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Mukherjee I, Singh UK, Chakma S. Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation water supply using multi-criteria decision-making techniques and GIS in an agroeconomic tract of Lower Ganga basin, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114691. [PMID: 35168134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater irrigation has evolved the monocropping cultivation pattern to multi-cropping, especially in many arid/semi-arid tracts globally. Irrigation practices with the groundwater of poor quality can limit the selection of the crop, reduce crop yields and degrade the soil quality. The present study has been undertaken to identify the hydrogeochemical phenomena of groundwater systems in the south-western Birbhum district, India and to analyze groundwater suitability for irrigation during the pre-and post-monsoon cycles by adopting the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) using Multivariate Factor Analysis along with some traditional methods viz. sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, magnesium hazards, residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and carbonate (RSC), Wilcox's and USSL diagrams, permeability index and Kelly's index. The hydrogeochemical analysis revealed that chemical weathering and evaporation are predominant in the aquifer systems. Groundwater quality reflected soil salinity, sodicity and magnesium hazards risks and water toxicity to the sensitive plants at 0-46.4% of the post-monsoon samples and 0-38.4% of the pre-monsoon samples based on the individual traditional methods whereas about 97.73-98.88% of the total area was classified as moderate to severely unsuitable for irrigation during both seasons when integrated multiple parameters using the IWQI method. Prolonged use of such groundwater for irrigation is susceptible to causing moderate to severe infiltration problems at a greater extent of the study area. The study recommends adaptation of salinity, sodicity and RSC/RSBC reduction procedures (e.g., the use of acid and gypsum amendments in the irrigation lands and through water blending) and advanced irrigation practices (viz. drips, sprinklers and micro irrigations) to prevent soil degradation and increase crops productivity. Adopting Managed Aquifer Recharge procedures as well as rainwater harvesting in the areas bearing unsuitable water quality can dilute the ionic concentrations of the groundwater facies which in turn will improve the groundwater quality for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Mukherjee
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre (ISERC), Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, Birbhum, 731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Umesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Abstract
This study aimed to assess and compare the quality of groundwater in the city of Al-Marj in Libya with the international standard guidelines for drinking water recommended by the World Health Organisation. An evaluation of the groundwater wells in the study area was conducted. Standard techniques, such as Minitab (v. 16) and ArcGIS (v.10.2), were used for the analytics of the physicochemical and biological parameters of the groundwater samples. An assessment of the calculation of groundwater quality was conducted on the basis of temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, total hardness, calcium, potassium, magnesium, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate, sodium, copper, iron, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria. Results indicated that most groundwater wells in the study area display a higher concentration of several parameters compared with the permissible limits of drinking water; thus, the water in these wells is chemically and biologically unsafe for drinking purposes. On the basis of the above results, routine water quality monitoring should be performed and additional water filtration plants should be installed by the local government to obtain safe drinking water.
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3
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Ali W, Aslam MW, Feng C, Junaid M, Ali K, Li S, Chen Z, Yu Z, Rasool A, Zhang H. Unraveling prevalence and public health risks of arsenic, uranium and co-occurring trace metals in groundwater along riverine ecosystem in Sindh and Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2223-2238. [PMID: 30905039 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study focuses on the understanding of contamination status, distribution, source apportionment and health perspectives of arsenic (As), uranium (U) and other co-occurring trace metals in the groundwater samples collected along the major rivers in Sindh and Punjab provinces, Pakistan. ICP-MS analysis revealed that the concentrations of As in the groundwater in Sindh and Punjab ranged from 0.2 to 81.1 µg/L (n = 38) and 1.1 to 501.1 µg/L (n = 110), respectively. Importantly, this study is the first evidence of U contamination in the groundwater samples in Pakistan, which revealed the concentrations of U at from 0.8 to 59.0 and 0.1 to 556.0 µg/L respectively, in Sindh and Punjab. Moreover, the concentrations of Sr and Mn exceeded the WHO limits in the current study area. Anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, direct dispose of industrial, agricultural waste into waterways and extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers might be the main sources of elevated levels of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity, which increased the mobilization of As, U and Sr in the groundwater samples. Human health risk assessment parameters such as average daily dose, hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk indicated severe risks of As and U in the study area. The HQ values of As and U in Punjab were observed at 69.6 and 7.7, respectively, implying the severity of the health risks associated with consumption of contaminated groundwater for drinking purposes. In a nutshell, proactive control and rehabilitation measures are recommended to eradicate trace metals associated groundwater contamination in the targeted areas to avoid future worst scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Wajahat Aslam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Caiyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kamran Ali
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shehong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ziheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Atta Rasool
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
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Saha P, Paul B. Groundwater quality assessment in an industrial hotspot through interdisciplinary techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:326. [PMID: 31254083 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dependency on groundwater has increased due to unprecedented growth of industries as well as settlements. Therefore, assessment of groundwater quality to determine its impact on human and environment has become essential. The major objective of this study was to frame a methodology for complete assessment of groundwater quality in a highly industrialized area comprising of iron, steel, fertilizer, cement, chemical, heavy machinery manufacturing, thermal power, coal mining, and allied industries. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples were analyzed from strategic locations during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The primary analysis through the water quality index showed 50% of the sampling locations in pre-monsoon and 65% in post-monsoon seasons have very poor quality. Hence, the health risk calculated through hazard index indicates that the water is unsafe for drinking. Chemical indices such as sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index, and magnesium hazard suggest that the water can be used for irrigation. High corrosivity ratio at 90% sampling locations specifies its unsuitability for use in industrial production. Factor analysis and other statistical methods justified that the pollution of groundwater was attributed to geogenic, as well as anthropogenic, activities. This research demonstrates the usefulness of interdisciplinary techniques for complete assessment of groundwater quality and representation of complex data set into a presentable and understandable form for proper communication with public, regulatory authorities, as well as policy makers, responsible for water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Saha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Biswajit Paul
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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Guo X, Zuo R, Wang J, Meng L, Teng Y, Shi R, Gao X, Ding F. Hydrogeochemical Evolution of Interaction Between Surface Water and Groundwater Affected by Exploitation. GROUND WATER 2019; 57:430-442. [PMID: 29934945 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogeochemical evolution of interactions between surface water and groundwater is crucial for guaranteeing water supply quality in a riverside water source area. This study focuses on the seasonal and spatial characteristics of hydrogeochemical evolution affected by groundwater exploitation in the Hulan water source area using hydrochemical analyses and stable isotope tracers. Results show that the concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) increase considerably during the dry season. A bicarbonate water type is primarily produced by the dissolution of calcite, dolomite and gypsum, as well as the cation exchange and human activities. Along the typical infiltration path, the proportions of surface water increase with proximity to the river from 8%-63% during the wet season to 11%-84% during the dry season, which are attributed to an increased hydraulic gradient by exploitation. The typical path is classified into two zones. The first is the intensive mixing zone (within 1 km) with increasing concentrations of major ions and TDS due to mixing effect. The second is the exploitation influence zone (1-3.3 km) with increased concentrations of Ca2+ , Mg2+ , SO4 2- , and HCO3 - during the dry season due to two reasons of seasonal variations in evaporation, stronger water-rock interactions and mixing effects with increased surface water by exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Guo
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jinsheng Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtao Shi
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ding
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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6
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Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The industrial augmentation and unguided anthropogenic activities contaminate water sources in most parts of the world especially in developing countries like Pakistan. High concentration of pollutants in groundwater affects human, soil, and crop health badly. The present study was conducted to investigate groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in an industrial zone of Pakistan. A GIS tool was used to investigate the spatial distribution of different physico-chemical parameters. In this study, the average results exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) and National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were found for pH 7.84, total dissolved solids (TDS) 1492 mg/L, phosphate 0.51 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO) 9.92% saturation, F-coli 6.48 colonies/100 mL, Na+ 366 mg/L, HCO3− 771 mg/L, sulfate 251 mg/L, chlorides 427 mg/L, total hardness (as CaCO3) 292 mg/L, electrical conductivity (EC) 2408 μS/cm, iron (Fe) 0.48 mg/L, chrome (Cr) 0.50 mg/L, arsenic (As) 0.04 mg/L, total phosphorus (TP) 0.17 mg/L, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 9.76 (in meq/L), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 9.28 meq/L, % ion balance 14.4 (in meq/L), percentage sodium ion (% Na+) concentration 58.9 meq/L, and water quality index (WQI) 69.0. The trend of cations and anions were (in meq/L) Na > Mg > Ca > K and HCO3 > Cl > CO3 > SO4 respectively. Although the results of the present study showed poor conditions of the groundwater for drinking as WQI but and irrigation purposes as SAR, it needs to improve some more conditions for the provision of safe drinking water and irrigation water quality.
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Khan I, Khan A, Khan MS, Zafar S, Hameed A, Badshah S, Rehman SU, Ullah H, Yasmeen G. Impact of city effluents on water quality of Indus River: assessment of temporal and spatial variations in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:267. [PMID: 29619770 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of city effluents on water quality of Indus River was assessed in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Water samples were collected in dry (DS) and wet (WS) seasons from seven sampling zones along Indus River and the physical, bacteriological, and chemical parameters determining water quality were quantified. There were marked temporal and spatial variations in the water quality of Indus River. The magnitude of pollution was high in WS compared with DS. The quality of water varied across the sampling zones, and it greatly depended upon the nature of effluents entering the river. Water samples exceeded the WHO permissible limits for pH, EC, TDS, TS, TSS, TH, DO, BOD, COD, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3-, and PO42-. Piper analysis indicated that water across the seven sampling zones along Indus River was alkaline in nature. Correlation analyses indicated that EC, TDS, TS, TH, DO, BOD, and COD may be considered as key physical parameters, while Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, F-, NO3-, PO42-, and SO42- as key chemical parameters determining water quality, because they were strongly correlated (r > 0.70) with most of the parameters studied. Cluster analysis indicated that discharge point at Shami Road is the major source of pollution impairing water quality of Indus River. Wastewater treatment plants must be installed at all discharge points along Indus River for protecting the quality of water of this rich freshwater resource in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Azim Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Shabnam Zafar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Asma Hameed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Badshah
- National Water Quality Laboratory, PCRWR, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- National Water Quality Laboratory, PCRWR, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Yasmeen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Rawat KS, Mishra AK, Singh SK. Mapping of groundwater quality using Normalized Difference Dispersal Index of Dwarka sub-city at Delhi National Capital of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09715010.2016.1277795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Rawat
- Centre for Remote Sensing and Geo-Informatics, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India
| | - A. K. Mishra
- Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies, IIDS, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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Huang B, Li Z, Chen Z, Chen G, Zhang C, Huang J, Nie X, Xiong W, Zeng G. Study and health risk assessment of the occurrence of iron and manganese in groundwater at the terminal of the Xiangjiang River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19912-19921. [PMID: 26289336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of the surface water in the Xiangjiang watershed in China has received much attention, whereas the groundwater conditions in the area have long been ignored. This study investigates the occurrence of Fe and Mn in the groundwater of Chengxi Town located at the terminal of the Xiangjiang River. The study area was monitored for an entire year. Thereafter, the associated health risks were identified. Results showed that approximately 81 and 73 % of the measured samples exceeded the limits for Fe and Mn in Chinese drinking water, respectively. pH level was found to be negatively correlated with the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the groundwater in the study area. The occurrence of Fe in the groundwater showed significant seasonal fluctuations and was possibly affected by the change in environment conditions within the aquifer. By contrast, Mn remained relatively stable in most of the area during the whole year. Overall, no health threats for adults and children in the study area were determined according to the low health index values. Nevertheless, research attention and the implementation of relevant measures are needed for certain villages with exceptionally high Mn concentrations in the groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling, 712100, China
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Yangling, 712100, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Guiqiu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jinquan Huang
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Xiaodong Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Weiping Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Bringas E, Saiz J, Ortiz I. Removal of As(V) from groundwater using functionalized magnetic adsorbent materials: Effects of competing ions. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO, Msagati TAM, Potgieter N. Temporal variations in physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of Mvudi river, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4128-40. [PMID: 25874683 PMCID: PMC4410237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface water has been a source of domestic water due to shortage of potable water in most rural areas. This study was carried out to evaluate the level of contamination of Mvudi River in South Africa by measuring turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, concentrations of nitrate, fluoride, chloride, and sulphate. E. coli and Enterococci were analysed using membrane filtration technique. Average pH, EC and Turbidity values were in the range of 7.2-7.7, 10.5-16.1 mS/m and 1.3-437.5 NTU, respectively. The mean concentrations of fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulphate for both the wet and the dry seasons were 0.11 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L, 9.35 mg/L and 14.82 mg/L, 3.25 mg/L and 6.87 mg/L, 3.24 mg/L and 0.70 mg/L, respectively. E. coli and Enterococci counts for both the wet and the dry seasons were 4.81 × 103 (log = 3.68) and 5.22 × 103 (log = 3.72), 3.4 × 103 (log = 3.53) and 1.22 × 103 (log = 3.09), per 100 mL of water, respectively. The count of E. coli for both seasons did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) but Enterococci count varied significantly (p < 0.001). All the physico-chemical parameters obtained were within the recommended guidelines of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa and the World Health Organization for domestic and recreational water use for both seasons except turbidity and nitrates. The microbiological parameters exceeded the established guidelines. Mvudi River is contaminated with faecal organisms and should not be used for domestic purposes without proper treatment so as to mitigate the threat it poses to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - John O Odiyo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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12
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Kura NU, Ramli MF, Ibrahim S, Sulaiman WNA, Aris AZ. An integrated assessment of seawater intrusion in a small tropical island using geophysical, geochemical, and geostatistical techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7047-7064. [PMID: 24532282 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, geophysics, geochemistry, and geostatistical techniques were integrated to assess seawater intrusion in Kapas Island due to its geological complexity and multiple contamination sources. Five resistivity profiles were measured using an electric resistivity technique. The results reveal very low resistivity <1 Ωm, suggesting either marine clay deposit or seawater intrusion or both along the majority of the resistivity images. As a result, geochemistry was further employed to verify the resistivity evidence. The Chadha and Stiff diagrams classify the island groundwater into Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3, Na-HCO3, and Na-Cl water types, with Ca-HCO3 as the dominant. The Mg(2+)/Mg(2+)+Ca(2+), HCO3 (-)/anion, Cl(-)/HCO3 (-), Na(+)/Cl(-), and SO4 (2-)/Cl(-) ratios show that some sampling sites are affected by seawater intrusion; these sampling sites fall within the same areas that show low-resistivity values. The resulting ratios and resistivity values were then used in the geographical information system (GIS) environment to create the geostatistical map of individual indicators. These maps were then overlaid to create the final map showing seawater-affected areas. The final map successfully delineates the area that is actually undergoing seawater intrusion. The proposed technique is not area specific, and hence, it can work in any place with similar completed characteristics or under the influence of multiple contaminants so as to distinguish the area that is truly affected by any targeted pollutants from the rest. This information would provide managers and policy makers with the knowledge of the current situation and will serve as a guide and standard in water research for sustainable management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nura Umar Kura
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
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13
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Rao NS, Rao PS, Reddy GV, Nagamani M, Vidyasagar G, Satyanarayana NLVV. Chemical characteristics of groundwater and assessment of groundwater quality in Varaha River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:5189-5214. [PMID: 21931947 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Study on chemical characteristics of groundwater and impacts of groundwater quality on human health, plant growth, and industrial sector is essential to control and improve the water quality in every part of the country. The area of the Varaha River Basin is chosen for the present study, where the Precambrian Eastern Ghats underlain the Recent sediments. Groundwater quality is of mostly brackish and very hard, caused by the sources of geogenic, anthropogenic, and marine origin. The resulting groundwater is characterized by Na(+) > Mg(2+) > Ca(2+) : [Formula: see text] > Cl(-) > [Formula: see text], Na(+) > Mg(2+) > Ca(2+) : [Formula: see text] > Cl(-) > [Formula: see text] > [Formula: see text], Na(+) > Mg(2+) > Ca(2+) : [Formula: see text] > Cl(-), and Na(+) > Mg(2+) > Ca(2+) : Cl(-) > [Formula: see text] > [Formula: see text] facies, following the topographical and water flow-path conditions. The genetic geochemical evolution of groundwater ([Formula: see text] and Cl(-)-[Formula: see text] types under major group of [Formula: see text]) and the hydrogeochemical signatures (Na(+)/Cl(-), >1 and [Formula: see text]/Cl(-), <1) indicate that the groundwater is of originally fresh quality, but is subsequently modified to brackish by the influences of anthropogenic and marine sources, which also supported by the statistical analysis. The concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), TH, Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), [Formula: see text], Cl(-), [Formula: see text], and F(-) are above the recommended limits prescribed for drinking water in many locations. The quality of groundwater is of mostly moderate in comparison with the salinity hazard versus sodium hazard, the total salt concentration versus percent sodium, the residual sodium carbonate, and the magnesium hazard, but is of mostly suitable with respect to the permeability index for irrigation. The higher concentrations of TDS, TH, [Formula: see text], Cl(-), and [Formula: see text] in the groundwater cause the undesirable effects of incrustation and corrosion in many locations. Appropriate management measures are, therefore, suggested to improve the groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Subba Rao
- Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India.
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Nagarajan R, Rajmohan N, Mahendran U, Senthamilkumar S. Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Thanjavur city, Tamil Nadu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 171:289-308. [PMID: 20072811 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As groundwater is a vital source of water for domestic and agricultural activities in Thanjavur city due to lack of surface water resources, groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural usage were evaluated. In this study, 102 groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and bore wells during March 2008 and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, major ions, and nitrate. Results suggest that, in 90% of groundwater samples, sodium and chloride are predominant cation and anion, respectively, and NaCl and CaMgCl are major water types in the study area. The groundwater quality in the study site is impaired by surface contamination sources, mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation. Nitrate, chloride, and sulfate concentrations strongly express the impact of surface contamination sources such as agricultural and domestic activities, on groundwater quality, and 13% of samples have elevated nitrate content (>45 mg/l as NO(3)). PHREEQC code and Gibbs plots were employed to evaluate the contribution of mineral dissolution and suggest that mineral dissolution, especially carbonate minerals, regulates water chemistry. Groundwater suitability for drinking usage was evaluated by the World Health Organization and Indian standards and suggests that 34% of samples are not suitable for drinking. Integrated groundwater suitability map for drinking purposes was created using drinking water standards based on a concept that if the groundwater sample exceeds any one of the standards, it is not suitable for drinking. This map illustrates that wells in zones 1, 2, 3, and 4 are not fit for drinking purpose. Likewise, irrigational suitability of groundwater in the study region was evaluated, and results suggest that 20% samples are not fit for irrigation. Groundwater suitability map for irrigation was also produced based on salinity and sodium hazards and denotes that wells mostly situated in zones 2 and 3 are not suitable for irrigation. Both integrated suitability maps for drinking and irrigation usage provide overall scenario about the groundwater quality in the study area. Finally, the study concluded that groundwater quality is impaired by man-made activities, and proper management plan is necessary to protect valuable groundwater resources in Thanjavur city.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagarajan
- Department of Science and Mathematics, School of Engineering and Science, Curtin University of Technology, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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