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Au CK, Jason Chan KK, Chan W, Zhang X. Occurrence and stability of PCMX in water environments and its removal by municipal wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130550. [PMID: 37055964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX) is a synthetic antiseptic used extensively to control the spread of germs and viruses, and as a result, enormous amount of PCMX could be discharged to water environments through drainage. To investigate the extent of PCMX contamination, water samples were collected from rivers and coastal waters in Hong Kong, and PCMX concentrations were determined by a newly developed method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with stable isotope-dilution. We discovered widespread PCMX pollution in the water environment. Then, we revealed for the first time that PCMX in wastewater is not effectively removed by chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), one of the wastewater treatment processes used in Hong Kong (∼75% of wastewater) and other megacities around the world. This suggests that the CEPT effluent or the primary treatment effluent is an unintended continuous source of pollution for PCMX in water environments. Finally, we found that PCMX was relatively stable in the water environment and could pose a risk to aquatic organisms. These findings underscore the importance of raising public awareness of the environmental consequences from overuse of PCMX-based disinfectants and the need to reevaluate the various wastewater treatment processes in removing PCMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kit Au
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - K K Jason Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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Cravo A, Barbosa AB, Correia C, Matos A, Caetano S, Lima MJ, Jacob J. Unravelling the effects of treated wastewater discharges on the water quality in a coastal lagoon system (Ria Formosa, South Portugal): Relevance of hydrodynamic conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113296. [PMID: 34995889 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the influence of treated wastewater disposal on Ria Formosa coastal lagoon (South Portugal), the largest national producer of bivalve mollusks. Water quality was evaluated at two areas under different wastewater loads and hydrodynamic conditions, using physico-chemical variables, bacterial indicators of contamination, chlorophyll-a concentration, phytoplankton abundance and composition. Samples were collected monthly, between October 2018 and September 2019. Minor influence of effluent discharge was detected at the eastern Olhão area, exposed to stronger hydrodynamics and higher wastewater load than the northwestern Faro area (ca. 2-4-fold total nitrogen and phosphorus). The lower load weakly flushed area showed a poorer water quality, up to 500 m from the discharge point, more marked during the spring-summer period. The intensity, persistence, and spatial extent of the wastewater footprint, lower for the highest-loading area, reflected the role of local hydrodynamic conditions, modulating the influence of wastewater discharge on lagoonal water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cravo
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - A B Barbosa
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - C Correia
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - A Matos
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - S Caetano
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - M J Lima
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - J Jacob
- Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Assessment of Water Quality Using Chemometrics and Multivariate Statistics: A Case Study in Chaobai River Replenished by Reclaimed Water, North China. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dry rivers could be effectively recovered by reclaimed water in North China, while river water quality would be an important issue. Therefore, it is important to understand the spatiotemporal variation and controlling factors of river water. Water samples were collected during March, May, July, September, and November in the year 2010, then 20 parameters were analyzed. The water environment was oxidizing and alkaline, which was beneficial for nitrification. Nitrate was the main nitrogen form. Depleted and enriched isotopes were found in reclaimed water and river water, respectively. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of reclaimed water exceed the threshold of reclaimed water reuse standard and Class V in the surface water quality criteria. Most river water was at the severe eutrophication level. The sodium adsorption ratio indicated a medium harmful level for irrigation purpose. Significant spatial and temporal variation was explored by cluster analysis. Five months and nine stations were both classified into two distinct clusters. It was found that 6 parameters (chloride: Cl−, sulphate: SO42−, potassium: K+, sodium: Na+, magnesium: Mg2+, and total dissolved solids: TDS) had significant upward temporal variation, and 12 parameters (dissolved oxygen: DO, electric conductivity: EC, bicarbonate: HCO3−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, TDS, nitrite-nitrogen: NO2-N, nitrate nitrogen: NO3-N, TN, TP, and chlorophyll a: Chl.a) and 4 parameters (Mg2+, ammonia nitrogen: NH3-N, and the oxygen-18 and hydron-2 stable isotope: δ18O and δ2H) had a significant downward and upward spatial trend, respectively. The Gibbs plot showed that river water chemistry was mainly controlled by a water–rock interaction. The ionic relationship and principal component analysis showed that river water had undergone the dissolution of carbonate, calcite, and silicate minerals, cation exchange, a process of nitrification, photosynthesis of phytoplankton, and stable isotope enrichment. In addition, gypsum and salt rock have a potential dissolution process.
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Smeti E, Roelke DL, Tsirtsis G, Spatharis S. Species extinctions strengthen the relationship between biodiversity and resource use efficiency. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Spatio-Temporal Variation and Controlling Factors of Water Quality in Yongding River Replenished by Reclaimed Water in Beijing, North China. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Roelke DL, Spatharis S. Phytoplankton succession in recurrently fluctuating environments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121392. [PMID: 25803437 PMCID: PMC4372531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal marine systems are affected by seasonal variations in biogeochemical and physical processes, sometimes leading to alternating periods of reproductive growth limitation within an annual cycle. Transitions between these periods can be sudden or gradual. Human activities, such as reservoir construction and interbasin water transfers, influence these processes and can affect the type of transition between resource loading conditions. How such human activities might influence phytoplankton succession is largely unknown. Here, we employ a multispecies, multi-nutrient model to explore how nutrient loading switching mode might affect phytoplankton succession. The model is based on the Monod-relationship, predicting an instantaneous reproductive growth rate from ambient inorganic nutrient concentrations whereas the limiting nutrient at any given time was determined by Liebig's Law of the Minimum. When these relationships are combined with population loss factors, such as hydraulic displacement of cells associated with inflows, a characterization of a species' niche can be achieved through application of the R* conceptual model, thus enabling an ecological interpretation of modeling results. We found that the mode of reversal in resource supply concentrations had a profound effect. When resource supply reversals were sudden, as expected in systems influenced by pulsed inflows or wind-driven mixing events, phytoplankton were characterized by alternating succession dynamics, a phenomenon documented in inland water bodies of temperate latitudes. When resource supply reversals were gradual, as expected in systems influenced by seasonally developing wet and dry seasons, or annually occurring periods of upwelling, phytoplankton dynamics were characterized by mirror-image succession patterns. This phenomenon has not been reported previously in plankton systems but has been observed in some terrestrial plant systems. These findings suggest that a transition from alternating to "mirror-image" succession patterns might arise with continued coastal zone development, with crucial implications for ecosystems dependent on time-sensitive processes, e.g., spawning events and migration patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Roelke
- Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, and Department of Oceanography, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sofie Spatharis
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Roelke DL, Spatharis S. Phytoplankton assemblage characteristics in recurrently fluctuating environments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120673. [PMID: 25799563 PMCID: PMC4370464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual variations in biogeochemical and physical processes can lead to nutrient variability and seasonal patterns in phytoplankton productivity and assemblage structure. In many coastal systems river inflow and water exchange with the ocean varies seasonally, and alternating periods can arise where the nutrient most limiting to phytoplankton growth switches. Transitions between these alternating periods can be sudden or gradual and this depends on human activities, such as reservoir construction and interbasin water transfers. How such activities might influence phytoplankton assemblages is largely unknown. Here, we employed a multispecies, multi-nutrient model to explore how nutrient loading switching mode might affect characteristics of phytoplankton assemblages. The model is based on the Monod-relationship, predicting an instantaneous growth rate from ambient inorganic nutrient concentrations whereas the limiting nutrient at any given time was determined by Liebig's Law of the Minimum. Our simulated phytoplankton assemblages self-organized from species rich pools over a 15-year period, and only the surviving species were considered as assemblage members. Using the model, we explored the interactive effects of complementarity level in trait trade-offs within phytoplankton assemblages and the amount of noise in the resource supply concentrations. We found that the effect of shift from a sudden resource supply transition to a gradual one, as observed in systems impacted by watershed development, was dependent on the level of complementarity. In the extremes, phytoplankton species richness and relative overyielding increased when complementarity was lowest, and phytoplankton biomass increased greatly when complementarity was highest. For low-complementarity simulations, the persistence of poorer-performing phytoplankton species of intermediate R*s led to higher richness and relative overyielding. For high-complementarity simulations, the formation of phytoplankton species clusters and niche compression enabled higher biomass accumulation. Our findings suggest that an understanding of factors influencing the emergence of life history traits important to complementarity is necessary to predict the impact of watershed development on phytoplankton productivity and assemblage structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Roelke
- Texas A&M University, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, and Department of Oceanography, 2258 TAMUS, College Station, Texas 77843–2258, United States of America
| | - Sofie Spatharis
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ma J, Liu D, Wells SA, Tang H, Ji D, Yang Z. Modeling density currents in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Demir Yetis A, Selek Z, Seckin G, Davutluoglu OI. Water quality of Mediterranean coastal plains: conservation implications from the Akyatan Lagoon, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:7631-7642. [PMID: 25079087 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The water quality of the Akyatan Lagoon was characterized using hydrochemical methodology. The lagoon is located on the Mediterranean coast and is the largest wetland ecosystem in Turkey. In addition, the lagoon is classified as a hyper-salinity wetland. Water samples were collected monthly between December 2007 and November 2008. Eleven stations within the lagoon were determined, and triplicate grab samples were obtained from each station to characterize water quality as follows: T °C, pH, total alkalinity (TAlk), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and main anions, including chloride (Cl(-)), nitrates (NO3 (-)), and sulfate (SO4 (2-)). Results from selected stations indicated varying TDS, EC, salinity, and Cl(-) concentrations, from 20,892 to 175,824 mg/L, from 35.7 to 99.6 mS/cm, from 22.3 to 71.0 ppt, and from 14,819 to 44,198 mg Cl(-)/L, respectively. Data indicated that the spatial distribution of water quality parameters was significantly affected by freshwater input via the constructed drainage channels which collect water from a catchment area and discharge water into the lagoon as a point source, thus preventing drainage water to reach the lagoon as a nonpoint source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Demir Yetis
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bitlis Eren Üniversity, 13000, Bitlis, Turkey,
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