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Zukić S, Osmanović A, Harej Hrkać A, Kraljević Pavelić S, Špirtović-Halilović S, Veljović E, Roca S, Trifunović S, Završnik D, Maran U. Data-Driven Modelling of Substituted Pyrimidine and Uracil-Based Derivatives Validated with Newly Synthesized and Antiproliferative Evaluated Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9390. [PMID: 39273338 PMCID: PMC11395534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The pyrimidine heterocycle plays an important role in anticancer research. In particular, the pyrimidine derivative families of uracil show promise as structural scaffolds relevant to cervical cancer. This group of chemicals lacks data-driven machine learning quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) that allow for generalization and predictive capabilities in the search for new active compounds. To achieve this, a dataset of pyrimidine and uracil compounds from ChEMBL were collected and curated. A workflow was developed for data-driven machine learning QSAR using an intuitive dataset design and forwards selection of molecular descriptors. The model was thoroughly externally validated against available data. Blind validation was also performed by synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of new synthesized uracil-based and pyrimidine derivatives. The most active compound among new synthesized derivatives, 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyrimidine was predicted with the QSAR model with differences of 0.02 compared to experimentally tested activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila Street 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Amar Osmanović
- University of Sarajevo-Faculty of Pharmacy, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anja Harej Hrkać
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Selma Špirtović-Halilović
- University of Sarajevo-Faculty of Pharmacy, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elma Veljović
- University of Sarajevo-Faculty of Pharmacy, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sunčica Roca
- Centre for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Street 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snežana Trifunović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Davorka Završnik
- University of Sarajevo-Faculty of Pharmacy, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Uko Maran
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila Street 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Matić J, Jukić M, Ismaili H, Saftić D, Ban Ž, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Opačak-Bernardi T, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Žinić B. 6-Morpholino- and 6-amino-9-sulfonylpurine derivatives. Synthesis, computational analysis, and biological activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:470-503. [PMID: 33709867 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1896001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel 6-chloro/morpholino/amino/-9-sulfonylpurine derivatives was accomplished in two ways, either (i) involving the condensation reaction of 6-chloropurine with commercially available arylsulfonyl chlorides in acetone and the presence of aqueous KOH at 0 °C, followed by the substitution of C6-chlorine with morpholine, or (ii) employing a reversed synthetic approach where 6-morpholinopurine and commercially available adenine bases were reacted with the corresponding alkyl, 2-arylethene and arylsulfonyl chlorides giving the N9 sulfonylated products, the latter particularly used where prior nonselective sulfonylation was observed. In both approaches, the sulfonylation reaction occurred regioselectively at the purine N9 position lacking any concurrent N7 derivatives, except in the case of a smaller methyl substituent on SO2 and the free amino group at C6 of the purine ring. The tautomeric features of initial N9 unsubstituted purines, as well as stability trends among the prepared N-9-sulfonylpurine derivates, were investigated using DFT calculations with an important conclusion that electron-donating C6 substituents are beneficial for the synthesis as they both promote the predominance of the desired N9 tautomers and help to assure the stability of the final products. The newly synthesized 6-morpholino and 6-amino-9-sulfonylpurine derivatives showed antiproliferative activity on human carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia cells. Among the tested compounds, 6-morpholino 17 and 6-amino 22 derivatives, with trans-β-styrenesulfonyl group attached at the N9 position of purine, proved to be the most effective antiproliferative agents, causing accumulation of leukemia cells in subG0 cell cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Matić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Jukić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hamit Ismaili
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Dijana Saftić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Ban
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tana Tandarić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Glavaš-Obrovac L, Jukić M, Mišković K, Marković I, Saftić D, Ban Ž, Matić J, Žinić B. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of molecular copper(II) complex of N-1-tosylcytosine. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 55:216-222. [PMID: 29066001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to enhance the previously observed antiproliferative capacity of 1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)cytosine (N-1-tosylcytosine, ligand 1), its copper(II) complex (Cu(1-TsC-N3)2Cl2, complex 2) was prepared and tested in vitro on various carcinoma and leukemia cells. The comparative in vitro studies using the ligand 1, the complex 2, CuCl2x2H2O salt (salt 3) and the 1:2 mixture of the salt 3 and ligand 1 (mixture 4) were performed on normal (WI38), human carcinoma (HeLa, CaCo2, MiaPaCa2, SW620), lymphoma (Raji) and leukemia (K562) cell lines. Significantly elevated concentration of the intracellular copper after treatment of K562 cells and HeLa cells during 2h with complex 2 (7.83 vs. 5.4 times) was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. We found that antiproliferative capacity of the tested compounds varies (IC50 after 72h of exposure: 0.6×10-6M to>100×10-6M). Leukemia and lymphoma cells were found the most sensitive to complex 2 which showed more than 100 times higher in vitro activity against K562 cells than ligand 1. Apoptotic morphological changes, an externalization of phosphatydilserine, and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential of treated cells were found. The caspase-3 activity in HeLa and K562 cells was measured by caspase-3 colorimetric assay kit. Caspase-3 was not activated in the treated K562 cells while salt 3 and the mixture 4 in the HeLa cells significantly increased tested enzyme activity. These findings suggest that copper(II) in the molecular complex 2 by improving entry of the N-1-tosylcytosine 1 into cells increases its antiproliferative capacity. In summary, the present study demonstrated that complex 2 possesses an antileukemic effect on K562 cells, and its anticancer activity was attributed with induction of apoptosis. The exact mechanism of apoptosis induction by complex 2 must be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Marijana Jukić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Mišković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Marković
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, Huttlerova 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Dijana Saftić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Željka Ban
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josipa Matić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Saftić D, Žinić B, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Studzińska M, Paradowska E, Leśnikowski ZJ. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of antiviral and cytostatic properties of novel 8-triazolyl acyclovir derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:397-414. [PMID: 30449256 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1485932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the research aimed on identification of new nucleobase derivatives with improved biological properties, a series of novel 8-substituted acyclovir derivatives were synthesized. The 8-azidoguanosine 4 and novel 8-azidoacyclovir 9 were synthesized from commercially available guanosine 1 and acyclovir 6 which were transformed into 8-bromopurine derivatives 2 and 7 and hydrazine derivatives 3 and 8, respectively. 8-Triazolylguanosine 5 and 8-triazolylacyclovir analogs 10-12 were successfully synthesized via the Cu(I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azides 4 and 9 with propargyl alcohol, 4-pentyn-1-ol and 5-hexyn-1-ol. The novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazolyl compounds 5, 10-12 were evaluated for antiviral activity against selected DNA and RNA viruses and cytostatic activity against normal Madine Darby canine kidney (MDCK I) cells, and seven tumor cell lines (HeLa, CaCo-2, NCI-H358, Jurkat, K562, Raji and HuT78). While tested compounds exerted no antiviral activity at nontoxic concentrations, the 8-triazolyl acyclovir derivative 10, with the shortest alkyl substituent at the C-4 of triazole ring, was found to be the most active against the CaCo-2 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Saftić
- a Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Biserka Žinić
- a Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- b Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- c Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry , Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Łódź , Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- c Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry , Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Łódź , Poland
| | - Zbigniew J Leśnikowski
- c Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry , Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Łódź , Poland
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Kobetić R, Ključarić V, Saftić D, Matić J, Ban Ž, Kazazić S, Žinić B. The transformation from 2°-amine to 3°-amine of cyclam ring alters the fragmentation patterns of 1-tosylcytosine-cyclam conjugates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:655-664. [PMID: 29739033 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel N-1-sulfonylcytosine-cyclam conjugates 1 and 2 conjugates are ionized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) in positive and negative modes (ES+ and ES- ) as singly protonated/deprotonated species or as singly or doubly charged metal complexes. Their structure and fragmentation behavior is examined by collision induced experiments. It was observed that the structure of the conjugate dictated the mode of the ionization: 1 was analyzed in ES- mode while 2 in positive mode. Complexation with metal ions did not have the influence on the ionization mode. Zn2+ and Cu2+ complexes with ligand 1 followed the similar fragmentation pattern in negative ionization mode. The transformation from 2°-amine in 1 to 3°-amine of cyclam ring in 2 leads to the different fragmentation patterns due to the modification of the protonation priority which changed the fragmentation channels within the conjugate itself. Cu2+ ions formed complexes practically immediately, and the priority had the cyclam portion of the ligand 2. The structure of the formed Zn2+ complexes with ligand 2 depended on the number of 3° amines within the cyclam portion of the conjugate and the ratio of the metal:ligand used. The cleavage of the cyclam ring of metal complexes is driven by the formation of the fragment that suited the coordinating demand of the metal ions and the collision energy applied. Finally, it was shown that the structure of the cyclam conjugate dictates the fragmentation reactions and not the metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kobetić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Ključarić
- Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Croatia, Dr. Franjo Tuđman Croatian Defense Academy, Ilica 256 b, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dijana Saftić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Matić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Ban
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Kazazić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Matić J, Nekola I, Višnjevac A, Kobetić R, Martin-Kleiner I, Kralj M, Žinić B. C5-Morpholinomethylation of N1-sulfonylcytosines by a one-pot microwave assisted Mannich reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2678-2687. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fast and efficient route for the introduction of a morpholinomethyl moiety in the C5 position of the sulfonylated cytosine nucleobase has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Matić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | | | - Aleksandar Višnjevac
- Laboratory for Chemical and Biological Crystallography
- Division of Physical Chemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- Bijenička cesta 54
- 10000 Zagreb
| | - Renata Kobetić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Irena Martin-Kleiner
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapy
- Division of Molecular Medicine
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapy
- Division of Molecular Medicine
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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Ključarić V, Kobetić R, Rinkovec J, Kazazić S, Gembarovski D, Saftić D, Matić J, Ban Ž, Žinić B. ESI-MS studies of the non-covalent interactions between biologically important metal ions and N-sulfonylcytosine derivatives. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:998-1005. [PMID: 27405069 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to present the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry results of the non-covalent interaction of two biologically active ligands, N-1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)cytosine, 1-TsC, 1 and N-1-methanesulfonylcytosine, 1-MsC, 2 and their Cu(II) complexes Cu(1-TsC-N3)2 Cl2 , 3 and Cu(1-MsC-N3)2 Cl2 and 4 with biologically important cations: Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ and Zn2+ . The formation of various complex metal ions was observed. The alkali metals Na+ and K+ formed clusters because of electrostatic interactions. Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts produced the tris ligand and mixed ligand complexes. The interaction of Zn2+ with 1-4 produced monometal and dimetal Zn2+ complexes as a result of the affinity of Zn2+ ions toward both O and N atoms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ključarić
- Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Croatia, "Dr. Franjo Tuđman" Croatian Defense Academy, Ilica 256 b, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Kobetić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jasmina Rinkovec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Kazazić
- Laboratory for Chemical Kinetics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Dijana Saftić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Matić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Ban
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Saftić D, Vianello R, Žinić B. 5-Triazolyluracils and TheirN1-Sulfonyl Derivatives: Intriguing Reactivity Differences in the Sulfonation of TriazoleN1′-Substituted andN1′-Unsubstituted Uracil Molecules. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kobetić R, Kazazić S, Kovačević B, Glasovac Z, Krstulović L, Bajić M, Žinić B. Mass spectrometry and theoretical studies on N-C bond cleavages in the N-sulfonylamidino thymine derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:833-842. [PMID: 25762153 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of new biologically active thymine derivatives substituted with 2-(arylsulfonamidino)ethyl group at N1 and N3 position was investigated in the gas phase using CID experiments (ESI-MS/MS) and by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both derivatives show similar chemistry in the negative mode with a retro-Michael addition (Path A(-)) being the most abundant reaction channel, which correlate well with the fluoride induced retro-Michael addition observed in solution. The difference in the fragmentation of N-3 substituted thymine 5 and N-1 substituted thymine 1 in the positive mode relates to the preferred cleavage of the sulfonyl group (m/z 155, Path B) in N-3 isomer and the formation of the acryl sulfonamidine 3 (m/z 309) via Path A in N-1 isomer. Mechanistic studies of the cleavage reaction conducted by DFT calculations give the trend of the calculated activation energies that agree well with the experimental observations. A mechanism of the retro-Michael reaction was interpreted as a McLafferty type of fragmentation, which includes Hβ proton shift to one of the neighboring oxygen atoms in a 1,5-fashion inducing N1(N3)-Cα bond scission. This mechanism was found to be kinetically favorable over other tested mechanisms. Significant difference in the observed fragmentation pattern of N-1 and N-3 isomers proves the ESI-MS/MS technique as an excellent method for tracking the fate of similar sulfonamidine drugs. Also, the observed N-1 and/or N-3 thymine alkylation with in situ formed reactive acryl sulfonamidine 3 as a Michael acceptor may open interesting possibilities for the preparation of other N-3 substituted pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kobetić
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Nucleoside Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Levatić J, Ćurak J, Kralj M, Šmuc T, Osmak M, Supek F. Accurate models for P-gp drug recognition induced from a cancer cell line cytotoxicity screen. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5691-708. [PMID: 23772653 DOI: 10.1021/jm400328s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1) is a promiscuous drug efflux pump of substantial pharmacological importance. Taking advantage of large-scale cytotoxicity screening data involving 60 cancer cell lines, we correlated the differential biological activities of ∼13,000 compounds against cellular P-gp levels. We created a large set of 934 high-confidence P-gp substrates or nonsubstrates by enforcing agreement with an orthogonal criterion involving P-gp overexpressing ADR-RES cells. A support vector machine (SVM) was 86.7% accurate in discriminating P-gp substrates on independent test data, exceeding previous models. Two molecular features had an overarching influence: nearly all P-gp substrates were large (>35 atoms including H) and dense (specific volume of <7.3 Å(3)/atom) molecules. Seven other descriptors and 24 molecular fragments ("effluxophores") were found enriched in the (non)substrates and incorporated into interpretable rule-based models. Biological experiments on an independent P-gp overexpressing cell line, the vincristine-resistant VK2, allowed us to reclassify six compounds previously annotated as substrates, validating our method's predictive ability. Models are freely available at http://pgp.biozyne.com .
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Horvat M, Uzelac L, Marjanović M, Cindro N, Franković O, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Kralj M, Basarić N. Evaluation of antiproliferative effect of N-(alkyladamantyl)phthalimides in vitro. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:497-506. [PMID: 22176512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of (1-adamantyl)phthalimides, 1-4, and (2-adamantyl)phthalimides, 5-8, characterized by different chain length between the adamantyl and the phthalimide moiety were synthesized, as well as 1- and 2-adamantylphthalimides substituted by nitro 9, 10, and amino group 11, 12, and phthalimides bearing homoadamantyl 13 and protoadamantyl substituent 14 and 15. The compounds were tested for antiproliferative activity in vitro on a series of five human cancer lines: MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), SW 620 (colon carcinoma), HCT 116 (colon carcinoma), MOLT-4 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), H 460 (lung carcinoma), and a non-tumor cell line HaCaT (human keratinocytes). All compounds except nitro derivatives 9 and 10 exhibited antiproliferative activity. The activity was generally better in the 2-adamantyl series 5-8 and in the compounds having the longest alkyl spacers as in 4 and 8, or with an amino group as in 9 and 10. The most active compounds with the propylene spacer 4 and 8 showed the highest selectivity toward tumor cells. The activity was found to be due to a delay in the progress through the cell cycle at G1/S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Horvat
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kraljević TG, Klika M, Kralj M, Martin-Kleiner I, Jurmanović S, Milić A, Padovan J, Raić-Malić S. Synthesis, cytostatic activity and ADME properties of C-5 substituted and N-acyclic pyrimidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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In vivo toxicity study of N-1-sulfonylcytosine derivatives and their mechanisms of action in cervical carcinoma cell line. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:981-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Afantitis A, Melagraki G, Koutentis PA, Sarimveis H, Kollias G. Ligand-based virtual screening procedure for the prediction and the identification of novel β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors using Kohonen maps and Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:497-508. [PMID: 21167625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have developed an in silico model to predict the inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation by small organic molecules. In particular we have explored the inhibitory activity of a series of 62 N-phenylanthranilic acids using Kohonen maps and Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks. The effects of various structural modifications on biological activity are investigated and novel structures are designed using the developed in silico model. More specifically a search for optimized pharmacophore patterns by insertions, substitutions, and ring fusions of pharmacophoric substituents of the main building block scaffolds is described. The detection of the domain of applicability defines compounds whose estimations can be accepted with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd, John Kennedy Ave 62-64, Nicosia 1046, Cyprus.
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Ester K, Supek F, Majsec K, Marjanović M, Lembo D, Donalisio M, Šmuc T, Jarak I, Karminski-Zamola G, Kralj M. Putative mechanisms of antitumor activity of cyano-substituted heteroaryles in HeLa cells. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:450-67. [PMID: 21046426 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Six recently synthesized cyano-substituted heteroaryles, which do not bind to DNA but are highly cytotoxic against the human tumor cell line HeLa, were analyzed for their antitumor mechanisms of action (MOA). They did not interfere with the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes integrated in the HeLa cell genome, but they did induce strong G1 arrest and result in the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. A computational analysis was performed that compared the antiproliferative activities of our compounds in 13 different tumor cell lines with those of compounds listed in the National Cancer Institute database. The results indicate that interference with cytoskeletal function and inhibition of mitosis are the likely antitumor MOA. Furthermore, a second in silico investigation revealed that the tumor cells that are sensitive to the cyano-substituted compounds show differences in their expression of locomotion genes compared with that of insensitive cell lines, thus corroborating the involvement of the cytoskeleton. This MOA was also confirmed experimentally: the cyano-substituted heteroaryles disrupted the actin and the tubulin networks in HeLa cells and inhibited cellular migration. However, further analysis indicated that multiple MOA may exist that depend on the position of the cyano-group; while cyano-substituted naphthiophene reduced the expression of cytoskeletal proteins, cyano-substituted thieno-thiophene-carboxanilide inhibited the formation of cellular reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ester
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Višnjevac A, Biliškov N, Žinić B. Transition metal complexes of N-1-tosylcytosine and N-1-mesylcytosine. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Kraljević Pavelić S, Marjanović M, Poznić M, Kralj M. Adenovirally mediated p53 overexpression diversely influence the cell cycle of HEp-2 and CAL 27 cell lines upon cisplatin and methotrexate treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1747-61. [PMID: 19548002 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE p53 gene plays a crucial role in the response to therapy. Since it is inactivated in the majority of human cancers, it is strongly believed that the p53 mutations confer resistance to therapeutics. In this paper we analyzed the influence of two mechanistically diverse antitumor agents--cisplatin and methotrexate on the proliferation and cell cycle of two head and neck squamous cancer cell lines HEp-2 (wild type p53 gene, but HPV 18/E6-inactivated protein) and CAL 27 (mutated p53 gene), along with the influence of adenovirally mediated p53 overexpression in modulation of cisplatin and methoterexate effects, whereby subtoxic vector/compound concentrations were employed. METHODS p53 gene was introduced into tumor cells using adenoviral vector (AdCMV-p53). The cell cycle perturbations were measured by two parameter flow cytometry. The expression of p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1) and cyclin B1 proteins was examined using immunocytochemistry and western blot methods. RESULTS In CAL 27 cells overexpression of p53 completely abrogated high S phase content observed in methotrexate-treated cells into a G1 and slight G2 arrest, while it sustained G2 arrest of the cells treated with cisplatin, along with the reduction of DNA synthesis and cyclin B1 expression. On the other hand, in HEp-2 cell line p53 overexpression slightly slowed down the progression through S phase in cells treated with methotrexate, decreased the cyclin B1 expression only after 24 h, and failed to sustain the G2 arrest after treatment with cisplatin alone. Instead, it increased the population of S phase cells that were not actively synthesizing DNA, sustained cyclin B1 expression and allowed the G2 cells to progress through mitosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that adenovirally mediated p53 overexpression at sub-cytotoxic levels enhanced the activity of low doses of cisplatin and methotrexate in HEp-2 and CAL 27 cells through changes in the cell cycle. However, the mechanisms of these effects differ depending on the genetic context and on the chemotherapeutics' modality of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Višnjevac A, Luić M, Kobetić R, Gembarovski D, Žinić B. Stabilization of the N-1-substituted cytosinate iminooxo form in dinuclear palladium complexes. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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