaptic plasticity, and AQP4 deficiency may impair learning and memory, in part, through glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1). AQP4 may mediate the clearance of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ). In addition, AQP4 may influence potassium (K(+)) and calcium (Ca(2+)) ion transport, which could play decisive roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, AQP4 knockout is involved in neuroinflammation and interferes with AD. To date, no specific therapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit or enhance AQP4. However, experimental results strongly emphasize the importance of this topic for future investigations.
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Sugimoto N, Leu H, Inoue N, Shimizu M, Toma T, Kuroda M, Saito T, Wada T, Yachie A. The critical role of lipopolysaccharide in the upregulation of aquaporin 4 in glial cells treated with Shiga toxin. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:78. [PMID: 26385393 PMCID: PMC4575422 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2011, there was an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in Japan. Approximately 62 % of patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome also showed symptoms of encephalopathy. To determine the mechanisms of onset for encephalopathy during STEC infections, we conducted an in vitro study with glial cell lines and primary glial cells. Results Shiga toxin 2 (Stx-2) in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or LPS alone activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in glial cells. Similarly, Stx-2 in combination with LPS, or LPS alone increases expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in glial cells. It is possible that overexpression of AQP4 results in a rapid and increased influx of osmotic water across the plasma membrane into cells, thereby inducing cell swelling and cerebral edema. Conclusions We have showed that a combination of Stx-2 and LPS induced apoptosis of glial cells recently. Glial cells are indispensable for cerebral homeostasis; therefore, their dysfunction and death impairs cerebral homeostasis and results in encephalopathy. We postulate that the onset of encephalopathy in STEC infections occurs when Stx-2 attacks vascular endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, inducing their death. Stx-2 and LPS then attack the exposed glial cells that are no longer in contact with the endothelial cells. AQP4 is overexpressed in glial cells, resulting in their swelling and adversely affecting cerebral homeostasis. Once cerebral homeostasis is affected in such a way, encephalopathy is the likely result in STEC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Hue Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,Dan Phuong General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Natsumi Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Mondo Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takekatsu Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Chu H, Xiang J, Wu P, Su J, Ding H, Tang Y, Dong Q. The role of aquaporin 4 in apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:184. [PMID: 25359421 PMCID: PMC4243419 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that aquaporin-4 deletion (AQP4−/−) in mice increased edema and altered blood-brain barrier integrity following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). To date, little is known about the role of AQP4 in apoptosis after ICH. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of AQP4 in apoptosis and its mechanisms after ICH using AQP4−/− mice. Methods We compared the survival rate and neurological deficits in wild-type (AQP4+/+) mice with those in AQP4−/− mice following ICH. Histological changes were detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and Hoechst staining. The cell types involved were determined by immunocytochemical studies. We also measured activated caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-8, Bax, and Bcl-2 with Western blotting at 1, 3, and 7 days after ICH. A cytokine protein assay was used to detect cytokines in AQP4+/+ and AQP4−/− mice following ICH, and the results were verified by ELISA. Results We found more apoptotic cells in AQP4−/− mice following ICH; the cell types involved were predominantly neurons and astrocytes. Western blotting showed that the expression of activated caspase-3 and caspase-8 was significantly increased (P <0.05). Moreover, we demonstrated a greater enhancement in the release of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as their receptors, in AQP4−/− mice following ICH than in AQP4+/+ mice by cytokine protein assay and Western blotting (P <0.05). The inhibitors of TNF-α and IL-1β reduced apoptotic cells after ICH in AQP4−/− mice compared with wild-type mice (P <0.05). Conclusions AQP4 deletion increases apoptosis following ICH, and the underlying mechanism may be through cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-1β, initiating the apoptotic cascade, as well as activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the CPT II gene cause CPT II deficiency, an inborn metabolic error affecting mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Associations and mechanisms of CPT II gene with acute encephalitis need to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the associations of CPT II gene variants and CPT II activity with development of acute encephalitis. METHODS A total of 440 blood-unrelated Chinese children with acute encephalitis and 229 healthy controls were enrolled in this case control study. Sequencing of 5 exons of the CPT II gene was carried out to look for the variants associated with acute encephalitis. CPT II activity and blood adenosine triphosphate concentration were examined during high fever and convalescent phase to confirm the hypothesis. RESULTS Polymorphism of rs2229291 in CPT II gene was significantly associated with an increased risk of acute encephalitis (P = 0.031), where as rs1799821 displayed a decrease risk (P = 0.018). Positive association was found between rs2229291 and patients with fever at onset of seizure and degree of pathogenetic condition (P = 0.018 and P = 0.023), but not for rs1799821. CPT II activity of patients with rs2229291 reduced greatly during high fever compared with the convalescent phase. CONCLUSIONS rs2229291 and rs1799821 variants in CPT II gene might be 1 of the predisposing factors of acute encephalitis.
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Lieury A, Chanal M, Androdias G, Reynolds R, Cavagna S, Giraudon P, Confavreux C, Nataf S. Tissue remodeling in periplaque regions of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions. Glia 2014; 62:1645-58. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lieury
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Marie Chanal
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine; London United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Christian Confavreux
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Serge Nataf
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Banque de Cellules et de Tissus, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Lyon France
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Jarius S, Wildemann B. Aquaporin-4 antibodies, CNS acidosis and neuromyelitis optica: a potential link. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:1090-5. [PMID: 24182872 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic's syndrome) is a severely disabling disorder of the central nervous system characterized by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive myelitis. In around 80% of cases, NMO is caused by autoantibodies to astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the most abundant water channel in the CNS. Acute NMO attacks are frequently accompanied by elevated levels of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As a strongly dissociated anion (pK'=3.7) directly changing the strong ion difference, lactate causes a reduction in the dependent anion [HCO3-] and a rise in [H+], resulting in "metabolic" acidosis in the CSF. CSF acidosis also develops during respiratory failure due to brainstem or high cervical spinal cord lesions, the most common cause of death in NMO. However, lactic acid and more generally, a decrease in pH, has been shown to increase the membrane expression of AQP4 in astrocytes. An increase in AQP4 membrane expression during acute NMO attacks could potentially enhance the complement-mediated humoral immune reaction against AQP4-expressing astrocytes characteristic for NMO and, thus, result in more severe astrocytic damage. Moreover, lactate and acidosis have been shown to cause astrocytic swelling and to affect astrocytic viability, potentially rendering astrocytes more susceptible to AQP4-Ab-mediated damage. Finally, increased AQP4 expression could be an independent risk factor in NMO and other forms of CNS inflammation, as indicated by the finding of grossly attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in AQP4-null mice. Therefore, we hypothesize that CSF acidosis might play a role in the pathophysiology of AQP4-Ab-positive NMO and that alterations in CSF pH might possibly influence the outcome of acute attacks in this condition. In addition, we discuss potential clinical implications and make proposals on how to test the hypothesis. Finally, other factors that influence astrocytic AQP4 membrane expression and might play a role in NMO are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Li Y, Chavko M, Slack JL, Liu B, McCarron RM, Ross JD, Dalle Lucca JJ. Protective effects of decay-accelerating factor on blast-induced neurotrauma in rats. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:52. [PMID: 24252631 PMCID: PMC3893442 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is the signature life threatening injury of current military casualties. Neuroinflammation is a key pathological occurrence of secondary injury contributing to brain damage after blast injury. We have recently demonstrated that blast-triggered complement activation and cytokine release are associated with BINT. Here, we evaluated if administration of the complement inhibitor recombinant human decay-accelerating factor (rhDAF) is beneficial on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a rat model of moderate BINT. Administration of rhDAF after exposure to moderate blast overpressure (BOP, 120 kPa) mitigated brain injury characterized by neuronal degeneration. rhDAF treatment reduced complement hemolytic activity at 3 hours and tissue complement deposition at 3, 24, and 48 hours as well as systemic and local cytokine release at 24 hours post BOP. Furthermore, rhDAF protected blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and reduced cytotoxic edema. Interaction between complement cleavage component, C3a and C3a receptor and tau phosphorylation were also attenuated in rhDAF treated animals at 3 and 24 hours after BOP. These novel findings suggest early complement targeted inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy to decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after blast TBI. RESULT Administration of rhDAF after exposure to moderate blast overpressure (BOP, 120 kPa) mitigated brain injury characterized by neuronal degeneration. rhDAF treatment reduced complement hemolytic activity at 3 hours and tissue complement deposition at 3, 24, and 48 hours as well as systemic and local cytokine release at 24 hours post BOP. Furthermore, rhDAF protected blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and reduced cytotoxic edema. Interaction between complement cleavage component, C3a and C3a receptor and tau phosphorylation were also attenuated in rhDAF treated animals at 3 and 24 hours after BOP. CONCLUSION These novel findings suggest early complement targeted inhibition as a new therapeutic strategy to decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after blast TBI.
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