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Palanivel Partha S, Bharathidasan V, Damotharan P, Selvaraj P, Murugesan P, Sivaraj S, Syed A, Elgorban AM. Assessment of ecological status of Uppanar and Vellar estuaries through multivariate pollution indices. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116390. [PMID: 38701600 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Multivariate pollution degree indices were utilized to evaluate the environmental condition of the Uppanar and Vellar estuaries. The Trophic Index (TRIX) indicates a state of "moderate eutrophication" with a value of 4.92, while the Trophic State Index (TSI) ranged from 40.3 to 57.2, categorizing the trophic states from "oligotrophic" to "eutrophic". The Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) showed a range of 0.13 to 0.94, classifying pollution levels from "unpolluted" to "slightly polluted". The study revealed that the Uppanar and Vellar estuaries underwent seasonal variations, transitioning from an oligotrophic state during the post-monsoon and summer periods to a eutrophic state in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. The application of multivariate statistical tools allowed the identification of pollution indicator species to assess the estuarine systems. The insights gained from this study can be valuable for assessing other ecosystems facing similar anthropogenic activities, providing a basis for informed management and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathy Palanivel Partha
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeraiyan Bharathidasan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palani Damotharan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous), Sivakasi 626130, India
| | - Perumal Murugesan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sigamani Sivaraj
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India.
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alam MJ, Kamal AM, Ahmed MK, Rahman M, Hasan M, Rahman SAR. Nutrient and heavy metal dynamics in the coastal waters of St. Martin's island in the Bay of Bengal. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20458. [PMID: 37810842 PMCID: PMC10556782 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal variation observations were conducted in the coastal waters of St. Martin's Island in the Bay of Bengal to examine the influence of physical processes and the distribution pattern of nutrients in the ocean water. Pollution evaluation indices, health index and statistical techniques were incorporated to assess the heavy metal contamination. Two seasons, cool dry winter and pre-monsoon hot, were considered for sampling from 12 stations around the island. The Cool dry winter season has higher nutrient concentrations than the Pre-monsoon Hot season. The concentration of nutrients appeared as follows: Silicate > Nitrate > Ammonia > Phosphate > Nitrite. PCA and Pearson's Correlation showed that fresh water from nearby rivers, deep water upwelling, and, in some situations, modest anthropogenic sources are crucial. Hence, low DO and phosphate levels during the pre-monsoon hot season indicate there is a planktonic process like photosynthesis prevailing. The island's north-western and south-eastern regions have higher nutrient concentrations, which may be seasonal and due to wind action. Pb, Cu, As, Cr, Cd, and Zn were also considered to comprehend the island's geo-chemical perspectives and ecological and human health risks. The Pre-monsoon Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) demonstrated that some places are much higher than the threshold limit, even though no significantly higher value was detected in the cool winter season. The Nemerow Index, the Total Ecological Risk Index (TERI), indicated that heavy metal contamination was severe to moderate and low to moderate. Finally, Pearson's correlation showed the association between physical and chemical characteristics, similar to PCA and Pearson's correlation for nutrients and heavy metals. Thus, this research may help shed light on the state of the seas around St. Martin's Island. This study may also provide explicit insights for the authority to take the necessary measures to preserve marine ecology and the associated terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jobaer Alam
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A.S.M. Maksud Kamal
- Department of Disaster Science and Climate Resilience, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfujur Rahman
- Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sad Al Rezwan Rahman
- Bangladesh Reference Institute for Chemical Measurements, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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Wu C, Narale DD, Cui Z, Wang X, Liu H, Xu W, Zhang G, Sun J. Diversity, structure, and distribution of bacterioplankton and diazotroph communities in the Bay of Bengal during the winter monsoon. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:987462. [PMID: 36532434 PMCID: PMC9748438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is conventionally believed to be a low productive, oligotrophic marine ecosystem, where the diazotroph communities presumed to play a vital role in adding "new" nitrogen through the nitrogen fixation process. However, the diazotroph communities in the oceanic region of the BoB are still poorly understood though it represents most of the seawater volume. The present study investigated a detailed account of the bacterioplankton community structure and distribution in the oceanic BoB during the winter monsoon using high throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA and nifH genes. Our study observed diverse groups of bacterioplankton communities in the BoB including both cyanobacterial and non-cyanobacterial phylotypes. Cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus spp. and Synechococcus spp.) and Proteobacteria (mainly α-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria) were the most abundant groups within the bacterial communities, possessing differential vertical distribution patterns. Cyanobacteria were more abundant in the surface waters, whereas Proteobacteria dominated the deeper layers (75 m). However, within the diazotroph communities, Proteobacteria (mainly γ-Proteobacteria) were the most dominant groups than Cyanobacteria. Function prediction based on PICRUSt revealed that nitrogen fixation might more active to add fixed nitrogen in the surface waters, while nitrogen removal pathways (denitrification and anammox) might stronger in deeper layers. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that temperature, salinity, and silicate were major environmental factors driving the distribution of bacterial communities. Additionally, phosphate was also an important factor in regulating the diazotroph communities in the surface water. Overall, this study provided detailed information on bacterial communities and their vital role in the nitrogen cycles in oligotrophic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dhiraj Dhondiram Narale
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingzhou Wang
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Xu
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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Development of marine activated algae-bacterial granule: A novel replacement to the conventional algal remediation processes. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Ratnam K, V.P. Limna Mol, S. Venkatnarayanan, Dilip Kumar Jha, G. Dharani, M. Prashanthi Devi. Seasonal variations influencing the abundance and diversity of plankton in the Swarnamukhi River Estuary, Nellore, India. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7663.14.2.20615-20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach was used to study the seasonal influence on the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Swarnamukhi River Estuary (SRE) and the adjacent coast covering five stations by collecting monthly samples from the years 2014 to 2017. A total of 54 phytoplankton species conforming to four families and 58 zooplankton species conforming to nine families were recorded. Phytoplankton abundance and richness were high during pre-monsoon (PRM - 56410 cells/L) followed by monsoon (MON – 42210 cells/L). A similar trend was observed in the case of zooplankton, where abundance was recorded high during PRM (124261 ind./m3) followed by MON (111579 ind./m3). Moreover, phytoplankton and zooplankton were dominated by the diatoms and copepods, respectively. Both phytoplankton and zooplankton exhibited significant temporal (F= 26.4, p <0.05) and spatial (F= 32.1, p <0.05) variations. The higher density and abundance were recorded in the inner stations compared to the open sea. The present study reveals that the SRE have a rich diversity which could be attributed to a higher nutrient influx in the inner stations. The anthropogenic discharge from the surrounding aqua farms, agricultural land, and human settlement area could cause concerns for the local flora and fauna if a proper mitigation plan is not evolved through long-term monitoring study in this coastal region.
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Ding X, Guo X, Gao H, Gao J, Shi J, Yu X, Wu Z. Seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations and their ratios in the central Bohai Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149416. [PMID: 34371407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Bohai Sea is a typical semi-enclosed sea in the northwest Pacific, which is subject to serious eutrophication due to human activities. Similar to hydrographic variables such as water temperature and salinity, the nutrient concentrations and ratios in the Bohai Sea also exhibit seasonal variations. However, the effects of external inputs, biological processes, and benthic processes on these seasonal variations have not been quantified to date. To address this issue, a physical-biological coupled model was developed to capture the seasonal nutrient cycling in the central Bohai Sea. The simulation results revealed apparent seasonal variations in the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silicate (DSi). The N/P ratio (as the molar ratio of DIN/DIP) also exhibited an apparent seasonal variation, with the maximum and minimum values in surface water occurring in summer (>100) and winter (<30), respectively. The Si/N ratio (as the molar ratio of DSi/DIN) was slightly higher in summer than in other seasons. The budget for three types of nutrient indicated that the biological processes determined the seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations and the N/P ratio. The external inputs of nutrients via river input, atmospheric deposition, and sediment release were probably important in summer when they could alleviate the reduced nutrient concentrations due to biological processes. To maintain a reasonable nitrogen budget, it was necessary to include benthic nitrogen loss, which removed a large amount of inorganic nitrogen in summer and autumn. In addition, the variation of N/P ratio of phytoplankton uptake can reduce the ratio of DIN to DIP in surface water by ~20 in summer as compared to the calculation with a fixed N/P ratio (16:1) in phytoplankton uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Jie Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhaosen Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China
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Garlapati D, Munnooru K, Vinjamuri RR, Karri R, Mallavarapu VR. Distribution patterns and seasonal variations in phytoplankton communities of the hypersaline Pulicat lagoon, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61497-61512. [PMID: 34176045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton structure and patterns are key components to forecast the net result of the gain and loss process that outline the resilience of the lagoon ecosystem. In order to understand the phytoplankton community structure and its relationship with the environmental variables in the shallow hypersaline Pulicat lagoon, east coast of India, observations were carried out during August 2018-January 2019 covering the three seasons: premonsoon (PrM), monsoon (M), and postmonsoon (PoM). The salinity of the lagoon varied with a minimum of 12.1 for the M and a maximum of 81.65 during the PoM. The clustering analysis performed on the phytoplankton abundance data separated the lagoon into three sectors: north sector (NS), central sector (CS), and south sector (SS). A total of 59 taxa/morphotypes from four taxonomic classes (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Dinophyceae) were recorded during the study period. The class Bacillariophyceae was dominant in the lagoon both spatially and temporally by 44.06% with Chaetoceros borealis as dominant species. Presence of characteristic species like Dunaliella sp. was observed in the higher salinity, whereas Pediastrum duplex and Scenedesmus sp. were dominant in the freshwater influx areas. The individual-based functional approach allowed grouping these taxa into 11 functional entities based on the derived 4 functional trait values (cell size, trophic regime, mobility, and coloniality). Formation of algal blooms of Protoperidinium sp. (3.3×105ind L-1) and Odentella sp. (2.8×105ind L-1) was observed in the SS during PoM as a result of reduced water exchange in the lagoon. During the same period, toxin-producing strains like Anabaena sp. and Nostoc sp. of Cyanophyceae were also recorded. Correlating the three sectors of the lake (NS, CS, and SS), it is observed that the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the lake varied continuously depending on the season and freshwater availability. Seasonal nutrient stoichiometry played a significant role in regulating the community structure and distribution pattern of phytoplankton communities of the lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deviram Garlapati
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India.
| | - Kumaraswami Munnooru
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India
| | - Ranga Rao Vinjamuri
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India
| | - Ramu Karri
- National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India
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Mohanty AK, Sathishkumar RS, Sahu G, Suriyaprakash R, Arunachalam KD, Venkatesan R. Spatial and seasonal variations in coastal water characteristics at Kalpakkam, western Bay of Bengal, Southeast India: a multivariate statistical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:366. [PMID: 34046759 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam with the objectives to evaluate the seasonality in hydrobiological parameters in surface and bottom waters, and assess the anthropogenic stress and monsoonal flux on a spatiotemporal scale. The study covered an area of approximately 100 km2 in the coastal environment. Relatively high values for pH, temperature, and TP were observed during the post-monsoon (POM) season. The monsoon (MON) season was linked with TN, ammonia, and DO concentrations as all these parameters have shown increased values during this season due to freshwater input. The summer (SUM) season was characterized by salinity, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate, indicating a true marine environmental condition for plankton production. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) indicated the presence of distinct coastal water masses with respect to seasons and sampling regions. The spatial pattern indicated the distinctness of the coastal nearshore water (CNW) and coastal offshore water (COW) with respect to water quality. The CNW was more dynamic due to direct external influence as compared to the relatively stable COW environment. Similarly, the study region in the northern part, which is continuously exposed to the backwater inputs and tourism activities, was statistically different from the southern part.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mohanty
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, India.
| | - R S Sathishkumar
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Gouri Sahu
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, India
| | - R Suriyaprakash
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Kantha D Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - R Venkatesan
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, India
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Wu ML, Wang YT, Cheng H, Sun FL, Fei J, Sun CC, Yin JP, Zhao H, Wang YS. Phytoplankton community, structure and succession delineated by partial least square regression in Daya Bay, South China Sea. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:751-761. [PMID: 32189146 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Daya Bay is facing the influence of human activities and nature changes, which result in phytoplankton adjusting to the changing environment. The data about environmental changes and phytoplankton were obtained from four seasonal cruises in 2013 in the bay. It is helpful to explore seasonal succession of phytoplankton driven by the determining environmental factors in this bay. Temperature is a significant indicator of season change. The limiting factor of phytoplankton growth totally changed from P (PO4-P) limiting during the southwest monsoon to Si (SiO3-Si) limiting during northeast monsoon. The order of diatoms and dinoflagellates was the dominant phytoplankton groups in Daya Bay. The dominant species included chain-forming diatoms (Skeletonema, Pseudo-nitzschia, Thalassionema, Chaetoceros and Rhizosolenia) were found all the year round and filamentous cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium) in spring and autumn. Partial least square regression (PLS) found that salinity, temperature and nutrients were important driving force for phytoplankton seasonal succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yu-Tu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Fu-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - Jiao Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Cui-Ci Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - Jian-Ping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China.
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Mitra S, Sudarshan M, Jonathan MP, Sarkar SK, Thakur S. Spatial and seasonal distribution of multi-elements in suspended particulate matter (SPM) in tidally dominated Hooghly river estuary and their ecotoxicological relevance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12658-12672. [PMID: 32006334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work represented first study of the spatio-seasonal distribution of the multi-elements in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the tropical Hooghly river estuary (HRE), eastern part of India. The high load of SPM (20-3460 mg/l) might have induced negative impact on the phytoplankton density. The relative abundance of the studied elements exhibited the following decreasing trend (concentration in μg/g and %): Si(26.44 ± 3.75%) > Al(7.94 ± 1.52%) > Fe(6.17 ± 1.9%) > K(3.05 ± 1.5%) > Ca(1.97 ± 1.11%) > Mg(1.57 ± 1.71%) > Na(1.45 ± 8.40%) > Mn(1273 ± 2003) > Zn(178.43 ± 130.95) > V(151.54 ± 27.13) > Cr(147.08 ± 32.21) > Cu(62.06 ± 14.03) > Ni(49.64 ± 12.09) > Pb(21.5 ± 10.45). The accumulation of Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cu is mainly controlled by the formation of Fe hydroxides along with particulate organic carbon (POC) and salinity. The average geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) endorsed the substantial input of Cr (Igeo = 0.037; EF = 1.61) and Zn (Igeo = 0.123; EF = 2.07) from diffused pollution sources. From ecotoxicological point of view, the quality guidelines (QGs) suggested that Cr and Ni might possess frequent adverse biological effects. However, the mean probable effect level (PEL) quotient values revealed 49% probability of toxicity to the aquatic biota for five toxic elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The geochemical approaches, pollution indices, and statistical evaluation together revealed low to moderate contamination in the estuary. This baseline data would be beneficial in adopting proper management strategies for sustainable utilization and restoration of the water resources. The authors strongly recommend continuous systematic monitoring and installation of treatment plants for management of this stressed estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Mathummal Sudarshan
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M P Jonathan
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Calle 30 de Junio de 1520, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán C.P. 07340, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India.
| | - Sandeep Thakur
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
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Hardikar R, Haridevi CK, Ram A, Khandeparker R, Amberkar U, Chauhan M. Inter-annual variability of phytoplankton assemblage and Tetraspora gelatinosa bloom from anthropogenically affected harbour, Veraval, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:87. [PMID: 30659367 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Veraval, one of Asia's largest fishing harbours, situated on the south-west coast of Gujarat, India, has transformed into an industrial hub dominated by fish processing units, rayon manufacturing industry, and transportation facilities. The study investigated the high abundance of Tetraspora gelatinosa along with the augmented level of ammonia in the harbour. The high concentration of ammonia was associated with the accumulation of sewage, industrial, and fishery wastes in the harbour. Low-energy expenditure associated with assimilation of ammonia made it a principal nitrogen source for Tetraspora gelatinosa growth. Even though ammonia is the preferred nitrogen source by phytoplankton, elevated concentration causes toxicity to the cells. Augmented level of ammonia and high TSS hampered the efficiency of PS II, thereby impeding the chlorophyll a degradation and oxygen evolution. Built of the organic load from fish processing industries as well as domestic waste along with a reduction in photosynthetic oxygen evolution has made the harbour hypoxic (DO < 1.6 mg L-1)/anoxic (DO = 0.0 mg L-1). Shannon-Wiener diversity index as a pollution index suggested that the inner harbour area was highly polluted as the diversity ranged from 0.01 to 1.57. Whereas, the outer harbour (Near-shore and off-shore) with less anthropogenic effect recorded high diversity (av. 2.17) suggesting a healthy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati Hardikar
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre - Mumbai, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 053, India
| | - C K Haridevi
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre - Mumbai, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 053, India.
| | - Anirudh Ram
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre - Mumbai, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 053, India
| | - Rakhee Khandeparker
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Headquarter - Goa, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Ujwala Amberkar
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Headquarter - Goa, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Meena Chauhan
- National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre - Mumbai, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 053, India
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12
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Dong ZG, Chen YH, Ge HX, Li XY, Wu HL, Wang CH, Hu Z, Wu YJ, Fu GH, Lu JK, Che H. Response of growth and development of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to thermal discharge from a nuclear power plant. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:31. [PMID: 30189862 PMCID: PMC6127899 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During electricity generation of nuclear power plant, heat energy cannot be completely converted into electrical energy, and a part of it is lost in the form of thermal discharge into the environment. The thermal discharge is harmful to flora and fauna leading to environmental deterioration, biological diversity decline, and even biological extinction. RESULTS The present study investigated the influence of thermal discharge from a nuclear power plant on the growth and development of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas which is widely used as bio indicator to monitor environmental changes. The growth of soft part and the gonad development of oysters were inhibited due to thermal discharge. During winter season, temperature elevation caused by thermal discharge promoted the growth of oyster shells. During summer season, the growth rate of oysters in thermal discharge area was significantly lower than that of the natural sea area. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provided a better understanding of assessing the impact of thermal discharge on the marine ecological environment and mariculture industry. It also provided a scientific basis for defining a safe zone for aquaculture in the vicinity of nuclear power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Guo Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Xing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Long Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bioindustry Technology, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-He Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang-Jian Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang-Hui Fu
- Lianyungang City Marine and Fishery Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji-Kun Lu
- Lianyungang City Marine and Fishery Development Promotion Center, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Che
- Lianyungang Muyang Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu, China
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Mitra S, Ghosh S, Satpathy KK, Bhattacharya BD, Sarkar SK, Mishra P, Raja P. Water quality assessment of the ecologically stressed Hooghly River Estuary, India: A multivariate approach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:592-599. [PMID: 28974303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporal and seasonal variation of the water quality characteristics of the Hooghly River Estuary, India were studied considering eight stations of diverse eco-hydrological characteristics. Wide variations in turbidity, total dissolved solids and fecal coliform exceeded the permissible BIS drinking water level limit. The estuary is observed to be relatively low-oxygenated, mesotropic and phosphate limiting. Spatial heterogeneity and impact of the southwest monsoon were remarkably pronounced in the distribution of the inorganic nutrients revealing the following values (expressed in μgatml-1): nitrate+nitrite (2.42-37.19), phosphate (0.41-1.52) and silicate (38.5-187.75). Water Quality Index (WQI) values confirmed the prevailing 'bad' condition, detrimental for sustenance of aquatic biota. Results of Principal Component Analysis identified the major factors liable for water quality deterioration while cluster analysis categorized the stations on the basis of similar water quality status. The authors recommend adopting preventive measures for water quality improvement linked to biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Swayambhu Ghosh
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 700 108, India
| | - Kamala Kanta Satpathy
- Environment and Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603 102, India
| | - Bhaskar Deb Bhattacharya
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India.
| | - Pravakar Mishra
- ICMAM-Project Directorate, NIOT campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600100, India
| | - P Raja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation (IISWC), Research Centre, Udhagamandalam, Fern Hill, P.O., Tamil Nadu 643 004, India
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Dash S, Behera RK, Mohapatra PK, Sarangi RK, Raut D, Pati A, Patnaik L. Species composition of microzooplankton Tintinnid from the coastal waters of Digha, Bay of Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:258. [PMID: 28478543 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tintinnid species distribution and hydrography were studied in the coastal waters of Digha during winter (November 2015) and summer (March 2016) seasons. Surface water samples were collected from 11 different stations from 0 to 10 km offshore with the help of a mechanized trawler. Parameters like tintinnid species enumeration, zooplankton biomass, phytoplankton concentration (total chlorophyll) and abundance, sea surface temperature (SST), pH, transparency, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphate, silicate and nitrate were analysed. A total of 20 different tintinnid species (16 agglomerated +4 non-agglomerated) belonging to 6 genera were recorded from the study area with seasonal variation in tintinnid diversity, i.e. higher in summer (total 2745 individual/l) compared to winter (total 1191 individual/l). Tintinnopsis was the most dominant genus during both the seasons, i.e. 2100 individual/l in summer and 727 individual/l in winter, contributing about 76 and 61% population for the respective seasons. The correlation between species and water quality parameters showed that Tintinnopsis sp. abundance was significantly regulated by nitrate concentration, salinity, dissolved oxygen, water transparency and pH. However, the mentioned hydrological parameters were not the only factors regulating the tintinnid abundance. Tintinnid abundance was also found to be positively related with transparency (r = 0.732) and salinity (r = 0.524) and moderately related with dissolved oxygen (r = 0.488) whereas strong negative relation (at p ≤ 0.05) was established between tintinnid abundance with nitrate (r = -0.681) and pH (r = -0.561). Bray-Curtis cluster analysis of tintinnid species showed more than 60% similarity. Shannon's diversity index (H'), Simpson's evenness index (D) and Margalef's species richness index were found to be higher in summer, i.e. 1.61, 0.729 and 1.612, compared to the winter season, i.e. 1.139, 0.597 and 1.268. k-dominance curve showed maximum abundance of Tintinnopsis baltica in winter and Tintinnopsis gracilis in summer. Principal component analysis (PCA) was analysed to find out the environmental variables affecting different tintinnid species diversity. A significant spatiotemporal variation in Tintinnid population distribution was observed from two-way ANOVA. The results reflect significant seasonal (F = 840.0), spatial (F = 47.3) and interactive variation (F = 71.2) among the ciliate microzooplankton at n = 66, p ≤ 0.001. High chlorophyll content and phytoplankton population in summer indicated that tintinnid diversity in the season was positively influenced by producer community in coastal waters of Digha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Dash
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India
| | | | | | - R K Sarangi
- Marine Ecosystem Division, BPSG/EPSA, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, 380015, India
| | - Dipti Raut
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India
| | - Anupama Pati
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India
| | - Lipika Patnaik
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India.
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Hardikar R, Haridevi CK, Chowdhury M, Shinde N, Ram A, Rokade MA, Rakesh PS. Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton and its association with physico-chemical parameters in coastal waters of Malvan, west coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:151. [PMID: 28275985 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Malvan coast is one of the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Maharashtra because of its rich coral reef and biodiversity. The study investigated on phytoplankton assemblage and their diversity with respect to physico-chemical parameters covering protected and unprotected area of Malvan coast. Physico-chemical parameters such as salinity, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia did not display seasonality due to inadequate fresh water influx and allochthonous nutrient input. Positive correlation of phosphate (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001) and silicate (r = 0.91, p < 0.0001) with Total Suspended Solids (TSS) confirmed their autochthonous origin as a result of resuspension of bottom sediments during monsoon. A total of 57 phytoplankton species were identified mostly dominated by Bascillariophyceae (40 species), followed by Dinophyceae (9 species), Chlorophyceae (5 species), Cyanophyceae (2 species), and Dictyochophyceae (1 species) from Malvan coast. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that water temperature and TSS were the most significant parameters influencing the distribution and seasonal shift in phytoplankton species such as Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros sp. during pre-monsoon and Psedo-nitzschia sp., Streptotheca thamensis, Eucampia zodiacus, and Lithodesmium undulatum during post-monsoon. Silicate and phosphate had minor influence on phytoplankton distribution. Shannon-Wiener diversity index as a pollution index suggested that the study area was incipiently polluted except at bay stations. Despite of various human interventions the water quality and phytoplankton assemblage of this area has not reached to an alarming situation. The current study provides a valuable baseline data on phytoplankton assemblage from Malvan coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati Hardikar
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - C K Haridevi
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India.
| | - Mintu Chowdhury
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - Namrata Shinde
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - Anirudh Ram
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - M A Rokade
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India
| | - P S Rakesh
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Lokhandawala Road, Four Bungalows, Andheri West, Mumbai, 400053, India
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16
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Baliarsingh SK, Srichandan S, Lotliker AA, Sahu KC, Srinivasa Kumar T. Phytoplankton community structure in local water types at a coastal site in north-western Bay of Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:427. [PMID: 27334343 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis on seasonal distribution of phytoplankton community structure and their interaction with environmental variables was carried out in two local water types (type 1 < 30 m isobath and Type 2 > 30 m isobath) at a coastal site in north-western Bay of Bengal. Phytoplankton community was represented by 211 taxa (146 marine, 37 fresh, 2 brackish, 20 marine-fresh, and 6 marine-brackish-fresh) belonging to seven major groups including 45 potential bloom forming and 22 potential toxin producing species. The seasonal variability depicted enrichment of phytoplankton during pre-monsoon in both water types. Total phytoplankton abundance pattern observed with inter-annual shift during monsoon and post-monsoon period at both water types. In both water types, diatom predominance was observed in terms of species richness and abundance comprising of centric (82 sp.) and pennate (58 sp.) forms. Pennate diatoms, Thalassiothrix longissima and Skeletonema costatum preponderated in both the water types. The diatom abundance was higher in type 1 in comparison to type 2. In general, SiO4 found to fuel growth of the dominant phytoplankton group, diatom in both the water types despite comparative lower concentration of other macronutrients in type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Baliarsingh
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), "Ocean Valley", Pragathi Nagar (BO), Nizapmpet (SO), Hyderabad, 500090, India
| | - Suchismita Srichandan
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Brahmapur, Odisha, 760007, India
- Wetland Research and Training Centre, Chilika Development Authority, Barkul, Balugaon, Odisha, 752030, India
| | - Aneesh A Lotliker
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), "Ocean Valley", Pragathi Nagar (BO), Nizapmpet (SO), Hyderabad, 500090, India.
| | - K C Sahu
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Brahmapur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - T Srinivasa Kumar
- Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), "Ocean Valley", Pragathi Nagar (BO), Nizapmpet (SO), Hyderabad, 500090, India
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