1
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Zhao XY, Xu DE, Wu ML, Liu JC, Shi ZL, Ma QH. Regulation and function of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:6-20. [PMID: 38767472 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum, a key cellular organelle, regulates a wide variety of cellular activities. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover, remodeling, and proteostasis. In this review, we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system, and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements. We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders. This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Chuan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Ling Shi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Jia Q, Li J, Guo X, Li Y, Wu Y, Peng Y, Fang Z, Zhang X. Neuroprotective effects of chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1291-1298. [PMID: 37905878 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chaperone-mediated autophagy is one of three types of autophagy and is characterized by the selective degradation of proteins. Chaperone-mediated autophagy contributes to energy balance and helps maintain cellular homeostasis, while providing nutrients and support for cell survival. Chaperone-mediated autophagy activity can be detected in almost all cells, including neurons. Owing to the extreme sensitivity of neurons to their environmental changes, maintaining neuronal homeostasis is critical for neuronal growth and survival. Chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction is closely related to central nervous system diseases. It has been shown that neuronal damage and cell death are accompanied by chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction. Under certain conditions, regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy activity attenuates neurotoxicity. In this paper, we review the changes in chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, brain injury, glioma, and autoimmune diseases. We also summarize the most recent research progress on chaperone-mediated autophagy regulation and discuss the potential of chaperone-mediated autophagy as a therapeutic target for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - You Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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3
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Yu L, Pang X, Yang L, Jin K, Guo W, Wei Y, Pang C. Sensitivity of substrate translocation in chaperone-mediated autophagy to Alzheimer's disease progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:205856. [PMID: 38787367 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder marked by abnormal protein accumulation and resulting proteotoxicity. This study examines Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA), particularly substrate translocation into lysosomes, in AD. The study observes: (1) Increased substrate translocation activity into lysosomes, vital for CMA, aligns with AD progression, highlighted by gene upregulation and more efficient substrate delivery. (2) This CMA phase strongly correlates with AD's clinical symptoms; more proteotoxicity links to worse dementia, underscoring the need for active degradation. (3) Proteins like GFAP and LAMP2A, when upregulated, almost certainly indicate AD risk, marking this process as a significant AD biomarker. Based on these observations, this study proposes the following hypothesis: As AD progresses, the aggregation of pathogenic proteins increases, the process of substrate entry into lysosomes via CMA becomes active. The genes associated with this process exhibit heightened sensitivity to AD. This conclusion stems from an analysis of over 10,000 genes and 363 patients using two AI methodologies. These methodologies were instrumental in identifying genes highly sensitive to AD and in mapping the molecular networks that respond to the disease, thereby highlighting the significance of this critical phase of CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Xinping Pang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Kunpei Jin
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Yanyu Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoyang Pang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
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4
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Soraksa N, Heebkaew N, Promjantuek W, Kunhorm P, Kaokean P, Chaicharoenaudomung N, Noisa P. Cordycepin, a bioactive compound from Cordyceps spp., moderates Alzheimer's disease-associated pathology via anti-oxidative stress and autophagy activation. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:583-603. [PMID: 37735930 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2258797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's causes cognitive dysfunction. This study investigated the neuro-promoting effects of cordycepin on amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) synthesis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Cordycepin was found to boost SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and decreased AD pathology. APP, PS1, and PS2 were downregulated whereas ADAM10 and SIRT1 were upregulated by cordycepin. Cordycepin also reduced APP secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin alleviated oxidative stress by the upregulation of GPX and SOD, as well as autophagy genes (LC3, ATG5, and ATG12). Cordycepin activity was also found to be SIRT1-dependent. Therefore, cordycepin may relieve the neuronal degeneration caused by APP overproduction, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchadaporn Soraksa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nudjanad Heebkaew
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Promjantuek
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Kunhorm
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Palakorn Kaokean
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nipha Chaicharoenaudomung
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Sun F, Wang J, Meng L, Zhou Z, Xu Y, Yang M, Li Y, Jiang T, Liu B, Yan H. AdipoRon promotes amyloid-β clearance through enhancing autophagy via nuclear GAPDH-induced sirtuin 1 activation in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38679474 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is one of the more important pathological markers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The development of AD impairs autophagy, which results in an imbalanced clearance of Aβ. Our previous research demonstrated that AdipoRon, an agonist of adiponectin receptors, decreased the deposition of Aβ and enhanced cognitive function in AD. However, the exact mechanisms by which AdipoRon affects Aβ clearance remain unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied how AdipoRon affects autophagy in HT22 cells and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. We also investigated the signalling pathway involved and used pharmacological inhibitors to examine the role of autophagy in this process. KEY RESULTS AdipoRon promotes Aβ clearance by activating neuronal autophagy in the APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Interestingly, we found that AdipoRon induces the nuclear translocation of GAPDH, where it interacts with the SIRT1/DBC1 complex. This interaction then leads to the release of DBC1 and the activation of SIRT1, which in turn activates autophagy. Importantly, we found that inhibiting either GAPDH or SIRT1 to suppress the activity of SIRT1 counteracts the elevated autophagy and decreased Aβ deposition caused by AdipoRon. This suggests that SIRT1 plays a critical role in the effect of AdipoRon on autophagic induction in AD. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AdipoRon promotes the clearance of Aβ by enhancing autophagy through the AdipoR1/AMPK-dependent nuclear translocation of GAPDH and subsequent activation of SIRT1. This novel molecular pathway sheds light on the modulation of autophagy in AD and may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Sun
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiangong Wang
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Meizi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Tianrui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Haijing Yan
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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6
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DeMarino C, Cowen M, Williams A, Khatkar P, Abulwerdi FA, Henderson L, Denniss J, Pleet ML, Luttrell DR, Vaisman I, Liotta LA, Steiner J, Le Grice SFJ, Nath A, Kashanchi F. Autophagy Deregulation in HIV-1-Infected Cells Increases Extracellular Vesicle Release and Contributes to TLR3 Activation. Viruses 2024; 16:643. [PMID: 38675983 PMCID: PMC11054313 DOI: 10.3390/v16040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can result in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), a spectrum of disorders characterized by neurological impairment and chronic inflammation. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has elicited a marked reduction in the number of individuals diagnosed with HAND. However, there is continual, low-level viral transcription due to the lack of a transcription inhibitor in cART regimens, which results in the accumulation of viral products within infected cells. To alleviate stress, infected cells can release accumulated products, such as TAR RNA, in extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can contribute to pathogenesis in neighboring cells. Here, we demonstrate that cART can contribute to autophagy deregulation in infected cells and increased EV release. The impact of EVs released from HIV-1 infected myeloid cells was found to contribute to CNS pathogenesis, potentially through EV-mediated TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) activation, suggesting the need for therapeutics to target this mechanism. Three HIV-1 TAR-binding compounds, 103FA, 111FA, and Ral HCl, were identified that recognize TAR RNA and reduce TLR activation. These data indicate that packaging of viral products into EVs, potentially exacerbated by antiretroviral therapeutics, may induce chronic inflammation of the CNS observed in cART-treated patients, and novel therapeutic strategies may be exploited to mitigate morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (A.W.); (P.K.); (M.L.P.)
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.H.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (A.W.); (P.K.); (M.L.P.)
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.H.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Anastasia Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (A.W.); (P.K.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (A.W.); (P.K.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Fardokht A. Abulwerdi
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (F.A.A.); (S.F.J.L.G.)
| | - Lisa Henderson
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.H.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Julia Denniss
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.H.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Michelle L. Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (A.W.); (P.K.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Delores R. Luttrell
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.H.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Iosif Vaisman
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA;
| | - Joseph Steiner
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Stuart F. J. Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (F.A.A.); (S.F.J.L.G.)
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.H.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (A.W.); (P.K.); (M.L.P.)
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7
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Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang B, Xu Z, Wang H, Sun Q, Wang N. Inhibitory effects of β-asarone on lncRNA BACE1-mediated induction of autophagy in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2024; 463:114896. [PMID: 38316166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to examine the correlation between the formation of Aβ plaques and autophagy, which is regulated by β-asarone and the lncRNA BACE1-AS. Additionally, the study sought to explore potential targets of the drug in inhibiting the deposition of toxic AD-related proteins and restoring impaired mitochondrial and autophagic functions. SHY5Y cells were utilized to construct a stable Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, followed by the utilization of interference and overexpression lentiviruses targeting BACE1-AS to establish a cell model. The cells were categorized into five groups, including a normal group, siRNA/BACE1 group, and β-asarone group. The fluorescence quantitative PCR technique was employed to assess the disparity in BACE1 mRNA expression, while changes in immunofluorescence (IF) were observed to determine the stable interference titre and action time of the lentiviruses. Additionally, western blotting (WB) and fluorescence quantitative PCR were employed to evaluate the expression of proteins and mRNAs associated with AD and autophagy. The findings demonstrated a significant elevation in BACE1 expression levels in brain tissue among individuals with AD compared to those without the condition. Moreover, the results indicated that the introduction of β-asarone led to an increase in the expression of the BACE1-AS gene in the cell group transfected with plasmid H12732. Furthermore, it was observed that β-asarone enhanced the expression levels of shRNA and BACE1 after 72 h. In contrast, β-asarone suppressed the expression of PS1, Aβ, BACE1, APP, and p62, while promoting the expression of syn, LC3 I/II, and Beclin-1. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that β-Asarone exerts a comprehensive influence on the expression of proteins associated with AD and synaptic function. β-Asarone exhibits the potential to mitigate Aβ deposition by impeding the expression of lncBACE1, thereby facilitating autophagy through the suppression of BACE1's inhibitory impact on autophagy. This complements the self-enhancing effect of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingpei Zhou
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanqiong Xu
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Quan Sun
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanbu Wang
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Eteleeb AM, Novotny BC, Tarraga CS, Sohn C, Dhungel E, Brase L, Nallapu A, Buss J, Farias F, Bergmann K, Bradley J, Norton J, Gentsch J, Wang F, Davis AA, Morris JC, Karch CM, Perrin RJ, Benitez BA, Harari O. Brain high-throughput multi-omics data reveal molecular heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002607. [PMID: 38687811 PMCID: PMC11086901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Unbiased data-driven omic approaches are revealing the molecular heterogeneity of Alzheimer disease. Here, we used machine learning approaches to integrate high-throughput transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles with clinical and neuropathological data from multiple human AD cohorts. We discovered 4 unique multimodal molecular profiles, one of them showing signs of poor cognitive function, a faster pace of disease progression, shorter survival with the disease, severe neurodegeneration and astrogliosis, and reduced levels of metabolomic profiles. We found this molecular profile to be present in multiple affected cortical regions associated with higher Braak tau scores and significant dysregulation of synapse-related genes, endocytosis, phagosome, and mTOR signaling pathways altered in AD early and late stages. AD cross-omics data integration with transcriptomic data from an SNCA mouse model revealed an overlapping signature. Furthermore, we leveraged single-nuclei RNA-seq data to identify distinct cell-types that most likely mediate molecular profiles. Lastly, we identified that the multimodal clusters uncovered cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers poised to monitor AD progression and possibly cognition. Our cross-omics analyses provide novel critical molecular insights into AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M. Eteleeb
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brenna C. Novotny
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carolina Soriano Tarraga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eliza Dhungel
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aasritha Nallapu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jared Buss
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jen Gentsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Albert A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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9
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Di Domenico F, Lanzillotta C, Perluigi M. Redox imbalance and metabolic defects in the context of Alzheimer disease. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38472147 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Redox reactions play a critical role for intracellular processes, including pathways involved in metabolism and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act either as second messengers or generators of protein modifications, fundamental mechanisms for signal transduction. Disturbance of redox homeostasis is associated with many disorders. Among these, Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative pathology that presents hallmarks of oxidative damage such as increased ROS production, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative modifications of macromolecules, and changes in mitochondrial homeostasis. Interestingly, alteration of redox homeostasis is closely associated with defects of energy metabolism, involving both carbohydrates and lipids, the major energy fuels for the cell. As the brain relies exclusively on glucose metabolism, defects of glucose utilization represent a harmful event for the brain. During aging, a progressive perturbation of energy metabolism occurs resulting in brain hypometabolism. This condition contributes to increase neuronal cell vulnerability ultimately resulting in cognitive impairment. The current review discusses the crosstalk between alteration of redox homeostasis and brain energy defects that seems to act in concert in promoting Alzheimer's neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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10
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Wen S, Wang L. Cadmium neurotoxicity and therapeutic strategies. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23670. [PMID: 38432689 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a multitarget, carcinogenic, nonessential environmental pollutant. Due to its toxic effects at very low concentrations, lengthy biological half-life, and low excretion rate, exposure to Cd carries a concern. Prolonged exposure to Cd causes severe injury to the nervous system of both humans and animals. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms responsible for the neurotoxic effects of Cd have yet to be fully elucidated. The accurate chemical mechanism potentially entails the destruction of metal-ion homeostasis, inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Here we review the evidence of the neurotoxic effects of Cd and corresponding strategies to protect against Cd-induced central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangquan Wen
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
- Veterinarian Clinical Diagnosis Study Group, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Taicang, China
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11
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Lin H, Sandkuhler S, Dunlea C, Rodwell-Bullock J, King DH, Johnson GVW. BAG3 regulates the specificity of the recognition of specific MAPT species by NBR1 and SQSTM1. Autophagy 2024; 20:577-589. [PMID: 37899687 PMCID: PMC10936643 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2276622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy receptors are essential for the recognition and clearance of specific cargos by selective autophagy, which is essential for maintaining MAPT proteostasis. Previous studies have implicated different autophagy receptors in directing distinct species of MAPT to autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Here we examine how the autophagy receptors NBR1 and SQSTM1 differentially associate with specific forms of MAPT. In primary neurons depletion of NBR1, unlike depletion of SQSTM1, significantly increased phosphorylated MAPT levels. The specificity of the interactions was confirmed using in vitro binding assays with purified proteins. We provide direct evidence that the co-chaperone BAG3 promotes the preferential association of NBR1 with monomeric MAPT and SQSTM1 with oligomeric MAPT. Using an in vitro affinity-isolation assay, we show that SQSTM1 only binds to monomeric MAPT when BAG3 is absent and fails to bind when BAG3 is present. The opposite is true of NBR1; its association with monomeric MAPT was dependent on the presence of BAG3. Interestingly, in Alzheimer disease brain the association of NBR1 with BAG3 was significantly decreased. In a mouse model, ablation of BAG3 in neural cells disrupted the association of NBR1 with phosphorylated MAPT and led to increased levels of phosphorylated and oligomeric MAPT. Overall, our results uncover a novel role for BAG3 in regulating the specificity of selective autophagy receptors in targeting different species of MAPT and provide compelling evidence that BAG3 plays a key role in maintaining MAPT proteostasis.Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; BAG3: BCL2-associated athanogene 3; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CERAD: Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; GST: glutathione S-transferases; MAPT: microtubule-associated protein tau; NBR1: NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor; NFT: neurofibrillary tangles; PMI: postmortem interval; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Sandkuhler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Colleen Dunlea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joel Rodwell-Bullock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Darron H King
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gail V. W. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Wang J, Huo X, Zhou H, Liu H, Li X, Lu N, Sun X. Identification of Autophagy-Related Candidate Genes in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Exploration of Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04011-z. [PMID: 38329682 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify autophagy-related candidate genes for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elucidate their potential molecular mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and phenotype-associated significant module genes were obtained using the "limma" package and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on hippocampal tissue datasets from AD patients and control samples. The intersection between the list of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), DEGs, and module genes was further investigated to obtain AD-autophagy-related differential expression genes (ATDEGs). Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was utilized to identify hub genes, and a second intersection was performed with important module genes from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to obtain co-hub genes. Finally, a diagnostic model was constructed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine the candidate genes with high diagnostic efficacy in the external validation set. Moreover, immune infiltration analysis was performed on AD patient brain tissues and explore the correlation between candidate genes and immune cells. We further analyzed the expression level of candidate genes in the SH-SY5Y cells with Aβ25-35 (25 µM). Among the 17 identified AD-ATDEGs, ATP6V1E1 stood out with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.869, 0.817, and 0.714 in the external validation set, underscoring its high diagnostic efficacy in both hippocampal and peripheral blood contexts for AD patients. Meanwhile, ATP6V1E1 expression was positively correlated with effector memory CD4 + T cells, while negatively correlated with natural killer T cells and activated CD4 + T cells. Results from quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence assays indicated a reduction in ATP6V1E1 expression, aligning with our database analysis findings. In summary, ATP6V1E1 as a candidate gene provides a new perspective for the early identification and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Guangxiu Medical Imaging Diagnosis Center, Changsha, China.
| | - Xinhua Huo
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiqin Zhou
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huasheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Central South University, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Alkhalifa AE, Al-Ghraiybah NF, Kaddoumi A. Extra-Virgin Olive Oil in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Cellular, Animal, and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1914. [PMID: 38339193 PMCID: PMC10856527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by several pathological hallmarks, including the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Current treatment options include monoclonal antibody drugs, acetylcholinesterase, and n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Although those treatments provide some improvements in patients' quality of life, they fail to prevent or cure AD. Current research aims to identify novel targets and tools for AD prevention and modification. In this context, several studies showed the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention and treatment of AD. One integral component of the Mediterranean diet is olive oil and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), which is high in phenolic compounds. EVOO and other olive-related phenolic compounds have been shown to reduce the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which EVOO and phenolic compounds exert neuroprotective effects, including modulation of AD pathologies and promotion of cognitive health. Findings indicate that EVOO and its phenolic constituents influence key pathological processes of AD, such as Aβ aggregation, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation, while also enhancing BBB integrity and reducing oxidative stress. The human studies cited reveal a consistent trend where the consumption of olive oil is associated with cognitive benefits and a decreased risk of AD and related dementias. In conclusion, EVOO and its phenolic compounds hold promising potential for the prevention and treatment of AD, representing a significant shift towards more effective strategies against this complex neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (A.E.A.); (N.F.A.-G.)
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14
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Sanajou S, Yirün A, Arca Çakır D, Demirel G, Şahin G, Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T. Unraveling the neuroprotective mechanisms of naltrexone against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38221775 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2303975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a known neurotoxic trace element linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, has shown promising effects in reducing neuroinflammation at lower doses than those prescribed for addiction. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effects of naltrexone on Al-induced neurotoxicity in an in vitro AD model. The SH-SY5Y cells were first cultivated in a standard growth medium. Subsequently, the cells were induced to differentiate by decreasing the concentration of fetal bovine serum and introducing retinoic acid (RA) into the culture media. Subsequently, the inclusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was implemented in conjunction with RA. The process of differentiation was concluded on the seventh day. Study groups (n = 3) were designed as the control group, naltrexone group, Al group, Al-Nal group, Alzheimer' model (AD) group, Alzheimer model + Al-exposed group (AD-Al), Alzheimer model + Nal applied group (AD-Nal) and Alzheimer model + Al-exposed + Nal applied group (AD-Al-Nal). Hyperphosphorylated Tau protein as the specific marker of AD was measured in all groups. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)β, Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), Akt and Wnt signaling pathways were analyzed comparatively. In addition, oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidase, protein carbonyl and reactive oxygen species) were measured comparatively in the study groups. The results showed that naltrexone reduced hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels by regulating GSK-3β, PP2A, Akt and Wnt signaling. Also, exposure to naltrexone decreased oxidative stress parameters. Based on these results, naltrexone shows promise as a potential therapy for AD, subject to additional clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanajou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anil Yirün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Deniz Arca Çakır
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Vaccine Technology, Hacettepe University, Vaccine Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Göksun Demirel
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gönül Şahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Vaccine Technology, Hacettepe University, Vaccine Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Keizer HG, Brands R, Oosting RS, Seinen W. The Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase 2 Cascade Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:553-558. [PMID: 38143363 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of intense research, the precise etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In this hypothesis, we present a new perspective on this matter by identifying carnitine palmitoyl transferase-2 (CPT2) as a central target in AD. CPT2 is an enzyme situated within the inner mitochondrial membrane, playing a crucial role in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It exhibits high sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. This sensitivity holds relevance for the etiology of AD, as all major risk factors for the disease share a commonality in producing an excess of hydrogen peroxide right at this very mitochondrial membrane. We will explain the high sensitivity of CPT2 to hydrogen peroxide and elucidate how the resulting inhibition of CPT2 can lead to the characteristic phenotype of AD, thus clarifying its central role in the disease's etiology. This insight holds promise for the development of therapies for AD which can be implemented immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiskias G Keizer
- Alloksys Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- AMRIF Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Brands
- Alloksys Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- AMRIF Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald S Oosting
- Alloksys Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- AMRIF Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Seinen
- Alloksys Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- AMRIF Biotechnology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Sharma C, Mazumder A. A Comprehensive Review on Potential Molecular Drug Targets for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:45-56. [PMID: 38305393 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249263300231116062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an onset and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Recent research has revealed several potential targets for drug development, such as the prevention of Aβ production and removal, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, and keeping neurons alive. Drugs that target numerous ADrelated variables have been developed, and early results are encouraging. This review provides a concise map of the different receptor signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's Disease, as well as insight into drug design based on these pathways. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, aging, Aβ turnover, thiol groups, and mitochondrial activities, and their role in the disease. It also reviews the potential drug targets, in vivo active agents, and docking studies done in AD and provides prospects for future drug development. This review intends to provide more clarity on the molecular processes that occur in Alzheimer's patient's brains, which can be of use in diagnosing and preventing the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sharma
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Weinberg MS, He Y, Kivisäkk P, Arnold SE, Das S. Effect of Metformin on Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Non-Diabetic Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment Related to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S355-S365. [PMID: 38160357 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated condition involving multiple metabolic and immunologic pathophysiological processes that can occur with the hallmark pathologies of amyloid-β, tau, and neurodegeneration. Metformin, an anti-diabetes drug, targets several of these disease processes in in vitro and animal studies. However, the effects of metformin on human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma proteins as potential biomarkers of treatment remain unexplored. Objective Using proteomics data from a metformin clinical trial, identify the impact of metformin on plasma and CSF proteins. Methods We analyzed plasma and CSF proteomics data collected previously (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01965756, conducted between 2013 and 2015), and conduced bioinformatics analyses to compare the plasma and CSF protein levels after 8 weeks of metformin or placebo use to their baseline levels in 20 non-diabetic patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and positive AD biomarkers participants. Results 50 proteins were significantly (unadjusted p < 0.05) altered in plasma and 26 in CSF after 8 weeks of metformin use, with 7 proteins in common (AZU1, CASP-3, CCL11, CCL20, IL32, PRTN3, and REG1A). The correlation between changes in plasma and CSF levels of these 7 proteins after metformin use relative to baseline levels was high (r = 0.98). The proteins also demonstrated temporal stability. Conclusions Our pilot study is the first to investigate the effect of metformin on plasma and CSF proteins in non-diabetic patients with MCI and positive AD biomarkers and identifies several candidate plasma biomarkers for future clinical trials after confirmatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingnan He
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Nayak V, Patra S, Rout S, Jena AB, Sharma R, Pattanaik KP, Singh J, Pandey SS, Singh RP, Majhi S, Singh KR, Kerry RG. Regulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease via nanoparticle-loaded phytocompounds with anti-inflammatory and autophagy-inducing properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155150. [PMID: 37944239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation linked to amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and phosphorylated tau (τ) protein in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Key elements in Aβ production and NFT assembly, like γ-secretase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), contribute to neuroinflammation. In addition, impaired proteosomal and autophagic pathways increase Aβ and τ aggregation, leading to neuronal damage. Conventional neuroinflammation drugs have limitations due to unidirectional therapeutic approaches and challenges in crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Clinical trials for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other therapeutics remain uncertain. Novel strategies addressing the complex pathogenesis and BBB translocation are needed to effectively tackle AD-related neuroinflammation. PURPOSE The current scenario demands for a much-sophisticated theranostic measures which could be achieved via customized engineering and designing of novel nanotherapeutics. As, these therapeutics functions as a double edge sword, having the efficiency of unambiguous targeting, multiple drug delivery and ability to cross BBB proficiently. METHODS Inclusion criteria involve selecting recent, English-language studies from the past decade (2013-2023) that explore the regulation of neuroinflammation in neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β, tau protein, nanoparticles, autophagy, and phytocompounds. Various study types, including clinical trials, experiments, and reviews, were considered. Exclusion criteria comprised non-relevant publication types, studies unrelated to Alzheimer's disease or phytocompounds, those with methodological flaws, duplicates, and studies with inaccessible data. RESULTS In this study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with specific phytocompounds and coated with an antibody targeting the transferrin receptor (anti-TfR) present on BBB. Thereafter, the engineered nanoparticles with the ability to efficiently traverse the BBB and interact with target molecules within the brain, could induce autophagy, a cellular process crucial for neuronal health, and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. Henceforth, the proposed combination of desired phytocompounds, polymeric nanoparticles, and anti-TfR coating presents a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to the brain, with potential implications in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR- National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752050), India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra (410210), India
| | - Shrushti Rout
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751004), India
| | - Atala Bihari Jena
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (02115), United States of America
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (221005), India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (221005), India
| | - Shyam S Pandey
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu (8080196), Japan
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh 484887, India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (02115), United States of America
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu (8080196), Japan.
| | - Rout George Kerry
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751004), India.
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19
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Perluigi M, Di Domenico F, Butterfield DA. Oxidative damage in neurodegeneration: roles in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:103-197. [PMID: 37843394 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with multiple etiologies and pathological mechanisms, among which oxidative stress (OS) appears as a major determinant. Intriguingly, OS arises in various pathways regulating brain functions, and it seems to link different hypotheses and mechanisms of AD neuropathology with high fidelity. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, mainly because of its unique lipid composition, resulting in an amplified cascade of redox reactions that target several cellular components/functions ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. The present review highlights the "OS hypothesis of AD," including amyloid beta-peptide-associated mechanisms, the role of lipid and protein oxidation unraveled by redox proteomics, and the antioxidant strategies that have been investigated to modulate the progression of AD. Collected studies from our groups and others have contributed to unraveling the close relationships between perturbation of redox homeostasis in the brain and AD neuropathology by elucidating redox-regulated events potentially involved in both the pathogenesis and progression of AD. However, the complexity of AD pathological mechanisms requires an in-depth understanding of several major intracellular pathways affecting redox homeostasis and relevant for brain functions. This understanding is crucial to developing pharmacological strategies targeting OS-mediated toxicity that may potentially contribute to slow AD progression as well as improve the quality of life of persons with this severe dementing disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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20
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B. The elastin-derived peptide (VGVAPG) activates autophagy in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 127:103902. [PMID: 37918553 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing the sources of energy and involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, a number of papers have shown that elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) affect the expression and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is crucial for the development of AD and autophagy initiation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether EDPs with a Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) amino acid sequence activate the autophagic process in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Our study is the first to show that EDPs with the VGVAPG sequence initiate the autophagy process in the undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cell line exhibiting a number of features of normal neuroblasts. In particular, we observed in our study that VGAVPG peptide increased ULK1, AKT, PPARγ, and LC3B protein expression. Moreover, our experiments with the agonist (rosiglitazone) and antagonist (GW9662) of PPARγ confirm that the studied EDP acts through the PPARγ pathway affecting mTOR and finally autophagy. Some studies have shown that autophagy disturbances are involved in the development of AD. Therefore, we believe that our study will provide new evidence of the possible involvement of EDPs (especially VGVAPG) in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
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21
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Fu HJ, Zhou XY, Li YP, Chen X, He YN, Qin DL, Yu L, Yu CL, Wu JM, Wu AG, Zhou XG. The Protective Effects of Reineckia carnea Ether Fraction against Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: An Exploration in Caenorhabditis elegans Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16536. [PMID: 38003724 PMCID: PMC10672099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant challenge to global healthcare systems, with current treatments offering only modest relief and often bringing unwanted side effects, necessitating the exploration of more effective and safer drugs. In this study, we employed the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model, specifically the AD-like CL4176 strain expressing the human Aβ(1-42) protein, to investigate the potential of Reineckia carnea extract and its fractions. Our results showed that the Reineckia carnea ether fraction (REF) notably diminished the paralysis rates of CL4176 worms. Additionally, REF also attenuated the neurotoxicity effects prompted by Tau proteins in the BR5270 worms. Moreover, REF was observed to counteract the accumulation of Aβ and pTau proteins and their induced oxidative stress in C. elegans AD-like models. Mechanistic studies revealed that REF's benefits were associated with the induction of autophagy in worms; however, these protective effects were nullified when autophagy-related genes were suppressed using RNAi bacteria. Together, these findings highlight Reineckia carnea ether fraction as a promising candidate for AD treatment, warranting further investigation into its autophagy-inducing components and their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Fu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xing-Yue Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yan-Ni He
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (H.-J.F.); (X.-Y.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.-N.H.); (D.-L.Q.); (L.Y.); (C.-L.Y.); (J.-M.W.)
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
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Wan W, Wang Y, Li L, Ma C, Wang Y, You F. Electroacupuncture Improves Learning and Memory Abilities via Activating AMPK/mTOR-Induced Autophagy in APP/PS1 Mice. Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10503-9. [PMID: 37980310 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a global public health problem characterized by memory and cognitive impairments. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been indicated to exert promising therapeutic effects on AD. This study aimed to further investigate the underlying mechanism of EA in AD treatment. APP/PS1 transgenic mice and wide-type mice underwent with or without EA treatment at GV20 and BL23 acupoints. Morris water maze test was utilized for examining the learning and memory of mice. Hematoxylin-eosin, Congo red, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL staining were employed for detecting the pathological changes of mouse brain hippocampus. Western blotting was implemented for measuring protein levels of autophagy- and AMPK/mTOR pathway-associated markers. APP/PS1 mice exhibited significant impairments in the spatial learning and memory. EA treatment improved the cognitive impairments, reduced amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, and alleviated neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal tissues of APP/PS1 mice. EA promoted autophagy and activated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. EA improves the cognitive deficits, enhances Aβ clearance, and attenuates neuronal apoptosis in APP/PS1 mice in part by activating AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Chaoyang Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Yanfu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430014, China.
| | - Fei You
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430014, China.
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23
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McNeish BL, Miljkovic I, Zhu X, Cawthon PM, Newman AB, Goodpaster B, Yaffe K, Rosano C. Associations Between Circulating Levels of Myostatin and Plasma β-Amyloid 42/40 in a Biracial Cohort of Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:2077-2082. [PMID: 37220890 PMCID: PMC10613004 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myostatin, a cytokine produced by skeletal muscle, may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, but sparse evidence exists in humans. We assessed the association between circulating levels of myostatin at Year 1 and plasma levels of β-amyloid 42/40 at Year 2, a marker of AD pathology, in a biracial cohort of older adults. METHODS We studied 403 community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study from Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, PA. Mean age was 73.8 ± 3 years; 54% were female; and 52% were Black. Serum myostatin levels were measured at Year 1, plasma β-amyloid 42/40 levels in Year 2 (higher ratio indicating lower amyloid load). Multivariable linear regression analyses tested the association of serum myostatin with plasma levels of β-amyloid 42/40 adjusted for computed-tomography-derived thigh muscle cross-sectional area, demographics, APOe4 allele, and risk factors for dementia. We tested for 2-way.interactions between myostatin and race or sex; results were stratified by race and sex. RESULTS In multivariable models, myostatin was positively associated with plasma levels of β-amyloid 42/40 (standardized regression coefficient: 0.145, p = .004). Results were significant for white men and women (0.279, p = .009, and 0.221, p = .035, respectively) but not for Black men or women; interactions by race and gender were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum myostatin was associated with lower amyloid burden, independently of APOe4 alleles, muscle area and other established risk factors for dementia. The role of myostatin in AD pathogenesis and the influence of race should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L McNeish
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Li S, Shi J. PACAP-Sirtuin3 alleviates cognitive impairment through autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:184. [PMID: 37891608 PMCID: PMC10605376 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is vital in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Thus far, no studies have specifically investigated the relationship between pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and autophagy, particularly in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study used in vitro and in vivo models, along with clinical samples, to explore interactions between PACAP and autophagy in AD. METHODS AD model mice were administered 6 μl of 0.1 mg/ml PACAP liquid intranasally for 4 weeks, then subjected to behavioral analyses to assess the benefits of PACAP treatment. The underlying mechanisms of PACAP-induced effects were investigated by methods including real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Exosomes were extracted from human serum and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to examine autophagy pathways. The clinical and therapeutic implications of PACAP and autophagy were extensively investigated throughout the experiment. RESULTS Impaired autophagy was a critical step in amyloid β (Aβ) and Tau deposition; PACAP enhanced autophagy and attenuated cognitive impairment. RNA sequencing revealed three pathways that may be involved in AD progression: PI3K-AKT, mTOR, and AMPK. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that sirtuin3 knockdown diminished the ability of PACAP to restore normal autophagy function, resulting in phagocytosis dysregulation and the accumulation of pTau, Tau, and Aβ. Additionally, the autophagic biomarker MAP1LC3 demonstrated a positive association with PACAP in human serum. CONCLUSIONS PACAP reverses AD-induced cognitive impairment through autophagy, using sirtuin3 as a key mediator. MAP1LC3 has a positive relationship with PACAP in humans. These findings provide insights regarding potential uses of intranasal PACAP and sirtuin3 agonists in AD treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04320368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, South 4Th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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25
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Wu MC, Gao YH, Zhang C, Ma BT, Lin HR, Jiang JY, Xue MF, Li S, Wang HB. Liensinine and neferine exert neuroprotective effects via the autophagy pathway in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:386. [PMID: 37891552 PMCID: PMC10612239 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liensinine and neferine are the main bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids obtained from the seeds of Nelumbo nucifera, which commonly used as edible food and traditional medicine in Asia. It was reported that liensinine and neferine could inhibit the activities of acetylcholinesterase and cross the blood-brain barriers, suggesting their therapeutic potential for the management of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Here, we employed SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with the human Swedish amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutation APP695 (APP695swe SH-SY5Y) as an in vitro model and transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo model to investigate the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanism of liensinine and neferine. RESULTS We found that liensinine and neferine could significantly improve the viability and reduce ROS levels in APP695swe SH-SY5Y cells, inhibit β-amyloid and tau-induced toxicity, and enhance stress resistance in nematodes. Moreover, liensinine and neferine had obviously neuroprotective effects by assaying chemotaxis, 5-hydroxytryptamine sensitivity and the integrity of injured neurons in nematodes. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that liensinine and neferine could upregulate the expression of autophagy related genes (lgg-1, unc-51, pha-4, atg-9 and ced-9) and reduce the accumulation of β-amyloid induced autophagosomes, which suggested autophagy pathway played a key role in neuroprotective effects of these two alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings provided a certain working foundation for the use of liensinine and neferine to treat Alzheimer's disease based on neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Wu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ye-Hui Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Bo-Tian Ma
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hong-Ru Lin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jin-Yun Jiang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Meng-Fan Xue
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Zhao J, Liu GW, Tao C. Hotspots and future trends of autophagy in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20142. [PMID: 37780780 PMCID: PMC10539644 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To discuss the hotspots and future trends of autophagy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and provide a reference for researchers in this field. Method Using visual analysis tools, metrological statistics and visual research on the pertinent literature in the area of autophagy use in TCM were undertaken in the core collection database of the Web of Science. By examining the authors, keywords, research circumstances, research hotspots, and trends of linked research, the use of autophagy in TCM was investigated. Results and Conclusions A total of 916 studies were included, among which Beijing University Chinese Medicine was the largest number of advantageous research institutions, followed by Shanghai University Traditional Chinese Medicine and Guangzhou University Chinese Medicine.The keywords of literature research primarily comprise apoptosis, activation, inhibition, pathway, mechanism, oxidative stress, proliferation, NF-κB, cancer, mtor, etc. At present, the research on autophagy in the field of TCM is increasing on a year-to-year basis. The research has focused on the role played by TCM in malignant tumors, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease through autophagy, and the regulation of autophagy signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, TLR4 signaling pathway,nrf2 signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway). In the future, the therapeutic effect of TCM on chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells through autophagy pathway, the role of TCM mediating mitophagy and activating autophagy function, and the therapeutic effect of TCM components represented by luteolin on tumors, asthma, myocardial injury and other diseases through autophagy mechanism will be the research hotspots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Guang-wei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Cheng Tao
- Scientific Research Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
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Liu J, Li T, Zhong G, Pan Y, Gao M, Su S, Liang Y, Ma C, Liu Y, Wang Q, Shi Q. Exploring the therapeutic potential of natural compounds for Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms of action and pharmacological properties. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115406. [PMID: 37659206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a global public health priority characterized by high mortality rates in adults and an increasing prevalence in aging populations worldwide. Despite significant advancements in comprehending the pathogenesis of AD since its initial report in 1907, there remains a lack of effective curative or preventive measures for the disease. In recent years, natural compounds sourced from diverse origins have garnered considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents for AD, owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. This review aims to consolidate the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on AD, specifically targeting the reduction of β-amyloid (Aβ) overproduction, anti-apoptosis, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, the identified compounds exhibiting these effects predominantly originate from plants. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of natural compounds as a reservoir of novel therapeutic agents for AD, thereby stimulating further research and contributing to the development of efficacious treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Ji'nan University, Jiangmen 529099, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yaru Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Minghuang Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shijie Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Cuiru Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yuanyue Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Qing Shi
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Ji'nan University, Jiangmen 529099, China.
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Dai D, Xie J, Zheng Y, Chen F, Zhao B, Miao L. H3K27 acetylation-induced FSTL1 upregulation by P300/RUNX1 co-activation exacerbated autophagy-mediated neuronal damage and NF-κB-stimulated inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:449-460. [PMID: 37655275 PMCID: PMC10465437 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) has been demonstrated to participate in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The current study informed the role of H3K27 acetylation-induced FSTL1 upregulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our investigation discovered the upregulated FSTL1 expression and enhanced autophagy activity in AD. FSTL1 knockdown successfully attenuated the injuries of Aβ1-42-challenged SH-SY5Y cells through the inhibition of autophagy activity. Besides, FSTL1 deficiency suppresses the inflammatory response and NF-κB signaling in AD. Moreover, it was found that p300 was recruited by transcriptional factor RUNX1 to stimulate the H3K27 acetylation in FSTL1 promoter region, which caused the upregulation of FSTL1 in AD. To summarize, p300 acted as a co-activator of RUNX1 to trigger the activation of FSTL1 in AD, resulting in the exacerbated injuries and inflammatory responses of Aβ1-42-induced SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, No. 55, Heping North Rd., Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Junzheng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, No. 55, Heping North Rd., Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, No. 55, Heping North Rd., Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Fangbin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, No. 55, Heping North Rd., Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Material Dependency, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Miao
- Department of Material Dependency, 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Changzhou, China
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Zhang L, Bai YY, Hong ZS, Xie J, Tian Y. Isolation, Identification, Activity Evaluation, and Mechanism of Action of Neuroprotective Peptides from Walnuts: A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4085. [PMID: 37764868 PMCID: PMC10534798 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in older adults has increased in parallel. Walnuts contain bioactive peptides with demonstrated neuroprotective effects, making them a valuable addition to the diet. We here present a comprehensive review of the various methods used to prepare, isolate, purify, and identify the neuroprotective peptides found in walnuts. We further summarise the different approaches currently used to evaluate the activity of these peptides in experimental settings, highlighting their potential to reduce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and promote autophagy, as well as to regulate the gut microflora and balance the cholinergic system. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research concerning bioavailability and improving or masking the bitter taste and sensory properties of final products containing the identified walnut neuroprotective peptides to ensure successful adoption of these peptides as functional food ingredients for neurohealth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Ying Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.Z.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zi-Shan Hong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.Z.)
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Homologous Functional Food, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (L.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Edible and Medicinal Homologous Functional Food, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Tea and Coffee, Puer University, Puer 665000, China
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Cozachenco D, Zimmer ER, Lourenco MV. Emerging concepts towards a translational framework in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105246. [PMID: 37236385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to understand the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. However, clinical trials targeting AD pathological hallmarks have consistently failed. Refinement of AD conceptualization, modeling, and assessment is key to developing successful therapies. Here, we review critical findings and discuss emerging ideas to integrate molecular mechanisms and clinical approaches in AD. We further propose a refined workflow for animal studies incorporating multimodal biomarkers used in clinical studies - delineating critical paths for drug discovery and translation. Addressing unresolved questions with the proposed conceptual and experimental framework may accelerate the development of effective disease-modifying strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cozachenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (PPGBioq), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGFT), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Quan M, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang S, Jia J. Genetic Phenotypes of Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:333-349. [PMID: 37589021 PMCID: PMC10425323 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Years of intensive research has brought us extensive knowledge on the genetic and molecular factors involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the mutations in the three main causative genes of familial AD (FAD) including presenilins and amyloid precursor protein genes, studies have identified several genes as the most plausible genes for the onset and progression of FAD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, sortilin-related receptor 1, and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7. The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is reported to be the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD (SAD), and it also plays an important role in FAD. Here, we reviewed recent developments in genetic and molecular studies that contributed to the understanding of the genetic phenotypes of FAD and compared them with SAD. We further reviewed the advancements in AD gene therapy and discussed the future perspectives based on the genetic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shuman Cao
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053 China
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Center of Alzheimer’s Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053 China
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Zheng C, Yu G, Su Q, Wu L, Tang J, Lin X, Chen Y, Guo Z, Zheng F, Zheng H, Lin L, Tang Y, Wu S, Li H. The deficiency of N6-methyladenosine demethylase ALKBH5 enhances the neurodegenerative damage induced by cobalt. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163429. [PMID: 37072102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt exposure, even at low concentrations, induces neurodegenerative damage, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The specific underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that m6A methylation alteration is involved in cobalt-induced neurodegenerative damage, such as in AD. However, the role of m6A RNA methylation and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, both epidemiological and laboratory studies showed that cobalt exposure could downregulate the expression of the m6A demethylase ALKBH5, suggesting a key role for ALKBH5. Moreover, Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing (MeRIP-seq) analysis revealed that ALKBH5 deficiency is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. KEGG pathway and Gene ontology analyses further revealed that the differentially m6A-modified genes resulting from ALKBH5 downregulation and cobalt exposure were aggregated in the pathways of proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Subsequently, ALKBH5 deficiency was shown to exacerbate cell viability decline, motivate cell apoptosis and attenuate cell autophagy induced by cobalt with experimental techniques of gene overexpression/inhibition. In addition, morphological changes in neurons and the expression of AD-related proteins, such as APP, P-Tau, and Tau, in the cerebral hippocampus of wild-type and ALKBH5 knockout mice after chronic cobalt exposure were also investigated. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that lower expression of ALKBH5 aggravated cobalt-induced neurodegenerative damage. These results suggest that ALKBH5, as an epigenetic regulator, could be a potential target for alleviating cobalt-induced neurodegenerative damage. In addition, we propose a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of environmental toxicant-related neurodegeneration from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zheng
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Guangxia Yu
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Qianqian Su
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jianping Tang
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xinpei Lin
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Liqiong Lin
- Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Fujian Center for Prevention and Control Occupational Diseases and Chemical Poisoning, Fuzhou 350125, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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Shi YB, Chen SY, Liu RB. The new insights into autophagy in thyroid cancer progression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:413. [PMID: 37355631 PMCID: PMC10290383 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer keeps growing at a shocking rate, which has aroused increasing concerns worldwide. Autophagy is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological event conserved in mammals including humans. Basically, autophagy is a catabolic process that cellular components including small molecules and damaged organelles are degraded for recycle to meet the energy needs, especially under the extreme conditions. The dysregulated autophagy has indicated to be involved in thyroid cancer progression. The enhancement of autophagy can lead to autophagic cell death during the degradation while the produced energies can be utilized by the rest of the cancerous tissue, thus this influence could be bidirectional, which plays either a tumor-suppressive or oncogenic role. Accordingly, autophagy can be suppressed by therapeutic agents and is thus regarded as a drug target for thyroid cancer treatments. In the present review, a brief description of autophagy and roles of autophagy in tumor context are given. We have addressed summary of the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in thyroid cancer. Some potential autophagy-targeted treatments are also summarized. The aim of the review is linking autophagy to thyroid cancer, so as to develop novel approaches to better control cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Bin Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fu XX, Wei B, Cao HM, Duan R, Deng Y, Lian HW, Zhang YD, Jiang T. Telmisartan Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Neuropathologies and Cognitive Impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230133. [PMID: 37355897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder. There are few effective medications for halting the progression of AD. Telmisartan (TEL) is a widely used anti-hypertensive drug approved by FDA. Aside from treating hypertension, TEL has been revealed to provide protection against AD. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of TEL against AD. METHODS Eight-month-old APP/PS1 mice were administered with 5 mg/kg TEL once per day for 4 successive months. Nesting test, Y-maze test, and Morris water maze test were employed to assess the cognitive and executive functions. Neuronal and synaptic markers, Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the brains were measured. Specifically, components involved in amyloid-β (Aβ) production and degradation pathway were analyzed to explore the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of TEL against Aβ pathology. The primary microglia were used to uncover the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of TEL in AD. Additionally, the preventive effect of TEL against AD were investigated using 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice. RESULTS TEL treatment ameliorated cognitive and executive impairments, neuronal and synaptic injury, Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in APP/PS1 mice. The favorable effects of TEL on Aβ pathology were achieved by inhibiting enzymatic Aβ production and facilitating enzymatic and autophagic Aβ degradation. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory effects of TEL were accomplished via microglial PPARγ/NLRP3 pathway. The administration of TEL prior to symptom onset prevented AD-related cognitive decline and neuropathologies. CONCLUSION TEL represents a promising agent for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Fu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hui-Wen Lian
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Li S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xiong X, Zhou F, Li X, Fan J, Liang X, Li G, Peng Y, Li Y. Mitochondrial damage-induced abnormal glucose metabolism with ageing in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Metabolomics 2023; 19:56. [PMID: 37289288 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) inhibits the activity of key enzymes in mitochondrial metabolic pathways, triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, which plays an important role in the onset and development of AD. Mitophagy is a process whereby dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria are removed from the cell. Aberrant mitochondrial metabolism may hinder mitophagy, promote autophagosome accumulation, and lead to neuronal death. OBJECTIVES The aim of this experiment is to explore the mechanism of neuronal mitochondria damage in the hippocampus of different age APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice, and to explore the related metabolites and metabolic pathways for further understanding of the pathogenesis, so as to provide new ideas and strategies for the treatment of AD. METHODS In this study, 24 APP/PS1(APPswe/PSEN1dE9) mice were divided into 3, 6, 9, and 12-month-old groups, and 6-month-old wild-type C57BL/6 mice were as controls. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate learning and memory. Levels of Aβ were detected by immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy was used to observe mitochondrial damage and autophagosome accumulation. Western blot was for measuring LC3, P62, PINK1, Parkin, Miro1, and Tom 20 protein expression levels. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to screen differentially abundant metabolites. RESULTS The results showed that with the increase of age in APP/PS1 mice, cognitive impairment, hippocampal neuron mitochondrial damage, and autophagosome accumulation all increased. Furthermore, enhanced mitophagy and impaired mitochondrial clearance leading to metabolic abnormalities were observed with ageing in APP/PS1 mouse hippocampus. Especially, abnormal accumulation of succinic acid and citric acid in the Krebs cycle was observed. CONCLUSION This study investigated the abnormal glucose metabolism associated with age-related damage to mitochondria in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer(iCQBC), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Xiong
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer(iCQBC), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer(iCQBC), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Fan
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Guangxin Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer(iCQBC), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- Teaching and Research Section of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer(iCQBC), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, P.R. China.
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Hanyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Hassan SF, Ghoneim AI, Ghareeb DA, Nematalla HA. Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) improves the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and autophagic actions of metformin in the hippocampus of diabetic demented rats. Fitoterapia 2023; 168:105566. [PMID: 37295752 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Great body of evidence links cognitive decline to diabetes/insulin resistance. In this study the effect of Portulaca oleracea (PUR) (100 mg/kg), Metformin (MET) (200 mg/kg), a first line diabetes mellitus type 2 therapy, and their combination on cognitive function and hippocampal markers in diabetic rats were assessed. Male rats were injected with streptozotocin (30 mg/kg on two successive weeks) followed by 4 weeks of treatment. Possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy enhancing mechanisms of these drugs were investigated in the hippocampal tissue using spectrophotometry, ELISA, and western blotting. Diabetic rats suffered significant cognitive impairment in Morris's water maze, hippocampal TBARS elevation, GSH depletion, and SOD upregulation. In addition, diabetes promoted the secretion of hippocampal inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, and depleted anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL-10. Such detrimental changes were reversed by MET and/or PUR. Notably, AMPK was upregulated by diabetes, then restored to normal by MET and/or PUR. The pattern of change in AMPK expression was concomitant with changes in oxidative and inflammatory burden. Hence, AMPK is believed to be a key mediator in most of the measured pre-AD markers in this study. However, from our results, PUR is believed to have non-AMPK dependent actions as well. In conclusion, antidiabetic agents as metformin and purslane extract proved to be invaluable in addressing the cognitive decline and hippocampal changes that arise as a complication of diabetes. They mainly acted through AMPK pathway; however, their usefulness was not limited to AMPK pathways since their combination was suggested to have a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma F Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22514, Egypt; Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Asser I Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22514, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 115020, Lebanon.
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt; Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Hisham A Nematalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22514, Egypt.
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Jiang Y, Xu N. The Emerging Role of Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119686. [PMID: 37298636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have become a significant global public health problem and a major societal burden. The World Health Organization predicts that NDDs will overtake cancer as the second most common cause of human mortality within 20 years. Thus, it is urgently important to identify pathogenic and diagnostic molecular markers related to neurodegenerative processes. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing aggregate-prone proteins in neurons; defects in autophagy are often associated with the pathogenesis of NDDs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested as key regulators in neurodevelopment; aberrant regulation of lncRNAs contributes to neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of lncRNAs and autophagy in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The information presented here should provide guidance for future in-depth investigations of neurodegenerative processes and related diagnostic molecular markers and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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de Las Heras-García L, Zabalegui I, Pampliega O. Methods to study primary cilia and autophagy in the brain. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:217-234. [PMID: 37164539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway that allows proteins, organelles, and pathogens to be recycled. Thus, it is crucial to maintain cell homeostasis, especially important in post-mitotic cells as neurons that cannot dilute cellular damage through mitosis. In the last decade, autophagy has been connected to the primary cilium (PC), a small organelle that acts as a sensory hub and is present in most cell types, including astrocytes and neurons. In this chapter, we briefly describe the state-of-the-art of the interplay between autophagy, PC, and its implications for the brain, in healthy and pathophysiological conditions. Deregulations in autophagy can be monitored by numerous assays, both in vivo and in vitro, and so do changes in PC length/number. Here, we relate a practical and user-friendly description of immunofluorescence methods to study autophagy and PC changes in brain slices, including the tissue preparation, confocal microscopy, image analysis, and deconvolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Las Heras-García
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Olatz Pampliega
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neurosciences, Leioa, Spain.
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Ma LY, Liu SF, Guo YG, Ma ZQ, Li Y, Wang SJ, Niu Y, Li M, Zhai JJ, Shang SH, Lv YL, Qu QM. Diabetes influences the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in SH-SY5Y cells and induces Aβ deposition and cognitive dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 442:114286. [PMID: 36610548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes has been regarded as an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study found that diabetes activated autophagy, but lysosome function was impaired. Autophagy-lysosome dysfunction may be involved in Aβ deposition in diabetic cognitive impairment. In the present study, we used STZ-induced diabetic rats and SH-SY5Y cells to investigate whether diabetes inhibits autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We found that in the in vivo study, STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited cognitive dysfunction, and the lysosome function-related factors CTSL, CTSD, and Rab7 were decreased (P < 0.05). In an in vitro study, the mRFP-GFP-LC3 assay showed that the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was partly blocked in SH-SY5Y cells. High glucose treatment downregulated the number of autophagolysosomes, downregulated CTSD, CTSL, and Rab7 expression (P < 0.05), and then influenced the function of ACP2 to partly block the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes to inhibit Aβ clearance. These findings indicate that high glucose treatment affected lysosome function, interfered with the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, and partly blocked autophagic flux to influence Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou-Yan Ma
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Song-Fang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Gang Guo
- Department of Laboratory, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng-Quan Ma
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Laboratory, Xi'an Forth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Jin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Mo Li
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhai
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Su-Hang Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Li Lv
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Forth Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qiu-Min Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Hashemi M, Paskeh MDA, Orouei S, Abbasi P, Khorrami R, Dehghanpour A, Esmaeili N, Ghahremanzade A, Zandieh MA, Peymani M, Salimimoghadam S, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Hushmandi K. Towards dual function of autophagy in breast cancer: A potent regulator of tumor progression and therapy response. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114546. [PMID: 36958191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a devastating disease, breast cancer has been responsible for decrease in life expectancy of females and its morbidity and mortality are high. Breast cancer is the most common tumor in females and its treatment has been based on employment of surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The changes in biological behavior of breast tumor relies on genomic and epigenetic mutations and depletions as well as dysregulation of molecular mechanisms that autophagy is among them. Autophagy function can be oncogenic in increasing tumorigenesis, and when it has pro-death function, it causes reduction in viability of tumor cells. The carcinogenic function of autophagy in breast tumor is an impediment towards effective therapy of patients, as it can cause drug resistance and radio-resistance. The important hallmarks of breast tumor such as glucose metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis can be regulated by autophagy. Oncogenic autophagy can inhibit apoptosis, while it promotes stemness of breast tumor. Moreover, autophagy demonstrates interaction with tumor microenvironment components such as macrophages and its level can be regulated by anti-tumor compounds in breast tumor therapy. The reasons of considering autophagy in breast cancer therapy is its pleiotropic function, dual role (pro-survival and pro-death) and crosstalk with important molecular mechanisms such as apoptosis. Moreover, current review provides a pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of autophagy in breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Abbasi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khorrami
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Dehghanpour
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Esmaeili
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Ghahremanzade
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 4815733971, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Chen P, Zhao K, Zhang H, Wei Y, Wang P, Wang D, Song C, Yang H, Zhang Z, Yao H, Qu Y, Kang X, Du K, Fan L, Han T, Yu C, Zhou B, Jiang T, Zhou Y, Lu J, Han Y, Zhang X, Liu B, Liu Y. Altered global signal topography in Alzheimer's disease. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104455. [PMID: 36758481 PMCID: PMC9941064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with widespread disruptions in intrinsic local specialization and global integration in the functional system of the brain. These changes in integration may further disrupt the global signal (GS) distribution, which might represent the local relative contribution to global activity in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS fMRI scans from a discovery dataset (n = 809) and a validated dataset (n = 542) were used in the analysis. We investigated the alteration of GS topography using the GS correlation (GSCORR) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The association between GS alterations and functional network properties was also investigated based on network theory. The underlying mechanism of GSCORR alterations was elucidated using imaging-transcriptomics. FINDINGS Significantly increased GS topography in the frontal lobe and decreased GS topography in the hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, caudate, and middle temporal gyrus were observed in patients with AD (Padj < 0.05). Notably, topographical GS changes in these regions correlated with cognitive ability (P < 0.05). The changes in GS topography also correlated with the changes in functional network segregation (ρ = 0.5). Moreover, the genes identified based on GS topographical changes were enriched in pathways associated with AD and neurodegenerative diseases. INTERPRETATION Our findings revealed significant changes in GS topography and its molecular basis, confirming the informative role of GS in AD and further contributing to the understanding of the relationship between global and local neuronal activities in patients with AD. FUNDING Beijing Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars, China; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China; National Natural Science Foundation, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pindong Chen
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbin Wei
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Chengyuan Song
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hongxiang Yao
- Department of Radiology, the Second Medical Centre, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yida Qu
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Kang
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Du
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Centre, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Centre, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognition Neuroscience & Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brainnetome Center & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China.
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Alvarez KLF, Aguilar-Pineda JA, Ortiz-Manrique MM, Paredes-Calderon MF, Cardenas-Quispe BC, Vera-Lopez KJ, Goyzueta-Mamani LD, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Davila-Del-Carpio G, Peralta-Mestas A, Musolino PL, Lino Cardenas CL. Co-occurring pathogenic variants in 6q27 associated with dementia spectrum disorders in a Peruvian family. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1104585. [PMID: 36873109 PMCID: PMC9978490 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that there may be racial differences in risk factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). We used whole-genome sequencing analysis and identified a novel combination of three pathogenic variants in the heterozygous state (UNC93A: rs7739897 and WDR27: rs61740334; rs3800544) in a Peruvian family with a strong clinical history of ADRD. Notably, the combination of these variants was present in two generations of affected individuals but absent in healthy members of the family. In silico and in vitro studies have provided insights into the pathogenicity of these variants. These studies predict that the loss of function of the mutant UNC93A and WDR27 proteins induced dramatic changes in the global transcriptomic signature of brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and especially pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, indicating that the combination of these three variants may affect the neurovascular unit. In addition, known key molecular pathways associated with dementia spectrum disorders were enriched in brain cells with low levels of UNC93A and WDR27. Our findings have thus identified a genetic risk factor for familial dementia in a Peruvian family with an Amerindian ancestral background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Lucia F. Alvarez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Bryan C. Cardenas-Quispe
- Division of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology of the National Hospital ESSALUD-HNCASE, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Karin Jannet Vera-Lopez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Luis D. Goyzueta-Mamani
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | - Antero Peralta-Mestas
- Division of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology of the National Hospital ESSALUD-HNCASE, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Patricia L. Musolino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Lin H, Sandkuhler S, Dunlea C, King DH, Johnson GVW. BAG3 regulates the specificity of the recognition of specific MAPT species by NBR1 and SQSTM1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.08.527546. [PMID: 36798173 PMCID: PMC9934686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.527546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy receptors are essential for the recognition and clearance of specific cargos by selective autophagy, which is essential for maintaining MAPT proteostasis. Previous studies have implicated different autophagy receptors in directing distinct species of MAPT to autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Here we examine how the autophagy receptors NBR1 and SQSTM1 differentially engage specific forms of MAPT and facilitate their clearance. In primary neurons depletion of NBR1, unlike depletion of SQSTM1, significantly increased phosphorylated MAPT levels. The specificity of the interactions were confirmed using in vitro binding assays with purified proteins. We provide direct evidence that NBR1 preferentially binds to monomeric MAPT, while SQSTM1 interacts predominantly with oligomeric MAPT, and that the co-chaperone BAG3 regulates the specificity of these interactions. Using an in vitro pulldown assay, we show that SQSTM1 only binds to monomeric MAPT when BAG3 is absent and fails to bind when BAG3 is present. The opposite is true of NBR1; its binding to monomeric MAPT was dependent on the presence of BAG3. Interestingly, in Alzheimer's disease brain the association of NBR1 with BAG3 was significantly decreased. In a mouse model, ablation of BAG3 in neural cells disrupted the association of NBR1 with phosphorylated MAPT and lead to increased levels of phosphorylated and oligomeric MAPT. Overall, our results uncover a novel role for BAG3 in regulating the specificity of selective autophagy receptors in targeting different species of MAPT and provide compelling evidence that BAG3 plays a key role in maintaining MAPT proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14620 USA
| | - Sarah Sandkuhler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14620 USA
| | - Colleen Dunlea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14620 USA
| | - Darron H King
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14620 USA
| | - Gail V. W. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 604, Rochester, NY 14620 USA
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Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: The Emerging Role of Cellular Lipotoxicity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010183. [PMID: 36671568 PMCID: PMC9855893 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's diseases (AD) represent major health issues that have reached alarming levels in the last decades. Although growing evidence demonstrates that AD is a significant comorbidity of T2D, and there is a ~1.4-2-fold increase in the risk of developing AD among T2D patients, the involvement of possible common triggers in the pathogenesis of these two diseases remains largely unknown. Of note, recent mechanistic insights suggest that lipotoxicity could represent the missing ring in the pathogenetic mechanisms linking T2D to AD. Indeed, obesity, which represents the main cause of lipotoxicity, has been recognized as a major risk factor for both pathological conditions. Lipotoxicity can lead to inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, ceramide and amyloid accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ferroptosis, and autophagy, which are shared biological events in the pathogenesis of T2D and AD. In the current review, we try to provide a critical and comprehensive view of the common molecular pathways activated by lipotoxicity in T2D and AD, attempting to summarize how these mechanisms can drive future research and open the way to new therapeutic perspectives.
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Wu S, Zhao K, Wang J, Liu N, Nie K, Qi L, Xia L. Recent advances of tanshinone in regulating autophagy for medicinal research. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1059360. [PMID: 36712689 PMCID: PMC9877309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1059360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially described as an ancient and highly conserved catabolic biofunction, autophagy plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis and progression. As the bioactive ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, tanshinone has recently shown profound effects in alleviating and treating various diseases by regulating autophagy. However, compared to the remarkable achievements in the known pharmacological effects of this traditional Chinese medicine, there is a lack of a concise and comprehensive review deciphering the mechanism by which tanshinone regulates autophagy for medicinal research. In this context, we concisely review the advances of tanshinone in regulating autophagy for medicinal research, including human cancer, the nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. The pharmacological effects of tanshinone targeting autophagy involve the regulation of autophagy-related proteins, such as Beclin-1, LC3-II, P62, ULK1, Bax, ATG3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9, and ATG12; the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MEK/ERK/mTOR, Beclin-1-related, and AMPK-related signaling pathways; the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and the activation of AMPK. Notably, we found that tanshinone played a dual role in human cancers in an autophagic manner, which may provide a new avenue for potential clinical application. In brief, these findings on autophagic tanshinone and its derivatives provide a new clue for expediting medicinal research related to tanshinone compounds and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaidi Nie
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Luming Qi
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Luming Qi, ; Lina Xia,
| | - Lina Xia
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Luming Qi, ; Lina Xia,
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Ma X, Feng Y, Quan X, Geng B, Li G, Fu X, Zeng L. Multi-omics analysis revealed the role of CCT2 in the induction of autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Front Genet 2023; 13:967730. [PMID: 36704351 PMCID: PMC9871314 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.967730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 2 (CCT2) is essential in various neurodegenerative diseases, albeit its role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the role of CCT2 in Alzheimer's disease. First, bioinformatics database analysis revealed that CCT2 was significantly downregulated in patients with Alzheimer's disease and associated with autophagic clearance of β-amyloid. The 789 differentially expressed genes overlapped in AD-group and CCT2-low/high group, and the CCT2-high-associated genes screened by Pearson coefficients were enriched in protein folding, autophagy, and messenger RNA stability regulation pathways. These results suggest that CCT2 is significantly and positively associated with multiple pathways linked to autophagy and negatively associated with neuronal death. The logistic prediction model with 13 key genes, such as CCT2, screened in this study better predicts Alzheimer's disease occurrence (AUC = 0.9671) and is a favorable candidate for predicting potential biological targets of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, this study predicts reciprocal micro RNAs and small molecule drugs for hub genes. Our findings suggest that low CCT2 expression may be responsible for the autophagy suppression in Alzheimer's disease, providing an accurate explanation for its pathogenesis and new targets and small molecule inhibitors for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ma
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxin Feng
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyu Quan
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingyu Geng
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Zeng
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Linlin Zeng,
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Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Li J, Abokyi S, Chan JNM, Ngai SPC, Lau BWM. In vitro methods in autophagy research: Applications in neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1168948. [PMID: 37122628 PMCID: PMC10130388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1168948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a conserved physiological intracellular mechanism responsible for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents (e.g., damaged organelles, and protein aggregates) to maintain cell homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's Disease (HD), and recently aberrant autophagy has been associated with mood disorders, such as depression. Several in vitro methods have been developed to study the complex and tightly regulated mechanisms of autophagy. In vitro methods applied to autophagy research are used to identify molecular key players involved in dysfunctional autophagy and to screen autophagy regulators with therapeutic applications in neurological diseases and mood disorders. Therefore, the aims of this narrative review are (1) to compile information on the cell-based methods used in autophagy research, (2) to discuss their application, and (3) to create a catalog of traditional and novel in vitro methods applied in neurodegenerative diseases and depression. Methods Pubmed and Google Scholar were used to retrieve relevant in vitro studies on autophagy mechanisms in neurological diseases and depression using a combination of search terms per mechanism and disease (e.g., "macroautophagy" and "Alzheimer's disease"). A total of 37 studies were included (14 in PD, 8 in AD, 5 in ALS, 5 in %, and 5 in depression). Results A repertoire of traditional and novel approaches and techniques was compiled and discussed. The methods used in autophagy research focused on the mechanisms of macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. The in vitro tools presented in this review can be applied to explore pathophysiological mechanisms at a molecular level and to screen for potential therapeutic agents and their mechanism of action, which can be of great importance to understanding disease biology and potential therapeutic options in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and depression. Conclusion This is the first review to compile, discuss, and provide a catalog of traditional and novel in vitro models applied to neurodegenerative disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña, ;
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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48
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Wu QJ, Zhang TN, Chen HH, Yu XF, Lv JL, Liu YY, Liu YS, Zheng G, Zhao JQ, Wei YF, Guo JY, Liu FH, Chang Q, Zhang YX, Liu CG, Zhao YH. The sirtuin family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:402. [PMID: 36581622 PMCID: PMC9797940 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotine adenine dinucleotide(+)-dependent histone deacetylases regulating critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are involved in numerous biological processes. Currently, seven mammalian homologs of yeast Sir2 named SIRT1 to SIRT7 have been identified. Increasing evidence has suggested the vital roles of seven members of the SIRT family in health and disease conditions. Notably, this protein family plays a variety of important roles in cellular biology such as inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, etc., thus, it is considered a potential therapeutic target for different kinds of pathologies including cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and other conditions. Moreover, identification of SIRT modulators and exploring the functions of these different modulators have prompted increased efforts to discover new small molecules, which can modify SIRT activity. Furthermore, several randomized controlled trials have indicated that different interventions might affect the expression of SIRT protein in human samples, and supplementation of SIRT modulators might have diverse impact on physiological function in different participants. In this review, we introduce the history and structure of the SIRT protein family, discuss the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of seven members of the SIRT protein family, elaborate on the regulatory roles of SIRTs in human disease, summarize SIRT inhibitors and activators, and review related clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Wu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tie-Ning Zhang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Fei Yu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Le Lv
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Shu Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun-Qi Zhao
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wei
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Yi Guo
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Chang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Zhang
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cai-Gang Liu
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Cancer, Breast Cancer Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhao
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Liaoning Key Laboratory of Precision Medical Research on Major Chronic Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China ,grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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49
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Old and Promising Markers Related to Autophagy in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010072. [PMID: 36613513 PMCID: PMC9820105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the first causes of death and disability in the world. Because of the lack of macroscopical or histologic evidence of the damage, the forensic diagnosis of TBI could be particularly difficult. Considering that the activation of autophagy in the brain after a TBI is well documented in literature, the aim of this review is to find all autophagy immunohistological protein markers that are modified after TBI to propose a method to diagnose this eventuality in the brain of trauma victims. A systematic literature review on PubMed following PRISMA 2020 guidelines has enabled the identification of 241 articles. In all, 21 of these were enrolled to identify 24 markers that could be divided into two groups. The first consisted of well-known markers that could be considered for a first diagnosis of TBI. The second consisted of new markers recently proposed in the literature that could be used in combination with the markers of the first group to define the elapsed time between trauma and death. However, the use of these markers has to be validated in the future in human tissue by further studies, and the influence of other diseases affecting the victims before death should be explored.
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50
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Zhang W, Chen X, Du Z, Mao X, Gao R, Chen Z, Wang H, Zhang G, Zhang N, Li H, Song Y, Chang L, Wu Y. Knockdown of astrocytic Grin2a exacerbated sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairments and elevation of amyloid-beta. Sleep Med 2022; 100:280-290. [PMID: 36148760 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are associated with cognitive impairments, greater amyloid-β (Aβ) burden and increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, while the underlying mechanism is unclear. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), as vital modulators of cognition, are sensitive to sleep disturbance. Sleep deprivation (SD) could induce the alterations of neuronal NMDAR subunits expression, however the alterations of astrocytic NMDARs in SD have not been reported. Our previous study has demonstrated knockdown of astrocytic Grin2a (gene encoding NMDAR subunit GluN2A) could aggravate Aβ-induced cognitive impairments, but what role astrocytic GluN2A may play in SD is unknown. Here we focused on the changes and roles of hippocampal astrocytic GluN2A in SD. Our results showed SD increased the expression of astrocytic GluN2A. Specific knockdown of hippocampal astrocytic Grin2a aggravated SD-induced cognitive decline, elevated Aβ, and attenuated the SD-induced increase in autophagy flux. Our finding, for the first time, revealed a novel neuroprotective role for astrocytic GluN2A in SD, which may be helpful for developing new preventive and therapeutic targets to sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zunshu Du
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Gao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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