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Xue B, Li H, Liu S, Feng Q, Xu Y, Deng R, Chen S, Wang J, Li X, Wan M, Tang S, Zhu H. The redox cycling of STAT2 maintains innate immune homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111215. [PMID: 35977519 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are essential in antiviral defense, antitumor effects, and immunoregulatory activities. Although methionine oxidation is associated with various physiological and pathophysiological processes in plants, animals, and humans, its role in immunity remains unclear. We find that the redox cycling of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is an intrinsic cellular biological process, and that impairment of the redox status contributes to STAT2 methionine oxidation, inhibiting its activation. IFN protects STAT2 from methionine oxidation through the recruitment of methionine sulfoxide reductase MSRB2, whose enzymatic activity is enhanced by N-acetyltransferase 9 (NAT9), a chaperone of STAT2 defined in this study, upon IFN treatment. Consequently, loss of Nat9 renders mice more susceptible to viral infection. Our study highlights the key function of methionine oxidation in immunity, which provides evidence for the decline of immune function by aging and may provide insights into the clinical applications of IFN in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xue
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rilin Deng
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengwen Chen
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyu Wan
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songqing Tang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Translational Medicine Research Center of Liver Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Murtas G, Pollegioni L, Molla G, Sacchi S. Biochemical Properties and Physiological Functions of pLG72: Twenty Years of Investigations. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060858. [PMID: 35740983 PMCID: PMC9220908 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2002, the novel human gene G72 was associated with schizophrenia susceptibility. This gene encodes a small protein of 153 amino acids, named pLG72, which represents a rare case of primate-specific protein. In particular, the rs2391191 single nucleotide polymorphism (resulting in in the R30K substitution) was robustly associated to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In this review, we aim to summarize the results of 20 years of biochemical investigations on pLG72. The main known role of pLG72 is related to its ability to bind and inactivate the flavoenzyme d-amino acid oxidase, i.e., the enzyme that controls the catabolism of d-serine, the main NMDA receptor coagonist in the brain. pLG72 was proposed to target the cytosolic form of d-amino acid oxidase for degradation, preserving d-serine and protecting the cell from oxidative stress generated by hydrogen peroxide produced by the flavoenzyme reaction. Anyway, pLG72 seems to play additional roles, such as affecting mitochondrial functions. The level of pLG72 in the human body is still a controversial issue because of its low expression and challenging detection. Anyway, the intriguing hypothesis that pLG72 level in blood could represent a suitable marker of Alzheimer’s disease progression (a suggestion not sufficiently established yet) merits further investigations.
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3
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Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Myelin, Presynaptic and Nicotinate Alterations in the Hippocampus of G72/G30 Transgenic Mice. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020244. [PMID: 35207732 PMCID: PMC8878587 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The primate-specific G72/G30 gene locus has been associated with major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We have previously generated transgenic mice which carry the G72/G30 locus and express the longest G72 splice variant (LG72) protein encoded by this locus with schizophrenia-related symptoms. Here, we used a multi-omics approach, including quantitative proteomics and metabolomics to investigate molecular alterations in the hippocampus of G72/G30 transgenic (G72Tg) mice. Our proteomics analysis revealed decreased expression of myelin-related proteins and NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2 (Sirt2) as well as increased expression of the scaffolding presynaptic proteins bassoon (Bsn) and piccolo (Pclo) and the cytoskeletal protein plectin (Plec1) in G72Tg compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Metabolomics analysis indicated decreased levels of nicotinate in G72Tg compared to WT hippocampi. Decreased hippocampal protein expression for selected proteins, namely myelin oligodentrocyte glycoprotein (Mog), Cldn11 and myelin proteolipid protein (Plp), was confirmed with Western blot in a larger population of G72Tg and WT mice. The identified molecular pathway alterations shed light on the hippocampal function of LG72 protein in the context of neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
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4
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d-Amino Acids and pLG72 in Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010917. [PMID: 34681579 PMCID: PMC8535920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies over the last several years have shown that d-amino acids, especially d-serine, have been related to brain and neurological disorders. Acknowledged neurological functions of d-amino acids include neurotransmission and learning and memory functions through modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Aberrant d-amino acids level and polymorphisms of genes related to d-amino acids metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative brain conditions. This review summarizes the roles of d-amino acids and pLG72, also known as d-amino acid oxidase activator, on two neurodegenerative disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The scope includes the changes in d-amino acids levels, gene polymorphisms of G72 genomics, and the role of pLG72 on NMDARs and mitochondria in schizophrenia and AD. The clinical diagnostic value of d-amino acids and pLG72 and the therapeutic importance are also reviewed.
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5
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Moskovitz J, Smith A. Methionine sulfoxide and the methionine sulfoxide reductase system as modulators of signal transduction pathways: a review. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1011-1020. [PMID: 34145481 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methionine oxidation and reduction is a common phenomenon occurring in biological systems under both physiological and oxidative-stress conditions. The levels of methionine sulfoxide (MetO) are dependent on the redox status in the cell or organ, and they are usually elevated under oxidative-stress conditions, aging, inflammation, and oxidative-stress related diseases. MetO modification of proteins may alter their function or cause the accumulation of toxic proteins in the cell/organ. Accordingly, the regulation of the level of MetO is mediated through the ubiquitous and evolutionary conserved methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) system and its associated redox molecules. Recent published research has provided new evidence for the involvement of free MetO or protein-bound MetO of specific proteins in several signal transduction pathways that are important for cellular function. In the current review, we will focus on the role of MetO in specific signal transduction pathways of various organisms, with relation to their physiological contexts, and discuss the contribution of the Msr system to the regulation of the observed MetO effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackob Moskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - Adam Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Martínez-Banaclocha M. N-acetyl-cysteine in Schizophrenia: Potential Role on the Sensitive Cysteine Proteome. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6424-6439. [PMID: 33115390 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191015091346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) has shown widespread utility in different psychiatric disorders, including a beneficial role in schizophrenic patients. Although the replenishment of glutathione and the antioxidant activity of NAC have been suggested as the mechanisms that improve such a wide range of disorders, none seems to be sufficiently specific to explain these intriguing effects. A sensitive cysteine proteome is emerging as a functional and structural network of interconnected Sensitive Cysteine-containing Proteins (SCCPs) that together with reactive species and the cysteine/ glutathione cycles can regulate the bioenergetic metabolism, the redox homeostasis and the cellular growth, differentiation and survival, acting through different pathways that are regulated by the same thiol radical in cysteine residues. OBJECTIVE Since this sensitive cysteine network has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, I have reviewed if the proteins that play a role in schizophrenia can be classified as SCCPs. RESULTS The results show that the principal proteins playing a role in schizophrenia can be classified as SCCPs, suggesting that the sensitive cysteine proteome (cysteinet) is defective in this type of psychosis. CONCLUSION The present review proposes that there is a deregulation of the sensitive cysteine proteome in schizophrenia as the consequence of a functional imbalance among different SCCPs, which play different functions in neurons and glial cells. In this context, the role of NAC to restore and prevent schizophrenic disorders is discussed.
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Murtas G, Sacchi S, Kumar MS, Bosco DA, Pollegioni L. Is the primate-specific protein pLG72 affecting SOD1 functionality and superoxide formation? Free Radic Res 2020; 54:419-430. [PMID: 32623917 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1791335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
pLG72 is a primate-specific protein of enigmatic function that was proposed to modulate mitochondria fragmentation and the activity of the peroxisomal enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). DAAO is deputed to degradation of the NMDA receptor co-agonist D-serine in human brain and the R199W substitution in DAAO was identified in a familial case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A recent work reported that U87 glioblastoma cells ectopically expressing pLG72 showed a lower proliferation, produced superoxide radicals, induced SOD1 aggregation and decreased its activity. Because of the role of SOD1 in eliminating ROS species and its relevance in ALS we evaluated the link between pLG72 and SOD1 using both wild-type pLG72 and its R30K variant related to schizophrenia susceptibility. In vitro studies on recombinant proteins excluded the establishment of a stable complex and that pLG72 could affect SOD1 activity and stability. At cellular level, ectopic expression of pLG72 in glioblastoma U87 cells did not affect cell viability and ROS/superoxide production: only caspase activity (a marker of apoptosis) was slightly increased in cells expressing the R30K pLG72 variant. SOD1 and pLG72 did not colocalize in transfected U87 glioblastoma cells: pLG72 largely localised to mitochondria and SOD1 was largely cytosolic. Moreover, the ectopic expression of pLG72 appeared not to alter the expression of SOD1 and its aggregation. Altogether, the combination of biochemical and cellular studies allow to exclude that pLG72 modulates SOD1 function and aggregation, thus that it could play a role in ALS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Murtas
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Sacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,International Research Center on D-amino acids DAAIR, Gerenzano, Italy
| | | | - Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,International Research Center on D-amino acids DAAIR, Gerenzano, Italy
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Hamon MP, Gergondey R, L'honoré A, Friguet B. Mitochondrial Lon protease - depleted HeLa cells exhibit proteome modifications related to protein quality control, stress response and energy metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 148:83-95. [PMID: 31904544 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent Lon protease is located in the mitochondrial matrix and oxidized proteins are among its primary targets for their degradation. Impairment of mitochondrial morphology and function together with apoptosis were observed in lung fibroblasts depleted for Lon expression while accumulation of carbonylated mitochondrial proteins has been reported for yeast and HeLa Lon deficient cells. In addition, age-related mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with an impairment of Lon expression. Using a HeLa cell line stably transfected with an inducible shRNA directed against Lon, we have previously observed that Lon depletion results in a mild phenotype characterized by an increase of both production of reactive oxygen species and level of oxidized proteins (Bayot et al., 2014, Biochimie, 100: 38-47). In this study using the same cell line, we now show that Lon knockdown leads to modifications of the expression of a number of specific proteins involved in protein quality control, stress response and energy metabolism, as evidenced using a 2D gel-based proteomic approach, and to alteration of the mitochondrial network morphology. We also show that these effects are associated with decreased proliferation and can be modulated by culture conditions in galactose versus glucose containing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Hamon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A-IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Gergondey
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A-IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurore L'honoré
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A-IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A-IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France.
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9
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Lin CH, Chiu CC, Huang CH, Yang HT, Lane HY. pLG72 levels increase in early phase of Alzheimer's disease but decrease in late phase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13221. [PMID: 31520071 PMCID: PMC6744481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
pLG72, named as D-amino acid oxidase activator (although it is not an activator of D-amino acid oxidase demonstrated by later studies), in mitochondria has been regarded as an important modulator of D-amino acid oxidase that can regulate the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Both oxidative stress in mitochondria and NMDAR neurotransmission play essential roles in the process of neurodegenerative dementia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether pLG72 levels changed with the severity of neurodegenerative dementia. We enrolled 376 individuals as the overall cohort, consisting of five groups: healthy elderly, amnestic mild cognitive impairment [MCI], mild Alzheimer's disease [AD], moderate AD, and severe AD. pLG72 levels in plasma were measured using Western blotting. The severity of cognitive deficit was principally evaluated by Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. A gender- and age- matched cohort was selected to elucidate the effects of gender and age. pLG72 levels increased in the MCI and mild AD groups when compared to the healthy group. However, pLG72 levels in the moderate and severe AD groups were lower than those in the mild AD group. D-serine level and D- to total serine ratio were significantly different among the five groups. L-serine levels were correlated with the pLG72 levels. The results in the gender- and age- matched cohort were similar to those of the overall cohort. The finding supports the hypothesis of NMDAR hypofunction in early-phase dementia and NMDAR hyperfunction in late-phase dementia. Further studies are warranted to test whether pLG72 could reflect the function of NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsien Huang
- Department of Medicine Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Wang M, Saw HP, Cui FF, Lin SY, Chang HT, Chiu CD. pLG72 induces superoxide radicals via interaction and aggregation with SOD1. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:970-976. [PMID: 30037290 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1504293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G72 has been characterised as a susceptibility gene that can have wide-ranging effects in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including schizophrenia and major depression. Indeed, its product, pLG72, is a potential serum biomarker for schizophrenia. Previous transcriptomic and biochemical studies have indicated that pLG72 may induce the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in cell damage. Here, we investigated the mechanism of pLG72 by transfecting a human U87 glioblastoma cell line with a G72 construct. By employing ROS-specific scavengers, we discovered that superoxide radicals were specifically induced in the pLG72-expressing cells. We also found that pLG72 interacted and co-localised with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), resulting in aggregation of SOD1 with a concomitant 23% or 74% reduction of total SOD activity, depending on the amount of G72 transfection plasmid. Finally, we found that transfection of U87 cells with the G72 construct caused a 29% decrease in cell proliferation. The observed loss of SOD1 function in pLG72-expressing cells may explain the elevated ROS levels and inhibition of U87 cell proliferation and has implications for understanding the onset of neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Wang
- a Department of Biomedical Science Laboratory , Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Dongyang , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hean-Pat Saw
- b Institute of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,c Chung Kang Branch, Cheng Ching General Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Fei-Fei Cui
- a Department of Biomedical Science Laboratory , Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Dongyang , Zhejiang , China
| | - Sheng-Yi Lin
- d School of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,e Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,f Stroke Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Hao-Teng Chang
- a Department of Biomedical Science Laboratory , Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Dongyang , Zhejiang , China
| | - Cheng-Di Chiu
- d School of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,e Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,f Stroke Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan.,g Department of Neurosurgery , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
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11
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Pollegioni L, Piubelli L, Molla G, Rosini E. D-Amino Acid Oxidase-pLG72 Interaction and D-Serine Modulation. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:3. [PMID: 29417050 PMCID: PMC5787542 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
pLG72 is a small, primate-specific protein of 153 amino acids. It is the product of the G72 gene, expressed in testis, spinal cord, and brain. The presence of G72 transcript and pLG72 has recurrently been called into question, however G72 mRNA and pLG72 protein levels were higher in blood and brain of patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls. On the one hand, the SNP rs2391191 corresponding to the R30K substitution in pLG72 was genetically linked to schizophrenia, reduced thickness of the brain cortex in schizophrenia-affected individuals, and altered memory function. Various lines of evidence indicated that pLG72 is a mitochondrial protein, specifically an extrinsic protein bound on the outer membrane. Over the years, pLG72 was proposed to be involved in different functions: (a) overexpression induces mitochondria fragmentation, increasing the numbers of shorter and more mobile ones which could be delivered faster to regions of intense growth and facilitating the dendritic complexity; (b) it might induce oxidative stress by interacting with methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2; and (c) it binds and modulates the activity of FMN-containing oxidoreductase of the respiratory complex I. The main role of this protein, however, is related to its binding to the human flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO), i.e., the main catabolic enzyme for D-enantiomer of serine. This D-amino acid is a main endogenous coagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) involved in main functions such as synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and excitotoxicity. For this work, we reviewed the recent literature concerning the hDAAO-pLG72 interaction, focusing on the molecular details of the interaction, the effect of hDAAO function and stability, and the cellular effects, especially on D-serine concentration. The main effects related to the pathological R30K substitution are also reported. We have highlighted the gaps in our knowledge of this human protein as well as the relevance of clarifying the molecular details of hDAAO-pLG72 interaction in order to design molecules to modulate hDAAO activity/stability and thus NMDAR function acting at the D-serine cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.,The Protein Factory, Politecnico di Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Milan, Italy
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Jagannath V, Brotzakis ZF, Parrinello M, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. Controversial Effects of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Activator (DAOA)/G72 on D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAO) Activity in Human Neuronal, Astrocyte and Kidney Cell Lines: The N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Hypofunction Point of View. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:342. [PMID: 29114206 PMCID: PMC5660716 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and DAO activator (DAOA)/G72 genes have been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia has proposed that increased DAO activity leads to decreased D-serine, which subsequently may lead to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction. It has been shown that DAOA binds to DAO and increases its activity. However, there are also studies showing DAOA decreases DAO activity. Thus, the effect of DAOA on DAO is controversial. We aimed to understand the effect of DAOA on DAO activity in neuron-like (SH-SY5Y), astrocyte-like (1321N1) and kidney-like (HEK293) human cell lines. DAO activity was measured based on the release of hydrogen peroxide and its interaction with Amplex Red reagent. We found that DAOA increases DAO activity only in HEK293 cells, but has no effect on DAO activity in SH-SY5Y and 1321N1 cells. This might be because of different signaling pathways, or due to lower DAO and DAOA expression in SH-SY5Y and 1321N1 cells compared to HEK293 cells, but also due to different compartmentalization of the proteins. The lower DAO and DAOA expression in neuron-like SH-SY5Y and astrocyte-like 1321N1 cells might be due to tightly regulated expression, as previously reported in the human post-mortem brain. Our simulation experiments to demonstrate the interaction between DAOA and human DAO (hDAO) showed that hDAO holoenzyme [hDAO with flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)] becomes more flexible and misfolded in the presence of DAOA, whereas DAOA had no effect on hDAO apoprotein (hDAO without FAD), which indicate that DAOA inactivates hDAO holoenzyme. Furthermore, patch-clamp analysis demonstrated no effect of DAOA on NMDA receptor activity in NR1/NR2A HEK293 cells. In summary, the interaction between DAO and DAOA seems to be cell type and its biochemical characteristics dependent which still needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Jagannath
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zacharias Faidon Brotzakis
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Informatics, Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Informatics, Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Jagannath V, Gerstenberg M, Correll CU, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. A systematic meta-analysis of the association of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), and DAO activator (DAOA)/G72 polymorphisms with schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:89-102. [PMID: 28864885 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia is related to the proposed dysregulation of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), DAO activator (DAOA)/G72, and Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) genes. Genetic studies have shown significant associations between DAO, DAOA, NRG1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and schizophrenia. The systematic literature search yielded 6, 5, and 18 new studies for DAO, DAOA, and NRG1 published after 2011 and not included in the previous SchizophreniaGene (SZGene) meta-analysis. We conducted meta-analyses of 20, 23, and 48 case-control studies, respectively, to comprehensively evaluate the association of 8 DAO, 12 DAOA, and 14 NRG1 SNPs with schizophrenia. The updated meta-analyses resulted in the following findings: the C-allele of DAO rs4623951 was associated with schizophrenia across all pooled studies [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.79-0.98, p = 0.02, N = 3143]; however, no new reports could be included. The G-allele of DAOA rs778293 was associated with schizophrenia in Asian patients (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.08-1.27, p = 0.00008, N = 6117), and the T-allele of DAOA rs3916971 was associated with schizophrenia across all studies (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73-0.96, p = 0.01, N = 1765). Again, for both SNPs, no new eligible studies were available. After adding new reports, the T-allele of NRG1 SNP8NRG241930 (rs62510682) across all studies (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91-0.997, p = 0.04, N = 22,898) and in Caucasian samples (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99, p = 0.03, N = 16,014), and the C-allele of NRG1 rs10503929 across all studies (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.97, p = 0.01, N = 6844) and in Caucasian samples (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.98, p = 0.01, N = 6414) were protective against schizophrenia. Our systematic meta-analysis is the most updated one for the association of DAO, DAOA, and NRG1 SNPs with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Jagannath
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, 5th Floor, Room K118, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Gerstenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, 5th Floor, Room K118, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, 5th Floor, Room K118, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, 5th Floor, Room K118, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Jagannath V, Marinova Z, Monoranu CM, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. Expression of D-Amino Acid Oxidase ( DAO/ DAAO) and D-Amino Acid Oxidase Activator ( DAOA/G72) during Development and Aging in the Human Post-mortem Brain. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 28428746 PMCID: PMC5382383 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO/DAAO) mainly oxidizes D-serine, a co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Thus, DAO can regulate the function of NMDA receptors via D-serine breakdown. Furthermore, DAO activator (DAOA)/G72 has been reported as both DAOA and repressor. The co-expression of DAO and DAOA genes and proteins in the human brain is not yet elucidated. The aim of this study was to understand the regional and age span distribution of DAO and DAOA (mRNA and protein) in a concomitant manner. We determined DAO and DAOA mRNA and protein expression across six brain regions in normal human post-mortem brain samples (16 weeks of gestation to 91 years) using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found higher expression of DAO mRNA in the cerebellum, whereas lower expression of DAO protein in the cerebellum compared to the other brain regions studied, which suggests post-transcriptional regulation. We detected DAOA protein but not DAOA mRNA in all brain regions studied, suggesting a tightly regulated expression. To understand this regulation at the transcriptional level, we analyzed DNA methylation levels at DAO and DAOA CpG sites in the cerebellum and frontal cortex of control human post-mortem brain obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Indeed, DAO and DAOA CpG sites in the cerebellum were significantly more methylated than those in the frontal cortex. While investigating lifespan effects, we found that DAO mRNA levels were positively correlated with age <2 years in the cerebellum and amygdala. We also detected a significant positive correlation (controlled for age) between DAO and DAOA protein in all of the brain regions studied except for the frontal cortex. In summary, DAO and DAOA expression in the human brain are both age and brain region dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Jagannath
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoya Marinova
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Molecular and Neurobiochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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15
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Sacchi S, Binelli G, Pollegioni L. G72 primate-specific gene: a still enigmatic element in psychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2029-39. [PMID: 26914235 PMCID: PMC11108296 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between genetic markers on chromosome 13 and schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and other psychiatric phenotypes. The G72/G30 genes (transcribed in opposite directions) are located on chromosome 13q33, a region demonstrating strong evidence for linkage with various neuropsychiatric disorders. G72/G30 was identified in 2002 as a schizophrenia susceptibility locus; however, subsequent association studies did not reach consensus on single SNPs within the locus. Simultaneously, a new vision for the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders suggested that schizophrenia was a quantitative trait, therefore ascribable to potentially hundreds of genes and subjected to the vagaries of the environment. The main protein product of G72 gene is named pLG72 or D-amino acid oxidase activator DAOA (153 amino acids) and its function is still debated. Functional analyses, also showing controversial results, indicate that pLG72 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulation by affecting activity of the flavoprotein D-amino acid oxidase, the enzyme responsible for degrading the neuromodulator D-serine. In this review we, for the first time, summarize findings from molecular genetic linkage and association studies concerning G72 gene, cellular and molecular studies on pLG72, and investigations performed on G72/G30 transgenic mice. This will help elucidate the role of psychosis susceptibility genes, which will have a major impact on our understanding of disease pathophysiology and thus change classification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Università degli studi dell'Insubria and Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Binelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
- The Protein Factory, Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche, Università degli studi dell'Insubria and Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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16
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Synaptic and cellular changes induced by the schizophrenia susceptibility gene G72 are rescued by N-acetylcysteine treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e807. [PMID: 27163208 PMCID: PMC5070069 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have linked the primate-specific gene locus G72 to the development of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transgenic mice carrying the entire gene locus express G72 mRNA in dentate gyrus (DG) and entorhinal cortex, causing altered electrophysiological properties of their connections. These transgenic mice exhibit behavioral alterations related to psychiatric diseases, including cognitive deficits that can be reversed by treatment with N-acetylcysteine, which was also found to be effective in human patients. Here, we show that G72 transgenic mice have larger excitatory synapses with an increased amount of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the molecular layer of DG, compared with wild-type littermates. Furthermore, transgenic animals have lower number of dentate granule cells with a parallel, but an even stronger decrease in the number of excitatory synapses in the molecular layer. Importantly, we also show that treatment with N-acetylcysteine can effectively normalize all these changes in transgenic animals, resulting in a state similar to wild-type mice. Our results show that G72 transcripts induce robust alterations in the glutamatergic system at the synaptic level that can be rescued with N-acetylcysteine treatment.
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17
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Mothet JP, Le Bail M, Billard JM. Time and space profiling of NMDA receptor co-agonist functions. J Neurochem 2015; 135:210-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Team ‘Gliotransmission and Synaptopathies’; Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M UMR7286; Marseille France
| | - Matildé Le Bail
- Team ‘Gliotransmission and Synaptopathies’; Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M UMR7286; Marseille France
| | - Jean-Marie Billard
- Center of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris City; UMR 894; Paris France
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