1
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Capella-Monsonís H, Cramer M, Turner N, Reing J, Zhang L, Kronengold RT, Bartolacci J, Badylak SF. The composition and mechanical properties of porcine placental ECM from three different breeds. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:065012. [PMID: 37725946 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acfb05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds are extensively used in various clinical applications such as musculotendinous reconstruction, hernia repair or wound healing. Biologic scaffolds used in these applications vary in species, breed and tissue of origin, and other variables that affect their properties. Decellularization and sterilization processes also determine the characteristics of these scaffolds. The goal of the present study is to compare the composition and mechanical properties of decellularized porcine placental scaffolds from three different porcine breeds: Landrace, York and Duroc. Placental extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds from the three porcine breeds preserved the amnion/chorion ECM structure and the basement membrane markers laminin and collagen type IV. ECM placental scaffolds showed similar contents of collagen, elastin and lipids, and minimal differences in glycosaminoglycans content. Mechanical properties from the three breeds ECM placental scaffolds were also similar and stable for 24 months. While this study serves as preliminary characterization of porcine ECM scaffolds, future studies will determine their compatibility and suitability for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Capella-Monsonís
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Madeline Cramer
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Neill Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Janet Reing
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Li Zhang
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph Bartolacci
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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2
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Perez S, Makshakova O, Angulo J, Bedini E, Bisio A, de Paz JL, Fadda E, Guerrini M, Hricovini M, Hricovini M, Lisacek F, Nieto PM, Pagel K, Paiardi G, Richter R, Samsonov SA, Vivès RR, Nikitovic D, Ricard Blum S. Glycosaminoglycans: What Remains To Be Deciphered? JACS AU 2023; 3:628-656. [PMID: 37006755 PMCID: PMC10052243 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides exhibiting a vast structural diversity and fulfilling various functions mediated by thousands of interactions in the extracellular matrix, at the cell surface, and within the cells where they have been detected in the nucleus. It is known that the chemical groups attached to GAGs and GAG conformations comprise "glycocodes" that are not yet fully deciphered. The molecular context also matters for GAG structures and functions, and the influence of the structure and functions of the proteoglycan core proteins on sulfated GAGs and vice versa warrants further investigation. The lack of dedicated bioinformatic tools for mining GAG data sets contributes to a partial characterization of the structural and functional landscape and interactions of GAGs. These pending issues will benefit from the development of new approaches reviewed here, namely (i) the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides to build large and diverse GAG libraries, (ii) GAG analysis and sequencing by mass spectrometry (e.g., ion mobility-mass spectrometry), gas-phase infrared spectroscopy, recognition tunnelling nanopores, and molecular modeling to identify bioactive GAG sequences, biophysical methods to investigate binding interfaces, and to expand our knowledge and understanding of glycocodes governing GAG molecular recognition, and (iii) artificial intelligence for in-depth investigation of GAGomic data sets and their integration with proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Perez
- Centre
de Recherche sur les Macromolecules, Vegetales,
University of Grenoble-Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble F-38041 France
| | - Olga Makshakova
- FRC
Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan 420111, Russia
| | - Jesus Angulo
- Insituto
de Investigaciones Quimicas, CIC Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, SP 41092, Spain
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples
Federico II, Naples,I-80126, Italy
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto
di Richerche Chimiche e Biochimiche, G. Ronzoni, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Jose Luis de Paz
- Insituto
de Investigaciones Quimicas, CIC Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, SP 41092, Spain
| | - Elisa Fadda
- Department
of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth
University, Maynooth W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto
di Richerche Chimiche e Biochimiche, G. Ronzoni, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Michal Hricovini
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava SK-845 38, Slovakia
| | - Milos Hricovini
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava SK-845 38, Slovakia
| | - Frederique Lisacek
- Computer
Science Department & Section of Biology, University of Geneva & Swiss Institue of Bioinformatics, Geneva CH-1227, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Insituto
de Investigaciones Quimicas, CIC Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, SP 41092, Spain
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Giulia Paiardi
- Molecular
and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical
Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Ralf Richter
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of
Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,
Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Bragg Centre for
Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A. Samsonov
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdsank 80-309, Poland
| | - Romain R. Vivès
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- School
of Histology-Embriology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Sylvie Ricard Blum
- University
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
UMR 5246, Villeurbanne F 69622 Cedex, France
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3
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Yang H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 157:251-291. [PMID: 36725112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins that consist of a proteoglycan "core" protein and covalently attached heparan sulfate (HS) chain. HSPGs are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and secretory vesicles. Within HSPGs, the protein cores determine when and where HSPG expression takes place, and the HS chains mediate most of HSPG's biological roles through binding various protein ligands, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and receptors, morphogens, proteases, protease inhibitors, and ECM proteins. Through these interactions, HSPGs modulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis to display essential functions in physiology and pathology. Under physiological conditions, the expression and localization of HSPGs are finely regulated to orchestrate their physiological functions, and this is disrupted in cancer. The HSPG dysregulation elicits multiple oncogenic signaling, including growth factor signaling, ECM and Integrin signaling, chemokine and immune signaling, cancer stem cell, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, to prompt cell transformation, proliferation, tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis and inflammation, and immunotolerance. These oncogenic roles make HSPGs an attractive pharmacological target for anti-cancer therapy. Several therapeutic strategies have been under development, including anti-HSPG antibodies, peptides and HS mimetics, synthetic xylosides, and heparinase inhibitors, and shown promising anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, much progress has been made in this line of study. However, it needs to bear in mind that the roles of HSPGs in cancer can be either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive, depending on the HSPG and the cancer cell type with the underlying mechanisms that remain obscure. Further studies need to address these to fill the knowledge gap and rationalize more efficient therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Bryd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.
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4
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Hua SH, Viera M, Yip GW, Bay BH. Theranostic Applications of Glycosaminoglycans in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010266. [PMID: 36612261 PMCID: PMC9818616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) makes up the majority of kidney cancers, with a poor prognosis for metastatic RCC (mRCC). Challenges faced in the management of mRCC, include a lack of reliable prognostic markers and biomarkers for precise monitoring of disease treatment, together with the potential risk of toxicity associated with more recent therapeutic options. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of carbohydrates that can be categorized into four main subclasses, viz., chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. GAGs are known to be closely associated with cancer progression and modulation of metastasis by modification of the tumor microenvironment. Alterations of expression, composition and spatiotemporal distribution of GAGs in the extracellular matrix (ECM), dysregulate ECM functions and drive cancer invasion. In this review, we focus on the clinical utility of GAGs as biomarkers for mRCC (which is important for risk stratification and strategizing effective treatment protocols), as well as potential therapeutic targets that could benefit patients afflicted with advanced RCC. Besides GAG-targeted therapies that holds promise in mRCC, other potential strategies include utilizing GAGs as drug carriers and their mimetics to counter cancer progression, and enhance immunotherapy through binding and transducing signals for immune mediators.
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5
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Bayat P, Rambaud C, Priem B, Bourderioux M, Bilong M, Poyer S, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Oukhaled A, Mathé J, Daniel R. Comprehensive structural assignment of glycosaminoglycan oligo- and polysaccharides by protein nanopore. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5113. [PMID: 36042212 PMCID: PMC9427770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are highly anionic functional polysaccharides with information content in their structure that plays a major role in the communication between the cell and the extracellular environment. The study presented here reports the label-free detection and analysis of glycosaminoglycan molecules at the single molecule level using sensing by biological nanopore, thus addressing the need to decipher structural information in oligo- and polysaccharide sequences, which remains a major challenge for glycoscience. We demonstrate that a wild-type aerolysin nanopore can detect and characterize glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides with various sulfate patterns, osidic bonds and epimers of uronic acid residues. Size discrimination of tetra- to icosasaccharides from heparin, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate was investigated and we show that different contents and distributions of sulfate groups can be detected. Remarkably, differences in α/β anomerization and 1,4/1,3 osidic linkages can also be detected in heparosan and hyaluronic acid, as well as the subtle difference between the glucuronic/iduronic epimers in chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Although, at this stage, discrimination of each of the constituent units of GAGs is not yet achieved at the single-molecule level, the resolution reached in this study is an essential step toward this ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Bayat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Charlotte Rambaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Bernard Priem
- CNRS, CERMAV, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Mélanie Bilong
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Mathé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes, France.
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6
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The Key Role of Lysosomal Protease Cathepsins in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169089. [PMID: 36012353 PMCID: PMC9409221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins encompass a family of lysosomal proteases that mediate protein degradation and turnover. Although mainly localized in the endolysosomal compartment, cathepsins are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular space, where they are involved in cell signaling, extracellular matrix assembly/disassembly, and protein processing and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membrane and between intracellular organelles. Ubiquitously expressed in the body, cathepsins play regulatory roles in a wide range of physiological processes including coagulation, hormone secretion, immune responses, and others. A dysregulation of cathepsin expression and/or activity has been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, kidney dysfunctions, and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as infectious diseases. In viral infections, cathepsins may promote (1) activation of the viral attachment glycoproteins and entry of the virus into target cells; (2) antigen processing and presentation, enabling the virus to replicate in infected cells; (3) up-regulation and processing of heparanase that facilitates the release of viral progeny and the spread of infection; and (4) activation of cell death that may either favor viral clearance or assist viral propagation. In this review, we report the most relevant findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying cathepsin involvement in viral infection physiopathology, and we discuss the potential of cathepsin inhibitors for therapeutical applications in viral infectious diseases.
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7
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Marques C, Reis CA, Vivès RR, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Sulfation Profiles as Modulators of Cancer Signalling and Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778752. [PMID: 34858858 PMCID: PMC8632541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) are important cell surface and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) maestros involved in the orchestration of multiple cellular events in physiology and pathology. These glycoconjugates bind to various bioactive proteins via their Heparan Sulfate (HS) chains, but also through the protein backbone, and function as scaffolds for protein-protein interactions, modulating extracellular ligand gradients, cell signalling networks and cell-cell/cell-ECM interactions. The structural features of HS chains, including length and sulfation patterns, are crucial for the biological roles displayed by HSPGs, as these features determine HS chains binding affinities and selectivity. The large HS structural diversity results from a tightly controlled biosynthetic pathway that is differently regulated in different organs, stages of development and pathologies, including cancer. This review addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying HS biosynthesis, with a particular focus on the catalytic activity of the enzymes responsible for HS glycan sequences and sulfation motifs, namely D-Glucuronyl C5-Epimerase, N- and O-Sulfotransferases. Moreover, we provide insights on the impact of different HS structural epitopes over HSPG-protein interactions and cell signalling, as well as on the effects of deregulated expression of HS modifying enzymes in the development and progression of cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical potential of HS biosynthetic enzymes as novel targets for therapy, and highlight the importance of developing new HS-based tools for better patients' stratification and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Computerized Molecular Modeling for Discovering Promising Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides that Modulate Protein Function. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2303:513-537. [PMID: 34626405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of highly negatively charged polysaccharides that plays a major role in various biological processes through their interaction with hundreds of proteins. A major challenge in understanding the specific protein-GAG interaction is their structural diversity and complexity. Recently, computational approaches have been used extensively in addressing this challenge. In this chapter, we present a generally-applicable methodology termed Combinatorial Virtual Library Screening (CVLS) that can identify potential high-affinity, high-specificity sequence(s) binding to a suitable GAG-binding protein from large GAG combinatorial libraries of various lengths and structural patterns.
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9
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Hu Z, Cano I, D'Amore PA. Update on the Role of the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Angiogenesis and Vascular Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:734276. [PMID: 34532323 PMCID: PMC8438194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a negatively charged, carbohydrate-rich structure that arises from the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium and is comprised of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The glycocalyx, which sits at the interface between the endothelium and the blood, is involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including as a mechanotransducer and as a regulator of inflammation. Most recently, components of the glycocalyx have been shown to play a key role in controlling angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx. We focus on its role and functions in vascular inflammation and angiogenesis and discuss the important unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Issahy Cano
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Wang P, Xiao S, Fu W, Wang Z, Zhang X. A Preliminary Study on the Promotion of Canine Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Differentiation by Perfusion-Decellularized Ureter Matrix. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:2052-2059. [PMID: 34247859 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was to assess the possibility of the perfusing decellularized ureters (DUs) promoting the differentiation of the canine adipose stem cell (cASCs). METHODS cASCs were isolated and cultured in different induction media to determine their multidirectional differentiation potential. The perfusion system was used to prepare the DUs, and the prepared DUs were systematically evaluated. The DU coating was prepared by enzymatic digestion for cell culture. The cASCs were seeded on the coverslips covered with DU coating and samples were collected on days 3, 7, and 10. Immunofluorescence staining and molecular biology testing were used to examine the differentiation of cASCs seeded on the DU coating. RESULTS The cASCs were isolated and identified by flow cytometry. The prepared DUs removed the nuclear materials, and the 3-dimensional structure and biological compositions of the ureter were well preserved. Immunofluorescence staining showed the expression of anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Western blot results suggested that the content of α-SMA in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 3 different time points, and the mRNA expressions of α-SMA in the experimental group gradually increased with extended the culture time, whereas there was no significant change in the control group. CONCLUSION The cASCs seeded on the coverslips of DU coating could differentiate into smooth muscle cells, and the number of differentiated cASCs increased significantly with extended incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Wang
- Department of Urology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Shuwei Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongxin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Leoni C, Tedesco M, Radio FC, Chillemi G, Leone A, Bruselles A, Ciolfi A, Stellacci E, Pantaleoni F, Butera G, Rigante D, Onesimo R, Tartaglia M, Zampino G. Broadening the phenotypic spectrum of Beta3GalT6-associated phenotypes. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3153-3160. [PMID: 34159694 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in B3GALT6, coding for a galactosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have been associated with various clinical conditions, causing spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1 (SEMDJL1 or SEMDJL Beighton type), Al-Gazali syndrome (ALGAZ), and a severe progeroid form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDSSPD2). In the 2017 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) classification, Beta3GalT6-related disorders were grouped in the spondylodysplastic EDSs together with spondylodysplastic EDSs due to B4GALT7 and SLC39A13 mutations. Herein, we describe a patient with a previously unreported homozygous pathogenic B3GALT6 variant resulting in a complex phenotype more severe than spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1, and having dural ectasia and aortic dilation as additionally associated features, further broadening the phenotypic spectrum of the Beta3GalT6-related syndromes. We also document the utility of repeating sequencing in patients with uninformative exomes, particularly when performed by using "first generations" enrichment capture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Tedesco
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione Nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università Della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Centro Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Stellacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Butera
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery and Heart Lung Transplantation, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Rigante
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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13
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A Bittersweet Computational Journey among Glycosaminoglycans. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050739. [PMID: 34063530 PMCID: PMC8156566 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides. In proteoglycans (PGs), they are attached to a core protein. GAGs and PGs can be found as free molecules, associated with the extracellular matrix or expressed on the cell membrane. They play a role in the regulation of a wide array of physiological and pathological processes by binding to different proteins, thus modulating their structure and function, and their concentration and availability in the microenvironment. Unfortunately, the enormous structural diversity of GAGs/PGs has hampered the development of dedicated analytical technologies and experimental models. Similarly, computational approaches (in particular, molecular modeling, docking and dynamics simulations) have not been fully exploited in glycobiology, despite their potential to demystify the complexity of GAGs/PGs at a structural and functional level. Here, we review the state-of-the art of computational approaches to studying GAGs/PGs with the aim of pointing out the “bitter” and “sweet” aspects of this field of research. Furthermore, we attempt to bridge the gap between bioinformatics and glycobiology, which have so far been kept apart by conceptual and technical differences. For this purpose, we provide computational scientists and glycobiologists with the fundamentals of these two fields of research, with the aim of creating opportunities for their combined exploitation, and thereby contributing to a substantial improvement in scientific knowledge.
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14
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Hook AL, Hogwood J, Gray E, Mulloy B, Merry CLR. High sensitivity analysis of nanogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans using ToF-SIMS. Commun Chem 2021; 4:67. [PMID: 36697531 PMCID: PMC9814553 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important biopolymers that differ in the sequence of saccharide units and in post polymerisation alterations at various positions, making these complex molecules challenging to analyse. Here we describe an approach that enables small quantities (<200 ng) of over 400 different GAGs to be analysed within a short time frame (3-4 h). Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) together with multivariate analysis is used to analyse the entire set of GAG samples. Resultant spectra are derived from the whole molecules and do not require pre-digestion. All 6 possible GAG types are successfully discriminated, both alone and in the presence of fibronectin. We also distinguish between pharmaceutical grade heparin, derived from different animal species and from different suppliers, to a sensitivity as low as 0.001 wt%. This approach is likely to be highly beneficial in the quality control of GAGs produced for therapeutic applications and for characterising GAGs within biomaterials or from in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Hook
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Hogwood
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Elaine Gray
- grid.70909.370000 0001 2199 6511National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Faria-Ramos I, Poças J, Marques C, Santos-Antunes J, Macedo G, Reis CA, Magalhães A. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans: (Un)Expected Allies in Cancer Clinical Management. Biomolecules 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 33494442 PMCID: PMC7911160 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era when cancer glycobiology research is exponentially growing, we are witnessing a progressive translation of the major scientific findings to the clinical practice with the overarching aim of improving cancer patients' management. Many mechanistic cell biology studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans are key molecules responsible for several molecular and biochemical processes, impacting extracellular matrix properties and cellular functions. HS can interact with a myriad of different ligands, and therefore, hold a pleiotropic role in regulating the activity of important cellular receptors and downstream signalling pathways. The aberrant expression of HS glycan chains in tumours determines main malignant features, such as cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we devote particular attention to HS biological activities, its expression profile and modulation in cancer. Moreover, we highlight HS clinical potential to improve both diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, either as HS-based biomarkers or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Faria-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Poças
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos-Antunes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Pathology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (I.F.-R.); (J.P.); (C.M.); (J.S.-A.); (C.A.R.)
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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16
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GAG-DB, the New Interface of the Three-Dimensional Landscape of Glycosaminoglycans. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121660. [PMID: 33322545 PMCID: PMC7763844 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex linear polysaccharides. GAG-DB is a curated database that classifies the three-dimensional features of the six mammalian GAGs (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, and keratan sulfate) and their oligosaccharides complexed with proteins. The entries are structures of GAG and GAG-protein complexes determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods, X-ray fiber diffractometry, solution NMR spectroscopy, and scattering data often associated with molecular modeling. We designed the database architecture and the navigation tools to query the database with the Protein Data Bank (PDB), UniProtKB, and GlyTouCan (universal glycan repository) identifiers. Special attention was devoted to the description of the bound glycan ligands using simple graphical representation and numerical format for cross-referencing to other databases in glycoscience and functional data. GAG-DB provides detailed information on GAGs, their bound protein ligands, and features their interactions using several open access applications. Binding covers interactions between monosaccharides and protein monosaccharide units and the evaluation of quaternary structure. GAG-DB is freely available.
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17
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Mikkola S. Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology. Molecules 2020; 25:E5755. [PMID: 33291296 PMCID: PMC7729866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes that are targets for drug development, and their analogs are potential inhibitors of these processes. Drug development requires efficient methods for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and nucleotide sugar building blocks as well as of modified structures as potential inhibitors. It requires also understanding the details of biological and chemical processes as well as the reactivity and reactions under different conditions. This article addresses all these issues by giving a broad overview on nucleotide sugars in biological and chemical reactions. As the background for the topic, glycosylation reactions in mammalian and bacterial cells are briefly discussed. In the following sections, structures and biosynthetic routes for nucleotide sugars, as well as the mechanisms of action of nucleotide sugar-utilizing enzymes, are discussed. Chemical topics include the reactivity and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, the enzymatic in vitro synthesis of nucleotide sugars and the utilization of enzyme cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and oligosaccharides are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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18
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Vallet SD, Clerc O, Ricard-Blum S. Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Interactions: The First Draft of the Glycosaminoglycan Interactome. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:93-104. [PMID: 32757871 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420946403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The six mammalian glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, and keratan sulfate, are linear polysaccharides. Except for hyaluronan, they are sulfated to various extent, and covalently attached to proteins to form proteoglycans. GAGs interact with growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, extracellular matrix proteins and their bioactive fragments, receptors, lipoproteins, and pathogens. These interactions mediate their functions, from embryonic development to extracellular matrix assembly and regulation of cell signaling in various physiological and pathological contexts such as angiogenesis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infections. We give an overview of GAG-protein interactions (i.e., specificity and chemical features of GAG- and protein-binding sequences), and review the available GAG-protein interaction networks. We also provide the first comprehensive draft of the GAG interactome composed of 832 biomolecules (827 proteins and five GAGs) and 932 protein-GAG interactions. This network is a scaffold, which in the future should integrate structures of GAG-protein complexes, quantitative data of the abundance of GAGs in tissues to build tissue-specific interactomes, and GAG interactions with metal ions such as calcium, which plays a major role in the assembly of the extracellular matrix and its interactions with cells. This contextualized interactome will be useful to identify druggable GAG-protein interactions for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain D Vallet
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Clerc
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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19
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Hussein RK, Mencio CP, Katagiri Y, Brake AM, Geller HM. Role of Chondroitin Sulfation Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:208. [PMID: 32848612 PMCID: PMC7419623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury produces long-term neurological damage, and presents a significant public health problem with nearly 18,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The injury results in both acute and chronic changes in the spinal cord, ultimately resulting in the production of a glial scar, consisting of multiple cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Within the scar, there is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules—primarily tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)—which are considered to be inhibitory to axonal regeneration. In this review article, we discuss the role of CSPGs in the injury response, especially how sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains act to inhibit plasticity and regeneration. This includes how sulfation of GAG chains influences their biological activity and interactions with potential receptors. Comprehending the role of CSPGs in the inhibitory properties of the glial scar provides critical knowledge in the much-needed production of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M Brake
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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20
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Walkowiak JJ, Ballauff M, Zimmermann R, Freudenberg U, Werner C. Thermodynamic Analysis of the Interaction of Heparin with Lysozyme. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4615-4625. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Janusz Walkowiak
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Ricard-Blum S, Miele AE. Omic approaches to decipher the molecular mechanisms of fibrosis, and design new anti-fibrotic strategies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:161-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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23
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Bojarski KK, Becher J, Riemer T, Lemmnitzer K, Möller S, Schiller J, Schnabelrauch M, Samsonov SA. Synthesis and in silico characterization of artificially phosphorylated glycosaminoglycans. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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A Bioinformatics View of Glycan⁻Virus Interactions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040374. [PMID: 31018588 PMCID: PMC6521074 DOI: 10.3390/v11040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the mediation of glycan molecules in the interaction between viruses and their hosts is accumulating and is now partially reflected in several online databases. Bioinformatics provides convenient and efficient means of searching, visualizing, comparing, and sometimes predicting, interactions in numerous and diverse molecular biology applications related to the -omics fields. As viromics is gaining momentum, bioinformatics support is increasingly needed. We propose a survey of the current resources for searching, visualizing, comparing, and possibly predicting host–virus interactions that integrate the presence and role of glycans. To the best of our knowledge, we have mapped the specialized and general-purpose databases with the appropriate focus. With an illustration of their potential usage, we also discuss the strong and weak points of the current bioinformatics landscape in the context of understanding viral infection and the immune response to it.
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25
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Clerc O, Mariethoz J, Rivet A, Lisacek F, Pérez S, Ricard-Blum S. A pipeline to translate glycosaminoglycan sequences into 3D models. Application to the exploration of glycosaminoglycan conformational space. Glycobiology 2019; 29:36-44. [PMID: 30239692 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian glycosaminoglycans are linear complex polysaccharides comprising heparan sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid. They bind to numerous proteins and these interactions mediate their biological activities. GAG-protein interaction data reported in the literature are curated mostly in MatrixDB database (http://matrixdb.univ-lyon1.fr/). However, a standard nomenclature and a machine-readable format of GAGs together with bioinformatics tools for mining these interaction data are lacking. We report here the building of an automated pipeline to (i) standardize the format of GAG sequences interacting with proteins manually curated from the literature, (ii) translate them into the machine-readable GlycoCT format and into SNFG (Symbol Nomenclature For Glycan) images and (iii) convert their sequences into a format processed by a builder generating three-dimensional structures of polysaccharides based on a repertoire of conformations experimentally validated by data extracted from crystallized GAG-protein complexes. We have developed for this purpose a converter (the CT23D converter) to automatically translate the GlycoCT code of a GAG sequence into the input file required to construct a three-dimensional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Clerc
- University Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Julien Mariethoz
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alain Rivet
- Centre de Recherches sur les MAcromolécules Végétales, UPR 5301 CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Pérez
- Centre de Recherches sur les MAcromolécules Végétales, UPR 5301 CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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26
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Nagarajan B, Sankaranarayanan NV, Desai UR. Perspective on computational simulations of glycosaminoglycans. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019; 9:e1388. [PMID: 31080520 PMCID: PMC6504973 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) represent a formidable frontier for chemists, biochemists, biologists, medicinal chemists and drug delivery specialists because of massive structural complexity. GAGs are arguably the most complex, natural linear biopolymers with theoretical diversity orders of magnitude higher than proteins and nucleic acids. Yet, this diversity remains generally untapped. Computational approaches offer major routes to understand GAG structure and dynamics so as to enable novel applications of these biopolymers. In fact, computational algorithms, softwares, online tools and techniques have reached a level of sophistication that help understand atomistic details of conformational variation and protein recognition of individual GAG sequences. This review describes current approaches and challenges in computational study of GAGs. It presents a history of major findings since the earliest mention of GAGs (the 1960s), the development of parameters and force fields specific for GAGs, and the application of these tools in understanding GAG structure-function relationship. This review also presents a section on how to perform simulation of GAGs, which is directed toward researchers interested in entering this promising field with potential to impact therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Nagarajan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA 23298, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA 23298, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA 23298, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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27
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Glycosylation in cancer: Selected roles in tumour progression, immune modulation and metastasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Islam S, Laaf D, Infanzón B, Pelantová H, Davari MD, Jakob F, Křen V, Elling L, Schwaneberg U. KnowVolution Campaign of an Aryl Sulfotransferase Increases Activity toward Cellobiose. Chemistry 2018; 24:17117-17124. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohana Islam
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for BiomaterialsInstitute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University Pauwelsstraße 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Belén Infanzón
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of MicrobiologyCzech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of MicrobiologyCzech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for BiomaterialsInstitute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical EngineeringRWTH Aachen University Pauwelsstraße 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
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29
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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30
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Pulido D, Rebollido-Rios R, Valle J, Andreu D, Boix E, Torrent M. Structural similarities in the CPC clip motif explain peptide-binding promiscuity between glycosaminoglycans and lipopolysaccharides. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0423. [PMID: 29187635 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polymeric structures containing negatively charged disaccharide units that bind to specialized proteins and peptides in the human body and control fundamental processes such as inflammation and coagulation. Surprisingly, some proteins can bind both LPSs and GAGs with high affinity, suggesting that a cross-communication between these two pathways can occur. Here, we explore whether GAGs and LPSs can share common binding sites in proteins and what are the structural determinants of this binding. We found that the LPS-binding peptide YI12WF, derived from protein FhuA, can bind both heparin and E. coli LPS with high affinity. Most interestingly, mutations decreasing heparin binding in the peptide also reduce LPS affinity. We show that such mutations involve the CPC clip motif in the peptide, a small three-dimensional signature required for heparin binding. Overall, we conclude that negatively charged polysaccharide-containing polymers such as GAGs and LPSs can compete for similar binding sites in proteins, and that the CPC clip motif is essential to bind both ligands. Our results provide a structural framework to explain why these polymers can cross-interact with the same proteins and peptides and thus contribute to the regulation of apparently unrelated processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pulido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rocío Rebollido-Rios
- Microbiology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marc Torrent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain .,Microbiology Service, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Compagnon I, Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Daniel R. Lasers and ion mobility: new additions to the glycosaminoglycanomics toolkit. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:171-180. [PMID: 30005299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biopolymers present in mammalian cells or in the extracellular matrix. To address their structure, the nature of the hexuronic acids and the position of sulfate groups must be determined. Tandem mass spectrometry using collision induced dissociation or electron-based fragmentation techniques, is a well-established approach for the identification of glycans but suffers from the frequent lack of diagnostic fragments in the case of glycosaminoglycans. This review presents alternative fragmentation techniques, namely photofragmentation in the IR and the UV ranges. Alternative approaches based on the direct analysis of the molecular structure, including ion mobility spectrometry and ion spectroscopies are reviewed. The potential of future multidimensional workflows for glycosaminoglycanomics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris F-75005, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Baptiste Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
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32
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Xu D, Arnold K, Liu J. Using structurally defined oligosaccharides to understand the interactions between proteins and heparan sulfate. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:155-161. [PMID: 29684759 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is widely present on the animal cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. HS achieves its biological functions by interacting with proteins to change proteins' conformation, oligomerization state and cellular location. The challenging question to study HS is how to dissect the relationship between the structures of HS and the biological activities. In the past several years, crucial techniques have been developed to overcome this challenge. A novel chemoenzymatic method to synthesize structurally defined HS oligosaccharides has offered a key access to this class of sulfated carbohydrate molecules. Recent rapid progress of HS microarray technology allows screening of the interaction of a target protein with a large number of HS oligosaccharides. The improved availability of HS oligosaccharides and HS microarray analysis will undoubtedly accelerate the investigation of the contribution of the specific sulfated carbohydrate structures of HS in a wide range of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Katelyn Arnold
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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33
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Delbarre-Ladrat C, Salas ML, Sinquin C, Zykwinska A, Colliec-Jouault S. Bioprospecting for Exopolysaccharides from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria: Relationship between Bacterial Diversity and Chemical Diversity. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030063. [PMID: 28930185 PMCID: PMC5620654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria biosynthesize structurally diverse exopolysaccharides (EPS) and excrete them into their surrounding environment. The EPS functional features have found many applications in industries such as cosmetics and pharmaceutics. In particular, some EPS produced by marine bacteria are composed of uronic acids, neutral sugars, and N-acetylhexosamines, and may also bear some functional sulfate groups. This suggests that they can share common structural features with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) like the two EPS (HE800 and GY785) originating from the deep sea. In an attempt to discover new EPS that may be promising candidates as GAG-mimetics, fifty-one marine bacterial strains originating from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were screened. The analysis of the EPS chemical structure in relation to bacterial species showed that Vibrio, Alteromonas, and Pseudoalteromonas strains were the main producers. Moreover, they produced EPS with distinct structural features, which might be useful for targeting marine bacteria that could possibly produce structurally GAG-mimetic EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delbarre-Ladrat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Sylvia Colliec-Jouault
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
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Glycosaminoglycan Interactions with Chemokines Add Complexity to a Complex System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030070. [PMID: 28792472 PMCID: PMC5620614 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have two types of interactions that function cooperatively to control cell migration. Chemokine receptors on migrating cells integrate signals initiated upon chemokine binding to promote cell movement. Interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) localize chemokines on and near cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix to provide direction to the cell movement. The matrix of interacting chemokine–receptor partners has been known for some time, precise signaling and trafficking properties of many chemokine–receptor pairs have been characterized, and recent structural information has revealed atomic level detail on chemokine–receptor recognition and activation. However, precise knowledge of the interactions of chemokines with GAGs has lagged far behind such that a single paradigm of GAG presentation on surfaces is generally applied to all chemokines. This review summarizes accumulating evidence which suggests that there is a great deal of diversity and specificity in these interactions, that GAG interactions help fine-tune the function of chemokines, and that GAGs have other roles in chemokine biology beyond localization and surface presentation. This suggests that chemokine–GAG interactions add complexity to the already complex functions of the receptors and ligands.
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