1
|
Establishment and characterization of chemotherapy-enriched sphere-forming cells with stemness phenotypes as a new cell line (BAG 50) of gastric carcinoma. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:201. [PMID: 36175578 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignancy with a high mortality rate worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of tumor cells that possess the tumor-initiating ability, self-renewal capacity, and high resistance to conventional therapies. Due to the diversity and complexity of human tumors, new cell lines are urgently needed to supply clinically and physiologically relevant cancer models. Here, we report establishing a novel cell line (BAG50) with stemness properties. Chemotherapy-enriched sphere-forming cells with CSC properties isolated from a patient with GC were cultured in a serum-containing medium and passaged for up to 51 passages. The colony-forming ability and tumor-forming capacity of BAG50 cells were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. mRNA upregulation of stemness-related transcriptional factors using real-time PCR as well as expression of CSC markers using flow cytometry was investigated. Finally, STR profiling and chromosome studies were performed. BAG50 cells formed floating spheroid colonies in a serum-free medium. Subcutaneous injection of these cells generated xenograft tumors in nude mice. Pluripotency markers (SOX-2, OCT4, and Cripto-1) in them were upregulated compared with normal gastric cells. The majority of them expressed CSC markers of CD44, CD54, and EpCAM, and stemness marker of oct-4. STR profiling showed a unique DNA fingerprint. Karyotype also demonstrated multiple aneuploidies and chromosomal translocations. We suggested that the highly tumorigenic BAG50 cell line with stem cell-like phenotypes may provide a valuable in vitro tool to support new diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers as well as the development of more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Trastuzumab in combination with paclitaxel enhances antitumor activity by promoting apoptosis in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive trastuzumab-resistant gastric cancer xenograft models. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 31:241-250. [PMID: 31633500 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab, a humanized anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibody drug, is the first-line therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast and gastric cancer. For breast cancer, the benefit of continuous treatment with trastuzumab after it becomes refractory to first-line therapy has been demonstrated. However, it is unclear whether trastuzumab can show similar efficacy as a second-line treatment for gastric cancer. Here, we report that trastuzumab in combination with paclitaxel exhibits increased antitumor efficacy even for trastuzumab-resistant xenografted tumors. We derived the trastuzumab-resistant models from previously established human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive gastric cancer patient-derived cells. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, PIK3CA mutation, and phosphatase and tensin homolog expression in these resistant models was equivalent to those in the trastuzumab-sensitive parental model, whereas cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p16, p15, and p21, were downregulated. Trastuzumab in combination with paclitaxel enhanced antitumor activity in both the sensitive and resistant models. In the trastuzumab-sensitive model, the combination of trastuzumab and paclitaxel resulted in suppression of the AKT-p27-retinoblastoma protein pathway and induction of apoptosis. Although this combination did not suppress retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in the trastuzumab-resistant model, it did markedly decrease epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 phosphorylation and further enhance paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis. These results suggested that trastuzumab in combination with paclitaxel can still exert more potent antitumor efficacy than each agent alone in trastuzumab-resistant models, providing evidence that trastuzumab remains beneficial in the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant tumors.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei J, Xue Y, Huo X, Han R, Su X, Jin Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhang H, Dai J, Chen J. Establishment and characterization of the GC-030-35 cell line derived from gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1275-1287. [PMID: 30799954 PMCID: PMC6371931 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s186416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma is a rare subtype of primary gastric cancer and is a high-grade form of malignancy. However, the pathogenesis and molecular biology of gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to establish and characterize a new human gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma cell line, GC-030-35. Materials and methods The GC-030-35 cell line was established from tumor cells from a 58-year-old Chinese man with gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. The cultured cells underwent immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry to confirm the tumor cell phenotype. RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the differences in gene expression between GC-030-35 cells compared with normal gastric epithelial cells. A zebrafish assay was performed. Gene enrichment analysis and interrogation of the bioinformatics databases, the Gene Ontology (GO) database and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, were used for pathway analysis. Results Flow cytometry analysis of the GC-030-35 cells showed a positive expression rate for CD44+ of 10.7%, high cell clonality, an average plating efficiency of 32%, cell-doubling time of 29.2 hours, and cell proliferation for >15 generations in serial culture. The zebrafish assay showed the ability of the GC-030-35 cells to proliferate, promote angiogenesis, and metastasize. RNA sequencing identified the functional clustering of 6,601 differentially expressed genes of GC-030-35, which were significantly different when compared with nonneoplastic gastric epithelial cells. Pathway enrichment analysis and interrogation of the GO and KEGG bioinformatics databases identified genes for microbial metabolism in diverse environments (63 genes), metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 (CYP450; 25 genes), and the drug metabolism cytochrome P450 (28 genes). Conclusion A human gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma cell line, GC-030-35, was developed and characterized by comparison with normal gastric epithelial cells. Bioinformatics and gene analysis data showed that the CYP450 gene was significantly differentially expressed by GC-030-35 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsun Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Yiqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Xinying Huo
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Rongbo Han
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Xinyu Su
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Yuetong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Jiali Dai
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Jinfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kakiuchi T, Takahara T, Kasugai Y, Arita K, Yoshida N, Karube K, Suguro M, Matsuo K, Nakanishi H, Kiyono T, Nakamura S, Osada H, Sekido Y, Seto M, Tsuzuki S. Modeling mesothelioma utilizing human mesothelial cells reveals involvement of phospholipase-C beta 4 in YAP-active mesothelioma cell proliferation. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:1098-1109. [PMID: 27559111 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesotheliomas are frequently characterized by disruption of Hippo pathway due to deletion and/or mutation in genes, such as neurofibromin 2 ( NF2 ). Hippo disruption attenuates yes-associated protein (YAP) phosphorylation allowing YAP to translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene expression. The role of disrupted Hippo pathway in maintenance of established mesotheliomas has been extensively investigated using cell lines; however, its involvement in development of human mesothelioma has not been explored much. Here, we employed immortalized human mesothelial cells to disrupt Hippo pathway. YAP phosphorylation was reduced on NF2 knockdown and the cells exhibited altered growth in vitro , developing tumors when transplanted into nude mice. Similar results were obtained from enforced expression of wild-type or constitutively active (S127A) YAP, indicating the crucial role of activated YAP in the transformation of mesothelial cells. Gene expression analysis comparing control- and YAP-transduced immortalized human mesothelial cells revealed phospholipase-C beta 4 ( PLCB4 ) to be among the genes highly upregulated by YAP. PLCB4 was upregulated by YAP in immortalized human mesothelial cells and downregulated on YAP knockdown in Hippo-disrupted mesothelioma cell lines. PLCB4 knockdown attenuated the growth of YAP-transduced immortalized mesothelial cells and YAP-active, but not YAP-nonactive, mesothelioma cell lines. Our model system thus provides a versatile tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying mesothelioma development. We suggest that PLCB4 may be an attractive drug target for the treatment of mesothelioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kakiuchi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nagoya University Hospital , Nagoya 466-0065 , Japan
| | - Taishi Takahara
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nagoya University Hospital , Nagoya 466-0065 , Japan
| | - Yumiko Kasugai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan
| | - Kotaro Arita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama , Toyama 930-0194 , Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine , Kurume 830-0011 , Japan.,Present address: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kennosuke Karube
- Laboratory of Cytopathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa 903-0215 , Japan
| | - Miyuki Suguro
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Clinical Research, Aichi Cancer Center , Aichi Hospital, Okazaki 444-0011 , Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute , Tokyo 104-0045 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nagoya University Hospital , Nagoya 466-0065 , Japan
| | - Hirotaka Osada
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Program in Function Construction Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 466-8550 , Japan and
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Program in Function Construction Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya 466-8550 , Japan and
| | - Masao Seto
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine , Kurume 830-0011 , Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuzuki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya 464-8681 , Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine , Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saito T, Nakanishi H, Mochizuki Y, Ito S, Ito Y, Misawa K, Yatabe Y, Yamamichi K, Kondo E. Preferential HER2 expression in liver metastases and EGFR expression in peritoneal metastases in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:711-9. [PMID: 25173363 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent clinical trials, the sensitivity and resistance of metastatic gastric cancer to anti-HER2 and anti-EGFR therapy are still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS To clarify the HER2 and EGFR expression status in the metastatic sites, we immunohistochemically compared HER2 and EGFR expression between primary and metastatic tumors from 52 gastric cancer patients with liver metastases and 85 patients with peritoneal metastases. RESULTS The HER2 positivity rate of primary and metastatic tumors in patients with liver metastases, especially with intestinal-type histology (70.6 and 80.0 %, respectively), was significantly higher than in primary and metastatic tumors (22.4 and 16.4 %, respectively) in patients with peritoneal metastases. HER2 positivity of the primary tumor and liver metastases showed good concordance (87.5 %) in patients with liver metastases. In contrast, the EGFR positivity rate of metastatic tumors (70.1 %) in patients with peritoneal metastases was significantly higher than that of metastatic tumors (37.5 %) in patients with liver metastases. HER2 and EGFR expression tended to be mutually exclusive, and HER2/EGFR double-positive cases were rare in patients with liver or peritoneal metastases. In four such patients with HER2/EGFR double-positive primary tumors, the HER2- and EGFR-positive areas were separate, and corresponding liver metastasis was only positive for HER2 and peritoneal metastasis only positive for EGFR. CONCLUSION These results indicate that HER2 and EGFR are preferentially expressed in the liver and peritoneal metastases, respectively, which would be potential targets for anti-HER2 and anti-EGFR molecular therapy in metastatic gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Saito
- Program in Health and Community Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan.
| | | | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunari Misawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keigo Yamamichi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Program in Health and Community Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saito T, Kondo C, Shitara K, Ito Y, Saito N, Ikehara Y, Yatabe Y, Yamamichi K, Tanaka H, Nakanishi H. Comparison of intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2 expression between primary tumor and multiple organ metastases in gastric cancer: Clinicopathological study of three autopsy cases and one resected case. Pathol Int 2015; 65:309-17. [PMID: 25828363 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2 expression in the metastatic foci of HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, we compared HER2 expression between primary and metastatic tumors in HER2-positive three autopsied cases and one resected case with multiple organ metastases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and dual color in situ hybridization (DISH). All four cases judged positive (IHC3+) at the primary tumor tissues showed varying HER2 gene amplification (GA) status. One homogeneously HER2-positive autopsied case (Case 1) and one intratumorally heterogeneous positive resected case (Case 2) with high GA showed a homogeneous positive staining pattern in all the metastatic foci. One heterogeneously HER2-positive autopsied case (Case 3) with low GA showed a partially heterogeneous HER2 staining pattern in all the metastatic foci. In contrast, one heterogeneously HER2-positive autopsied case (Case 4) with equivocal GA showed a completely heterogeneous HER2 staining pattern in the metastatic foci. These results indicate that HER2-positive gastric cancers with low to high GA at the primary tumor show substantially homogeneous HER2 overexpression in the metastatic foci, whereas HER2-positive gastric cancers with equivocal GA expressed HER2 heterogeneously within the metastatic tumor, suggesting that metastatic foci of the latter HER2-positive cases would be potentially resistant to trastuzumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Saito
- Department of Epidemiology, Program in Health and Community Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kondo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohei Shitara
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriko Saito
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Molecular Medicine Team, Research Centre for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keigo Yamamichi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Program in Health and Community Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Clinical Research, Aichi Cancer Center, Aichi Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ito A, Ito Y, Matsushima S, Tsuchida D, Ogasawara M, Hasegawa J, Misawa K, Kondo E, Kaneda N, Nakanishi H. New whole-body multimodality imaging of gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis combining fluorescence imaging with ICG-labeled antibody and MRI in mice. Gastric Cancer 2015; 17:497-507. [PMID: 24288123 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal metastasis is the most frequent pattern of recurrence after curative surgery for gastric cancer. However, such a recurrence is difficult to detect by conventional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at an early stage. To improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic imaging for peritoneal metastasis, we developed a new type of multimodality imaging combining fluorescence imaging with near-infrared fluorophore (NIR)-labeled antibodies and MRI. METHODS Dual optical imaging of peritoneal metastasis was carried out using luciferase-tagged gastric cancer cell lines and XenoLight CF750 or indocyanine green (ICG)-labeled anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or CEA antibody as a probe in mice with Ivis in vivo imaging system. RESULTS This whole-body fluorescent imaging system sensitively detected metastatic foci <1 mm in diameter in the peritoneal cavity noninvasively. Fluorescence imaging proved to be specific because the fluorescence signal was abolished by blocking with excess unlabeled antibody. Although this fluorescence imaging had higher sensitivity for detection of small-sized peritoneal metastases than MRI, it proved difficult to accurately determine organ distribution of the metastasis. We thus developed a multimodality imaging system by the fusion of the three-dimensional fluorescence image with the MRI image and demonstrated its improved diagnostic accuracy over either method alone. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that multimodality imaging consisting of fluorescence imaging with NIR-labeled EGFR or CEA antibody and MRI allows sensitive, specific, and anatomically accurate detection of peritoneal metastasis noninvasively at an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ito
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lapatinib sensitivities of two novel trastuzumab-resistant HER2 gene-amplified gastric cancer cell lines. Gastric Cancer 2015; 17:450-62. [PMID: 23948998 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trastuzumab (Tmab) resistance is a major clinical problem to be resolved in patients with HER2-positive gastric cancers. However, in contrast to the situation for HER2-positive breast cancer lines, the Tmab-resistant gastric cancer preclinical models that are needed to develop a new therapy to overcome this problem are not yet available. METHODS We developed three new cell lines from HER2 gene-amplified gastric cancer cell lines (GLM-1, GLM-4, NCI N-87) by a new in vivo selection method consisting of the repeated culture of small residual peritoneal metastasis but not subcutaneous tumor after Tmab treatment. We then evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of lapatinib for these Tmab-resistant cells. RESULTS We successfully isolated two Tmab-resistant cell lines (GLM1-HerR2(3), GLM4-HerR2) among the three tested cell lines. These resistant cells differed from the parental cells in their flat morphology and rapid growth in vitro, but HER2, P95HER2 expression, and Tmab binding were essentially the same for the parental and resistant cells. MUC4 expression was up- or downregulated depending on the cell line. These resistant cells were still sensitive to lapatinib, similar to the parental cells, in vitro. This growth inhibition of the Tmab-resistant cells by lapatinib was due to both G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induction via effective blockade of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. A preclinical study confirmed that the Tmab-resistant tumors are significantly susceptible to lapatinib. CONCLUSION These results suggest that lapatinib has antitumor activity against the Tmab-resistant gastric cancer cell lines, and that these cell lines are useful for understanding the mechanism of Tmab resistance and for developing a new molecular therapy for Tmab-resistant HER2-positive gastric cancers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Su GQ, Zhang FX, Mao HH, Liu XW, Zheng YS, Zhang SY, Su JJ. Research of shRNAmir inhibitory effects towards focal adhesion kinase expression in the treatment of gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:595-603. [PMID: 25621028 PMCID: PMC4301487 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common type of malignant tumor, with a poor prognosis. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates the crosslink of intracellular signaling networks, playing a key role in cell migration and invasion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of FAK interference on the proliferation ability, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. The FAK-RNAi lentiviral vector was infected into SGC7901 gastric cancer cells in order to observe the in vivo situations of tumor growth and metastasis before and after the FAK interference. The growth of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells in the interference group was significantly inhibited compared with that of the negative control (P<0.05) and the blank control groups (P<0.05), and the FAK expression significantly decreased (P<0.05). The in vitro invasion and metastasis experiments showed that the cell invasion and metastasis abilities of the interference group significantly decreased when compared with those of the negative control (P<0.05) and blank control groups (P<0.05). In the nude mouse subcutaneous tumor transplantation model, the mean ± standard deviation tumor weight of the interference group (1.474±0.9840 g) was lower than that of the negative control (3.134±0.3299 g) and blank control (2.68±0.12 g) groups (P<0.05). In the nude mice, the liver and peritoneal metastasis rates of the interference group were significantly lower than those of the negative control (P<0.05) and the blank control groups (P<0.05), and the FAK mRNA of the interference group significantly reduced (P<0.05). In conclusion, FAK interference could effectively suppress the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of transfected SGC7901 gastric cancer cells, and could inhibit the growth and distant metastasis of gastric cancer in nude mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Su
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - He-Hui Mao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jun Su
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marked antitumor effect of NK012, a SN-38-incorporating micelle formulation, in a newly developed mouse model of liver metastasis resulting from gastric cancer. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:129-38. [PMID: 24483192 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer with liver metastasis (LM) is associated with poor prognosis due to rapid progression. It is, therefore, important to develop a quantitative and highly reproducible animal model of LM using human gastric cancer cells. METHODS Cells of a human gastric cancer cell line, HSC-57, were injected into the portal vein to produce LMs. Cells from some of these metastatic foci were expanded in vitro and subsequently implanted into the portal veins of mice. This procedure was repeated nine times. The antitumor effects of CPT-11 and NK012 were compared using the LM model. RESULTS The potent metastatic clone 57L9 was obtained. NK012 exerted a stronger antitumor effect than CPT-11 against 57L9 cells integrated with the luciferase gene (57L9Luc). The survival rates on day 131 in the 57L9Luc mouse model were 100% and 0% for the NK012 and CPT-11 groups, respectively. CONCLUSION This 57L9Luc LM model was found to be useful for monitoring the responses to NK012 and CPT-11.
Collapse
|
11
|
Murakami H, Nakanishi H, Tanaka H, Ito S, Misawa K, Ito Y, Ikehara Y, Kondo E, Kodera Y. Establishment and characterization of novel gastric signet-ring cell and non signet-ring cell poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cell lines with low and high malignant potential. Gastric Cancer 2013; 16:74-83. [PMID: 22450770 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-012-0149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) and non signet-ring cell carcinoma (NSRCC) are prevalent histological subtypes of gastric cancers with distinct morphological features. To date, however, the molecular basis of their growth, differentiation, and metastasis still remains unclear, because of the limitation of available cell lines. METHODS In the present study, we established novel SRCC and NSRCC cell lines (designated GPM-2 and GPM-1) derived from the ascites of two individual gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. RESULTS Immunohistochemical and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that GPM-2 cells showed both gastric and intestinal differentiation phenotypes (E-cadherin+/MUC5AC+/MUC6+/Villin+), and formed xenografted tumors with typical SRCC histology in nude mice. In contrast, GPM-1 cells only weakly expressed differentiation markers, showing a phenotype of E-cadherin(low)+/MUC2-/MUC5AC-/Villin(low)+. Characteristically, GPM-2 cells were found to highly express both membrane-bound mucin (MUC1/MUC4) and secreted mucin glycoproteins (MUC5AC/MUC6), whose expression is regulated by an epigenetic mechanism such as histone acetylation. GPM-2 cells also secreted a large amount of sTn antigen into the culture medium. These mucin profiles of GPM-2 cells are distinct from those of conventional SRCC cell lines (KATO III and HSC-39), which preferentially express intestinal MUC2/MUC4 as well as sLe(x) and sLe(A) antigens. In addition, GPM-2 cells showed a slow growth rate, and a lower metastatic potential than GPM-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the cells of the new SRCC line, GPM-2 cells, are more differentiated and less aggressive than NSRCC-type GPM-1 cells, and would thus offer an excellent model for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the growth, differentiation, and mucin production of an SRCC gastric cancer cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Establishment and characterization of six human gastric carcinoma cell lines, including one naturally infected with Epstein-Barr virus. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 35:127-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
13
|
Strategies for treating liver metastasis from gastric cancer. Surg Today 2010; 40:287-94. [PMID: 20339981 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-4152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with liver metastasis from gastric cancer is dismal. This article reviews the characteristics of gastric cancer metastasizing to the liver, and multimodality of treatments. Differentiated adenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a medullary growth pattern, and special types, including endocrine carcinoma and hepatoid carcinoma, are likely to metastasize to the liver. The overexpression of growth factors or adhesion molecules is clinically significant for liver metastasis. Surgery for liver metastases arising from gastric adenocarcinoma is reasonable if a complete resection seems feasible after careful preoperative staging. A hepatic resection should always be considered as an option for gastric cancer patients with hepatic metastases. Newer generation cytotoxic agents such as S-1, irinotecan, and taxanes show promising activity for patients with metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy or molecular targeted therapy will provide significant benefits to patients in the future.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hara M, Nakanishi H, Tsujimura K, Matsui M, Yatabe Y, Manabe T, Tatematsu M. Interleukin-2 potentiation of cetuximab antitumor activity for epidermal growth factor receptor-overexpressing gastric cancer xenografts through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1471-8. [PMID: 18422755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been proved to have clinically significant antitumor activity against advanced colorectal cancers, but its therapeutic activity for gastric cancers remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect and action mechanism of cetuximab using EGFR high-expressing (MKN-28) and EGFR low-expressing (GLM-1) gastric cancer cell lines without gene amplification. Cetuximab showed neither significant growth inhibition nor induction of apoptosis in either cell line in vitro, and only slightly inhibited ligand-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in MKN-28 cells. In contrast, cetuximab significantly inhibited subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tumor growth of MKN-28 cells, but not GLM-1 cells, in nude mice. This antitumor activity was significantly enhanced and diminished in nude mice by treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and antiasialo GM1 antibody, which can expand and deplete natural killer (NK) cells, respectively. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of cetuximab, as measured by (51)Cr release assay, was significantly higher in MKN-28 than in GLM-1 cells. This ADCC activity was enhanced by IL-2 and reduced by heat-aggregate of human immunoglobulin G, an inhibitor for FcR-III of NK cells. These results suggest that cetuximab in combination with IL-2 shows significant antitumor activity against EGFR high-expressing gastric cancer mainly through NK cell-mediated ADCC. Combination therapy with cetuximab and IL-2 would thus offer a new potential therapeutic approach for a subset of EGFR-overexpressing gastric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Hara
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hara M, Nakanishi H, Jun Q, Kanemitsu Y, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Yamamura Y, Kodera Y, Tatematsu M, Hirai T, Kato T. Comparative analysis of intraperitoneal minimal free cancer cells between colorectal and gastric cancer patients using quantitative RT-PCR: possible reason for rare peritoneal recurrence in colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:179-89. [PMID: 17487561 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal recurrence has a much lower incidence in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients than gastric cancer (GC) patients. The aim of this study is to clarify the reason for the rare peritoneal recurrence in CRC as compared with GC. The incidence and the abundance of free tumor cells in the peritoneal lavages from 102 CRC and 126 GC patients who underwent curative surgery were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) as genetic markers. Prognostic significance of CEA and CK20 mRNA was also compared between CRC and GC after 2 years of follow-up by Kaplan-Meyer method with overall and peritoneal recurrence-free survival as endpoints. Positivity rate and average values of CEA and CK20 mRNA in peritoneal lavages of CRC patients, which are correlated to the depth of tumor invasion (pT category), were essentially the same as those of GC cases. Overall survival was significantly (marginally) worse in CEA mRNA (CK20 mRNA)-positive CRC patients than negatives like GC. However, peritoneal recurrence-free survival was not different between CEA (CK20) mRNA-positive and -negative CRC patients, in quite contrast to GC cases. Multivariate analysis showed that CEA mRNA was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in GC patients, but not in CRC patients. These results suggest that the rare peritoneal recurrence in CRC patients is not due to the low incidence or the small number of intraperitoneal free cancer cells, but more likely reflects due to the low-peritoneal metastatic potential of CRC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Hara
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yokoyama H, Ikehara Y, Kodera Y, Ikehara S, Yatabe Y, Mochizuki Y, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Nakao A, Tatematsu M, Nakanishi H. Molecular basis for sensitivity and acquired resistance to gefitinib in HER2-overexpressing human gastric cancer cell lines derived from liver metastasis. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1504-13. [PMID: 17088902 PMCID: PMC2360749 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer metastasised to the liver was found to overexpress HER2 at a significantly higher incidence than primary gastric cancers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibility of molecular therapy targeting HER2 overexpression in gastric cancer liver metastasis. We developed three new HER2-overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines (GLM-1, GLM-2, GLM-4) without epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations derived from such liver metastasis, two of which had HER2 gene amplifications. All these GLM series of cell lines were highly sensitive to gefitinib in vitro, a specific inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase (Iressa) rather than anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin), whereas most of the HER2 low-expressing counterparts were not. In these HER2-overexpressing GLM series, protein kinase B (Akt), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), was constitutively phosphorylated, and gefitinib efficiently inhibited this Akt phosphorylation, induced strong apoptosis in vitro and exhibited antitumour activity in tumour xenografts in nude mice. This gefitinib-mediated antitumour effect in xenograft was significantly potentiated by trastuzumab treatment. On the other hand, gefitinib-resistant cells (GLM-1R) exhibited increased EGFR expression, followed by constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These results suggest that the antitumour effect of gefitinib is due to the effective inhibition of HER2-driven constitutive activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, and that the acquired resistance to gefitinib is due to the constitutive activation of Ras/MAPK pathway in compensation for PI3K/Akt pathway. Gastric cancer liver metastasis with HER2 overexpression would be a potential molecular target for gefitinib and trastuzumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yokoyama
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Y Ikehara
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Y Kodera
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - S Ikehara
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Y Yatabe
- Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Y Mochizuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - M Koike
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - M Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - A Nakao
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - M Tatematsu
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - H Nakanishi
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|