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Sharma N, Zeng C, Eaton A, Karanfil T, Ghosh A, Westerhoff P. Co-Occurrence of Bromine and Iodine Species in US Drinking Water Sources That Can Impact Disinfection Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18563-18574. [PMID: 36648192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bromine and iodine species are precursors for forming disinfection byproducts in finished drinking waters. Our study incorporates spatial and temporal data to quantify concentrations of inorganic (bromide (Br-), iodide (I-), and iodate (IO3-)), organic, and total bromine (BrT) and iodine (IT) species from 286 drinking water sources and 7 wastewater effluents across the United States. Br- ranged from <5-7800 μg/L (median of 62 μg/L in surface water (SW) and 95 μg/L in groundwater (GW)). I- was detected in 41% of SW (1-72 μg/L, median = <1 μg/L) and 62% of GW (<1-250 μg/L, median = 3 μg/L) samples. The median Br-/I- ratio in SW and GW was 22 μg/μg and 16 μg/μg, respectively, in paired samples with detect Br- and I-. BrT existed primarily as Br-, while IT was present as I-, IO3-, and/or total organic iodine (TOI). Inorganic iodine species (I- and IO3-) were predominant in GW samples, accounting for 60-100% of IT; however, they contributed to only 20-50% of IT in SW samples. The unknown fraction of IT was attributed to TOI. In lakes, seasonal cycling of I-species was observed and was presumably due to algal productivity. Finally, Spearman Rank Correlation tests revealed a strong correlation between Br- and IT in SW (RBr-,IT = 0.83) following the log10 (Br-, μg/L) = 0.65 × log10 (IT, μg/L) - 0.17 relationship. Br- and I- in treated wastewater effluents (median Br- = 234 μg/L, median I- = 5 μg/L) were higher than drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushita Sharma
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chao Zeng
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Andrew Eaton
- Eaton Environmental Water Quality Consulting, LLC, Pasadena, California 91101, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Amlan Ghosh
- Corona Environmental Consulting, Lewisville, Texas 75067, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Zhang Y, Cao H, Wang M, Zou Z, Zhou P, Wang X, Jin J. A review of iodine in plants with biofortification: Uptake, accumulation, transportation, function, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163203. [PMID: 37004776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency can cause thyroid disease, a serious health problem that has been affecting humans since several years. The biofortification of plants with iodine is an effective strategy for regulating iodine content in humans. In addition, radioiodine released into the atmosphere may contaminate terrestrial ecosystem along with dry or wet deposition and its accumulation in plants may cause exposure risks to humans via food chain. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms related to iodine uptake, elementary speciation, dynamic transportation, nutritional role, and toxicity in plants is reviewed here. First, we introduced the iodine cycle in a marine-atmosphere-land system. The content and speciation of iodine in plants under natural conditions and biofortification backgrounds were also analyzed. We then discussed the mechanisms of iodine uptake and efflux by plants. The promotion or inhibition effects of iodine on plant growth were also investigated. Finally, the participation of radioiodine in plant growth and its safety risks along the food chain were evaluated. Furthermore, future challenges and opportunities for understanding the participation of iodine in plants have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Han Cao
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Ziwei Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pingfan Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangxue Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Jie Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Liew Z, Meng Q, Yan Q, Schullehner J, Hansen B, Kristiansen SM, Voutchkova DD, Olsen J, Ersbøll AK, Ketzel M, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ritz BR. Association Between Estimated Geocoded Residential Maternal Exposure to Lithium in Drinking Water and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring in Denmark. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:617-624. [PMID: 37010840 PMCID: PMC10071398 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Importance Lithium is a naturally occurring and trace element that has mood-stabilizing effects. Maternal therapeutic use of lithium has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. In animal models, lithium modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling that is important for neurodevelopment. It is unknown whether exposure to lithium in drinking water affects brain health in early life. Objective To evaluate whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring is associated with maternal exposure to lithium in drinking water during pregnancy. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide population-based case-control study in Denmark identified 8842 children diagnosed with ASD born from 2000 through 2013 and 43 864 control participants matched by birth year and sex from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. These data were analyzed from March 2021 through November 2022. Exposures Geocoded maternal residential addresses during pregnancy were linked to lithium level (range, 0.6 to 30.7 μg/L) in drinking water estimated using kriging interpolation based on 151 waterworks measurements of lithium across all regions in Denmark. Main Outcomes and Measures ASD diagnoses were ascertained using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes recorded in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The study team estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for ASD according to estimated geocoded maternal exposure to natural source of lithium in drinking water as a continuous (per IQR) or a categorical (quartile) variable, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ambient air pollutants levels. The study team also conducted stratified analyses by birth years, child's sex, and urbanicity. Results A total of 8842 participants with ASD (male, 7009 [79.3%]) and 43 864 control participants (male, 34 749 [79.2%]) were studied. Every IQR increase in estimated geocoded maternal exposure to natural source of lithium in drinking water was associated with higher odds for ASD in offspring (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.17-1.29). Elevated odds among offspring for ASD were estimated starting from the second quartile (7.36 to 12.67 μg/L) of estimated maternal exposure to drinking water with lithium and the OR for the highest quartile (more than 16.78 μg/L) compared with the reference group (less than 7.39 μg/L) was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.35-1.59). The associations were unchanged when adjusting for air pollution exposures and no differences were apparent in stratified analyses. Conclusions and Relevance Estimated maternal prenatal exposure to lithium from naturally occurring drinking water sources in Denmark was associated with an increased ASD risk in the offspring. This study suggests that naturally occurring lithium in drinking water may be a novel environmental risk factor for ASD development that requires further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Qi Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University (CIRRAU), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beate R. Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
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Pan X, Li D, Song H, Chen Q, Yan Q, Zhou C, Huang X, Xin Y, Liu G, Ma J. Investigating the formation of iodinated aromatic disinfection by-products in chlorine/phenol/iodide system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149152. [PMID: 34346366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been attracting great attention due to their potential high toxicity to human health. Understanding of formation mechanisms and transformation process of iodinated aromatic DBPs during the chlorination of iodide-containing water is crucial. Phenol was therefore chosen as a representative of phenolic compounds to investigate the generation of iodinated aromatic DBPs in a chlorine/phenol/iodide system. The presence of iodide in water could enhance the removal of phenol by chlorine due to higher second order rate constants of HOI with phenol than that of HOCl with phenol. Fourteen kinds of iodinated aromatic DBPs were identified, which were generated from oxidation and electrophilic substitution of phenol by HOCl and HOI. Iodinated phenolic DBPs were sources of iodinated quinone DBPs and chlorinated/iodinated phenolic DBPs. Alkaline condition favored the formation of iodinated phenolic DBPs, while acid condition favored the production of iodinated quinone DBPs. Neutral condition might be the most suitable pH condition to control the formation of iodinated aromatic DBPs. The relative concentration of almost all iodinated aromatic DBPs first increased and then decreased with time, indicating iodinated aromatic DBPs might be further converted into halogenated aliphatic DBPs during the chlorination. This research provides a research basis for the removal of phenol in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Pan
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dalong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150078, China
| | - Heng Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qinghua Yan
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co. LTD, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Yanjun Xin
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Guocheng Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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5
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Sayess R, Eyring AM, Reckhow DA. Source and drinking water organic and total iodine and correlation with water quality parameters. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116686. [PMID: 33285455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) have recently emerged as part of the pool of DBPs of public health concern. Due to limitations in measuring individual I-DBPs in a water sample, the surrogate measure of total organic iodine (TOI) is often used to account for the sum of all I-DBPs. In this study, TOI and total iodine (TI) are quantified in raw and treated waters in treatment trains at three sites in the Northeast United States. The occurrence, magnitude, and seasonality of these species was investigated within each sampling train and across the different sites. A regression model was developed to explore how TOI occurrence varies with routinely measured physical and chemical parameters in a water sample. The TOI and TI concentration at the three sites ranged from below the method detection limit to 18 µg/L and from 3 and 18.9 µg/L, respectively. There was substantial inter-monthly variability in TOI without a clear seasonal signal, and the concentration of TOI did not increase upon treatment. The results of the multivariate regression model showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC), specific UV254 absorbance (SUVA), combined chlorine residual (TCl2), and pH were all significantly related to TOI concentration to varying degrees. A Tobit model was fit to show TOI predictions against observed (measured) TOI values. The model could explain approximately 46% of the variance of TOI concentrations in the treated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassil Sayess
- New York State Water Resources Institute, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States.
| | - Adam M Eyring
- Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, PA 19124, United States
| | - David A Reckhow
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States
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6
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Gao M, Chen W, Dong S, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Sun H, Zhang Y, Wu W, Pan Z, Gao S, Lin L, Shen J, Tan L, Wang G, Zhang W. Assessing the impact of drinking water iodine concentrations on the iodine intake of Chinese pregnant women living in areas with restricted iodized salt supply. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1023-1030. [PMID: 32577887 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The supply of non-iodized salt and the water improvement project have been conducted to reduce the iodine concentration in drinking water in areas with elevated water iodine. We aimed to assess the impact of water iodine concentration (WIC) on the iodine intake of pregnant women in areas with restricted iodized salt supply, and determine the cutoff values of WIC in areas with non-iodized salt supply. METHODS Overall, 534 pregnant women who attended routine antenatal outpatient visits in Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Gaoqing County were recruited. The 24-h urine iodine excretion (UIE) in 534 samples and the iodine concentration in 534 drinking water samples were estimated. Urinary iodine excretion, daily iodine intake, and daily iodine intake from drinking water (WII) were calculated. The relationship between WIC and daily iodine take was analyzed. RESULTS The median WIC, spot urine iodine concentration (UIC), and 24-h UIE were 17 (6, 226) μg/L, 145 (88, 267) μg/L, and 190 (110, 390) μg/day, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between WIC and UIE (R2 = 0.265, p < 0.001) and UIC (R2 = 0.261, p < 0.001). The contribution rate of WII to total iodine intake increased from 3.0% in the group with WIC of < 10 μg/L to 45.7% in the group with WIC of 50-99 μg/L. CONCLUSION The iodine content in drinking water is the major iodine source in pregnant women living in high-water iodine areas where iodized salt supply is restricted. The contribution rate of daily iodine intake from drinking water increases with the increase in water iodine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gao
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - W Chen
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - S Dong
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Chen
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Q Zhang
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - H Sun
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Zhang
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - W Wu
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Z Pan
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - S Gao
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - L Lin
- Tianjin Institution of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Shen
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - L Tan
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - G Wang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Gaoqing County, Gaoqing, China
| | - W Zhang
- The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Healthcare and Medical, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Frei R, Frei KM, Jessen S. Shallow retardation of the strontium isotope signal of agricultural liming - implications for isoscapes used in provenance studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135710. [PMID: 31787292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An intensified debate centers on the use of strontium isotopes in surface water run-off as archive for bioavailable signatures in prehistoric provenance studies. Its use has been challenged by a recent suggestion that modern agricultural liming of farmlands exerts a serious imprint on the strontium isotope compositions of these waters. We here present results from a soil profile beneath agricultural farmland in the glaciogenic outwash plain of central West Jutland, Denmark, which show that strontium and its isotope composition derived from lime products is efficiently retained near the surface. Pore waters and bioavailable strontium from the acidic zone below the surface soil depict strontium isotope signatures that can best be explained by a mixture of silicate-derived and relic natural (not agriculturally added) carbonate-derived strontium. We therefore argue that agricultural liming does not contaminate groundwaters and groundwater-supported surface waters, rendering reference maps based on them relevant for modern and past provenance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frei
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - K M Frei
- National Museum of Denmark, Department of Research, Collections and Conservation, Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, I.C. Modewegsvej, Brede, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Jessen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Xue X, Li J, Xie X, Wang Y, Tian X, Chi X, Wang Y. Effects of depositional environment and organic matter degradation on the enrichment and mobilization of iodine in the groundwater of the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:50-62. [PMID: 31176823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater iodine has direct importance for human dietary iodine intake in areas where drinking water is of groundwater origin. However, little is known about enrichment and mobilization mechanisms of groundwater iodine in the North China Plain (NCP). Geochemistry, inorganic/organic carbon isotope and biomarker of groundwater and sediment samples were studied to reveal the effects of depositional environment and organic matter (OM) degradation on the generation of high iodine groundwater (>100 μg/L) in NCP. Results showed that groundwater iodine had a range of 7.2-800 μg/L and was increasing with increase in HCO3 concentration and decrease in groundwater δ13CDIC value, indicating the potential effects of microbial activity on the elevation of groundwater iodine. Sediments iodine ranged from 0.03 to 2.54 μg/g and higher contents occurred under the oxidizing depositional environment (higher Pr/Ph ratios). Biomarker analysis indicated that the marine iodine-rich OM is considered as the main source of groundwater iodine, which is prone to be released into groundwater by the microbial degradation under the reducing conditions. The hypothesis was evidenced by the 13Corg, 13CDIC and 3-D excitation emission matrices of groundwater. These results suggest that carbon-related biogeochemical cycling and redox condition are important in the enrichment and mobilization of iodine in groundwater system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Junxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-Restoration, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-Restoration, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- The Fourth Team of Hydrogeological and Engineering Geology, Heibei Bureau of Geo-Exploitation, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Xiucheng Chi
- The Fourth Team of Hydrogeological and Engineering Geology, Heibei Bureau of Geo-Exploitation, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
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Lee J, Srimuk P, Carpier S, Choi J, Zornitta RL, Kim C, Aslan M, Presser V. Confined Redox Reactions of Iodide in Carbon Nanopores for Fast and Energy-Efficient Desalination of Brackish Water and Seawater. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3460-3472. [PMID: 30066492 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Faradaic deionization is a promising new seawater desalination technology with low energy consumption. One drawback is the low water production rate as a result of the limited kinetics of the ion intercalation and insertion processes. We introduce the redox activities of iodide confined in carbon nanopores for electrochemical desalination. A fast desalination process was enabled by diffusionless redox kinetics governed by thin-layer electrochemistry. A cell was designed with an activated carbon cloth electrode in NaI aqueous solution, which was separated from the feedwater channel by a cation-exchange membrane. Coupled with an activated carbon counter electrode and an anion-exchange membrane, the half-cell in NaI with a cation-exchange membrane maintained performance even at a high current of 2.5 A g-1 (21 mA cm-2 ). The redox activities of iodide allowed a high desalination capacity of 69 mg g-1 (normalized by the mass of the working electrode) with stable performance over 120 cycles. Additionally, we provide a new analytical method for unique performance evaluation under single-pass flow conditions regarding the water production rate and energy consumption. Our cell concept provides flexible performance for low and high salinity and, thus, enables the desalination of brackish water or seawater. Particularly, we found a low energy consumption (1.63 Wh L-1 ) for seawater desalination and a high water production rate (25 L m-2 h-1 ) for brackish water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Lee
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sidonie Carpier
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- School of Energy, Materials, and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600 Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan, 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Rafael Linzmeyer Zornitta
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Choonsoo Kim
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mesut Aslan
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Niu X, Wendt A, Li Z, Agarwal A, Xue L, Gonzales M, Brantley SL. Detecting the effects of coal mining, acid rain, and natural gas extraction in Appalachian basin streams in Pennsylvania (USA) through analysis of barium and sulfate concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:865-885. [PMID: 29027593 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand how extraction of different energy sources impacts water resources requires assessment of how water chemistry has changed in comparison with the background values of pristine streams. With such understanding, we can develop better water quality standards and ecological interpretations. However, determination of pristine background chemistry is difficult in areas with heavy human impact. To learn to do this, we compiled a master dataset of sulfate and barium concentrations ([SO4], [Ba]) in Pennsylvania (PA, USA) streams from publically available sources. These elements were chosen because they can represent contamination related to oil/gas and coal, respectively. We applied changepoint analysis (i.e., likelihood ratio test) to identify pristine streams, which we defined as streams with a low variability in concentrations as measured over years. From these pristine streams, we estimated the baseline concentrations for major bedrock types in PA. Overall, we found that 48,471 data values are available for [SO4] from 1904 to 2014 and 3243 data for [Ba] from 1963 to 2014. Statewide [SO4] baseline was estimated to be 15.8 ± 9.6 mg/L, but values range from 12.4 to 26.7 mg/L for different bedrock types. The statewide [Ba] baseline is 27.7 ± 10.6 µg/L and values range from 25.8 to 38.7 µg/L. Results show that most increases in [SO4] from the baseline occurred in areas with intensive coal mining activities, confirming previous studies. Sulfate inputs from acid rain were also documented. Slight increases in [Ba] since 2007 and higher [Ba] in areas with higher densities of gas wells when compared to other areas could document impacts from shale gas development, the prevalence of basin brines, or decreases in acid rain and its coupled effects on [Ba] related to barite solubility. The largest impacts on PA stream [Ba] and [SO4] are related to releases from coal mining or burning rather than oil and gas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzeng Niu
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, EES Building, 2217, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Anna Wendt
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, EES Building, 2217, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhenhui Li
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Amal Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lingzhou Xue
- Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Gonzales
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, EES Building, 2217, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Susan L Brantley
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Penn State University, EES Building, 2217, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Voutchkova DD, Hansen B, Ernstsen V, Kristiansen SM. Nationwide Drinking Water Sampling Campaign for Exposure Assessments in Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018. [PMID: 29518987 PMCID: PMC5877012 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nationwide sampling campaign of treated drinking water of groundwater origin was designed and implemented in Denmark in 2013. The main purpose of the sampling was to obtain data on the spatial variation of iodine concentration and speciation in treated drinking water, which was supplied to the majority of the Danish population. This data was to be used in future exposure and epidemiologic studies. The water supply sector (83 companies, owning 144 waterworks throughout Denmark) was involved actively in the planning and implementation process, which reduced significantly the cost and duration of data collection. The dataset resulting from this collaboration covers not only iodine species (I-, IO₃-, TI), but also major elements and parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, DOC, TC, TN, F-, Cl-, NO₃-, SO₄2-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺) and a long list of trace elements (n = 66). The water samples represent 144 waterworks abstracting about 45% of the annual Danish groundwater abstraction for drinking water purposes, which supply about 2.5 million Danes (45% of all Danish residents). This technical note presents the design, implementation, and limitations of such a sampling design in detail in order (1) to facilitate the future use of this dataset, (2) to inform future replication studies, or (3) to provide an example for other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitza Dimitrova Voutchkova
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Vibeke Ernstsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Exposure to Selected Geogenic Trace Elements (I, Li, and Sr) from Drinking Water in Denmark. GEOSCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences5010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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