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Dessimoz C, Thomas PD. AI and the democratization of knowledge. Sci Data 2024; 11:268. [PMID: 38443367 PMCID: PMC10915151 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dessimoz
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Paul D Thomas
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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2
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Resnik DB, Antes A, Mozersky J. Should Researchers Destroy Audio or Video Recordings? Ethics Hum Res 2024; 46:30-35. [PMID: 38446098 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
It is a common practice in qualitative research to transcribe audio or video files from interviews or focus groups and then destroy the files at some future time, usually after validating the transcript or concluding the research. We argue that it is time to rethink this practice and that retention of original qualitative data-including audio and video recordings-should be the default stance in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Resnik
- Bioethicist at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and a senior advisor for research integrity in the Office of Intramural Research at the National Institutes of Health
| | - Alison Antes
- Assistant professor of Medicine in the Division of General Medical Sciences in the Department of Internal Medicine at Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Jessica Mozersky
- Assistant professor of medicine at Washington University's Bioethics Research Center and a Faculty Scholar at the Institute for Public Health
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3
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Resnik D. Openness in Scientific Research: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective. JOURNAL OF OPEN ACCESS TO LAW 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37994350 PMCID: PMC10665006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Openness is widely regarded as a pillar of scientific ethics because it promotes reproducibility and progress in science and benefits society. However, the sharing of scientific information can sometimes adversely impact the interests of human research participants, human communities or populations, scientists, and private research sponsors; and may threaten national security. Because openness may conflict with other important social values, solutions to ethical and policy dilemmas should include meaningful input from those who are impacted by the sharing and use of scientific information, including research participants, communities, and the public. Data sharing and use policies should be reviewed and revised periodically to account for ongoing changes in science, technology, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Resnik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
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4
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Lawson J, Ghanaim EM, Baek J, Lee H, Rehm HL. Aligning NIH's existing data use restrictions to the GA4GH DUO standard. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100381. [PMID: 37719151 PMCID: PMC10504671 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that large-scale genomic data (e.g., whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and genome-wide association study data) be shared through a controlled-access mechanism. This protects the privacy of research participants and ensures downstream uses of data align with participants' informed consent regarding future sharing of their data. In 2019, GA4GH approved the Data Use Ontology (DUO) standard to define data use terms with machine-readable representations to represent how a dataset can be used. We endeavored to determine the parity of existing data use restrictions ("Data Use Limitations" [DULs]) for datasets registered in the National Institutes of Health database for Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) with the DUO standard. We found substantial (93%) parity between the dbGaP DULs (n = 3,575) and DUO. This study demonstrates the comprehensiveness of the DUO standard and encourages data stewards to standardize data use restrictions in machine-readable formats to facilitate data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena M. Ghanaim
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinyoung Baek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harin Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heidi L. Rehm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Maxson Jones K, Morgan JR. Lampreys and spinal cord regeneration: "a very special claim on the interest of zoologists," 1830s-present. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113961. [PMID: 37228651 PMCID: PMC10203415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing history of science methods, including analyses of the scientific literature, archival documents, and interviews with scientists, this paper presents a history of lampreys in neurobiology from the 1830s to the present. We emphasize the lamprey's roles in helping to elucidate spinal cord regeneration mechanisms. Two attributes have long perpetuated studies of lampreys in neurobiology. First, they possess large neurons, including multiple classes of stereotypically located, 'identified' giant neurons in the brain, which project their large axons into the spinal cord. These giant neurons and their axonal fibers have facilitated electrophysiological recordings and imaging across biological scales, ranging from molecular to circuit-level analyses of nervous system structures and functions and including their roles in behavioral output. Second, lampreys have long been considered amongst the most basal extant vertebrates on the planet, so they have facilitated comparative studies pointing to conserved and derived characteristics of vertebrate nervous systems. These features attracted neurologists and zoologists to studies of lampreys between the 1830s and 1930s. But, the same two attributes also facilitated the rise of the lamprey in neural regeneration research after 1959, when biologists first wrote about the spontaneous, robust regeneration of some identified CNS axons in larvae after spinal cord injuries, coupled with recovery of normal swimming. Not only did large neurons promote fresh insights in the field, enabling studies incorporating multiple scales with existing and new technologies. But investigators also were able to attach a broad scope of relevance to their studies, interpreting them as suggesting conserved features of successful, and sometimes even unsuccessful, CNS regeneration. Lamprey research demonstrated that functional recovery takes place without the reformation of the original neuronal connections, for instance, by way of imperfect axonal regrowth and compensatory plasticity. Moreover, research performed in the lamprey model revealed that factors intrinsic to neurons are integral in promoting or hindering regeneration. As this work has helped illuminate why basal vertebrates accomplish CNS regeneration so well, whereas mammals do it so poorly, this history presents a case study in how biological and medical value have been, and could continue to be, gleaned from a non-traditional model organism for which molecular tools have been developed only relatively recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Maxson Jones
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Morgan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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6
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Srikumar M, Finlay R, Abuhamad G, Ashurst C, Campbell R, Campbell-Ratcliffe E, Hongo H, Jordan SR, Lindley J, Ovadya A, Pineau J. Advancing ethics review practices in AI research. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Bangham J. New Meanings in the Archive: Privacy, Technological Change and the Status of Sources. BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE 2022; 45:499-507. [PMID: 36086842 PMCID: PMC9545194 DOI: 10.1002/bewi.202200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This essay reflects on how technological changes in biomedicine can affect what archival sources are available for historical research. Historians and anthropologists have examined the ways in which old biomedical samples can be made to serve novel scientific purposes, such as when decades-old frozen tissue specimens are analyzed using new genomic techniques. Those uses are also affected by shifting ethical regimes, which affect who can do what with old samples, or whether anything can be done with them at all. Archival collections are subject to similar dynamics, as institutional change and shifts in ethical guidelines and privacy laws affect which sources can be accessed and which are closed. I witnessed just such a change during my research into human genetics using archives in the Wellcome Collection. A few years into my project, those archives had their privacy conditions reassessed, and I saw how some sources previously seen as neutral were now understood to contain personal sensitive information. This paper describes the conditions of this shift-including the effects of technological change, new ethical considerations, and changing laws around privacy. I reflect on how these affected my understanding of the history of human genetics, and how I and others might narrate it.
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8
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Ho CWL. Operationalizing "One Health" as "One Digital Health" Through a Global Framework That Emphasizes Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits From the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Related Digital Technologies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:768977. [PMID: 35592084 PMCID: PMC9110679 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.768977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The operationalization of One Health (OH) through digitalization is a means to deploy digital technologies (including Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data and related digital technologies) to better capacitate us to deal with growing climate exigency and related threats to human, animal and plant health. With reference to the concept of One Digital Health (ODH), this paper considers how digital capabilities can help to overcome ‘operational brakes’ in OH through new and deeper insights, better predictions, and more targeted or precise preventive strategies and public health countermeasures. However, the data landscape is fragmented and access to certain types of data is increasingly restrictive as individuals, communities and countries seek to assert greater control over data taken from them. This paper proposes for a dedicated global ODH framework—centered on fairness and equity—to be established to promote data-sharing across all the key knowledge domains of OH and to devise data-driven solutions to challenges in the human-animal-ecosystems interface. It first considers the data landscape in relation to: (1) Human and population health; (2) Pathogens; (3) Animal and plant health; and (4) Ecosystems and biodiversity. The complexification from the application of advance genetic sequencing technology is then considered, with focus on current debates over whether certain types of data like digital (genetic) sequencing information (DSI) should remain openly and freely accessible. The proposed ODH framework must augment the existing access and benefit sharing (ABS) framework currently prescribed under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in at least three different ways. First, the ODH framework should apply to all genetic resources and data, including DSI, whether from humans or non-humans. Second, the FAIRER principles should be implemented, with focus on fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Third, the ODH framework should adopt multilateral approaches to data sharing (such as through federated data systems) and to ABS. By operationalizing OH as ODH, we are more likely to be able to protect and restore natural habitats, secure the health and well-being of all living things, and thereby realize the goals set out in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Wai-Loon Ho
- Department of Law and Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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9
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Creager ANH. Model Organisms Unbound. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 2022; 55:21-28. [PMID: 35352243 DOI: 10.1007/s10739-022-09675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela N H Creager
- Thomas M. Siebel Professor in the History of Science, Department of History, Princeton University, Princeton, 08544, NJ, USA.
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10
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Qin J, Hemsley J, Bratt SE. The Structural Shift and Collaboration Capacity in GenBank Networks: A Longitudinal Study. QUANTITATIVE SCIENCE STUDIES 2022; 3:174-193. [PMID: 35434639 PMCID: PMC9012484 DOI: 10.1162/qss_a_00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metadata in scientific data repositories such as GenBank contain links between data submissions and related publications. As a new data source for studying collaboration networks, metadata in data repositories compensate for the limitations of publication-based research on collaboration networks. This paper reports the findings from a GenBank metadata analytics project. We used network science methods to uncover the structures and dynamics of GenBank collaboration networks from 1992–2018. The longitudinality and large scale of this data collection allowed us to unravel the evolution history of collaboration networks and identify the trend of flattening network structures over time and optimal assortative mixing range for enhancing collaboration capacity. By incorporating metadata from the data production stage with the publication stage, we uncovered new characteristics of collaboration networks as well as developed new metrics for assessing the effectiveness of enablers of collaboration—scientific and technical human capital, cyberinfrastructure, and science policy.
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11
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Balancing openness with Indigenous data sovereignty: An opportunity to leave no one behind in the journey to sequence all of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115860119. [PMID: 35042810 PMCID: PMC8795560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115860119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of genomics has benefited greatly from its “openness” approach to data sharing. However, with the increasing volume of sequence information being created and stored and the growing number of international genomics efforts, the equity of openness is under question. The United Nations Convention of Biodiversity aims to develop and adopt a standard policy on access and benefit-sharing for sequence information across signatory parties. This standardization will have profound implications on genomics research, requiring a new definition of open data sharing. The redefinition of openness is not unwarranted, as its limitations have unintentionally introduced barriers of engagement to some, including Indigenous Peoples. This commentary provides an insight into the key challenges of openness faced by the researchers who aspire to protect and conserve global biodiversity, including Indigenous flora and fauna, and presents immediate, practical solutions that, if implemented, will equip the genomics community with both the diversity and inclusivity required to respectfully protect global biodiversity.
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12
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Staunton C, Barragán CA, Canali S, Ho C, Leonelli S, Mayernik M, Prainsack B, Wonkham A. Open science, data sharing and solidarity: who benefits? HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 43:115. [PMID: 34762203 PMCID: PMC8582236 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-021-00468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Research, innovation, and progress in the life sciences are increasingly contingent on access to large quantities of data. This is one of the key premises behind the "open science" movement and the global calls for fostering the sharing of personal data, datasets, and research results. This paper reports on the outcomes of discussions by the panel "Open science, data sharing and solidarity: who benefits?" held at the 2021 Biennial conference of the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB), and hosted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Staunton
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Canali
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- META - Social Sciences and Humanities for Science and Technology, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Calvin Ho
- Department of Law and Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sabina Leonelli
- Department of Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology & Exeter Centre for the Study of the Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthew Mayernik
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ambroise Wonkham
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Waterston RH, Moerman DG. John Sulston (1942-2018): a personal perspective. J Neurogenet 2021; 34:238-246. [PMID: 33446017 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1833008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
John Sulston changed the way we do science, not once, but three times - initially with the complete cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, next with completion of the genome sequences of the worm and human genomes and finally with his strong and active advocacy for open data sharing. His contributions were widely recognized and in 2002 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Donald G Moerman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, USA
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14
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Swedlow JR, Kankaanpää P, Sarkans U, Goscinski W, Galloway G, Malacrida L, Sullivan RP, Härtel S, Brown CM, Wood C, Keppler A, Paina F, Loos B, Zullino S, Longo DL, Aime S, Onami S. A global view of standards for open image data formats and repositories. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1440-1446. [PMID: 33948027 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Swedlow
- Divisions of Computational Biology and Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Pasi Kankaanpää
- Turku BioImaging, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Euro-BioImaging ERIC, Turku, Finland
| | - Ugis Sarkans
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wojtek Goscinski
- Monash eResearch Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Galloway
- National Imaging Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ryan P Sullivan
- Microscopy Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steffen Härtel
- National Center for Health Information Systems (CENS), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claire M Brown
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University and Canada BioImaging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Wood
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Antje Keppler
- Euro-BioImaging Bio-Hub, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federica Paina
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sara Zullino
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Euro-BioImaging ERIC, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Euro-BioImaging ERIC, Torino, Italy
| | - Shuichi Onami
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
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15
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Jones KM, Cook-Deegan R, Rotimi CN, Callier SL, Bentley AR, Stevens H, Phillips KA, Jansen JP, Weyant CF, Roberts DE, Zielinski D, Erlich Y, Garrison NA, Carroll SR, Ossorio PN, Moreau Y, Wang M. Complicated legacies: The human genome at 20. Science 2021; 371:564-569. [PMID: 33542123 PMCID: PMC8011351 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people today have access to their personal genomic information. Direct-to-consumer services and integration with other “big data” increasingly commoditize what was rightly celebrated as a singular achievement in February 2001 when the first draft human genomes were published. But such remarkable technical and scientific progress has not been without its share of missteps and growing pains.
Science
invited the experts below to help explore how we got here and where we should (or ought not) be going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Maxson Jones
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Cook-Deegan
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society and Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shawneequa L Callier
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hallam Stevens
- School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kathryn A Phillips
- Center for Translational and Policy Research on Personalized Medicine (TRANSPERS), Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen P Jansen
- Center for Translational and Policy Research on Personalized Medicine (TRANSPERS), Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher F Weyant
- Center for Translational and Policy Research on Personalized Medicine (TRANSPERS), Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy E Roberts
- Department of Africana Studies, Department of Sociology, and Law School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dina Zielinski
- Université de Paris, INSERM 970, Paris Translational Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Paris, France
- Doctoral School 515, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yaniv Erlich
- Efi Arazi School of Computer Science, IDC Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Nanibaa' A Garrison
- Institute for Society & Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie Russo Carroll
- Native Nations Institute, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Pilar N Ossorio
- Morgridge Institute for Research and University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yves Moreau
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maya Wang
- Human Rights Watch, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Zuk P, Sanchez CE, Kostick K, Torgerson L, Muñoz KA, Hsu R, Kalwani L, Sierra-Mercado D, Robinson JO, Outram S, Koenig BA, Pereira S, McGuire AL, Lázaro-Muñoz G. Researcher Perspectives on Data Sharing in Deep Brain Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:578687. [PMID: 33424563 PMCID: PMC7793701 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.578687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of research on deep brain stimulation (DBS) and adaptive DBS (aDBS) raises important neuroethics and policy questions related to data sharing. However, there has been little empirical research on the perspectives of experts developing these technologies. We conducted semi-structured, open-ended interviews with aDBS researchers regarding their data sharing practices and their perspectives on ethical and policy issues related to sharing. Researchers expressed support for and a commitment to sharing, with most saying that they were either sharing their data or would share in the future and that doing so was important for advancing the field. However, those who are sharing reported a variety of sharing partners, suggesting heterogeneity in sharing practices and lack of the broad sharing that would reflect principles of open science. Researchers described several concerns and barriers related to sharing, including privacy and confidentiality, the usability of shared data by others, ownership and control of data (including potential commercialization), and limited resources for sharing. They also suggested potential solutions to these challenges, including additional safeguards to address privacy issues, standardization and transparency in analysis to address issues of data usability, professional norms and heightened cooperation to address issues of ownership and control, and streamlining of data transmission to address resource limitations. Researchers also offered a range of views on the sensitivity of neural activity data (NAD) and data related to mental health in the context of sharing. These findings are an important input to deliberations by researchers, policymakers, neuroethicists, and other stakeholders as they navigate ethics and policy questions related to aDBS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zuk
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Clarissa E Sanchez
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristin Kostick
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura Torgerson
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katrina A Muñoz
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca Hsu
- Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lavina Kalwani
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Demetrio Sierra-Mercado
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jill O Robinson
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Simon Outram
- Program in Bioethics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Barbara A Koenig
- Program in Bioethics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stacey Pereira
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy L McGuire
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Lázaro-Muñoz
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Jensen-Ryan D, Murren CJ, Rutter MT, Thompson JJ. Advancing Science while Training Undergraduates: Recommendations from a Collaborative Biology Research Network. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 19:es13. [PMID: 33215973 PMCID: PMC8693944 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.20-05-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biology research is becoming increasingly dependent on large-scale, "big data," networked research initiatives. At the same time, there has been a corresponding effort to expand undergraduate participation in research to benefit student learning and persistence in science. This essay examines the confluence of this trend through eight years of a collaboration within a successful biology research network that explicitly incorporates undergraduates into large-scale scientific research. We draw upon interviews with faculty in this network to consider the interplay of scientific and pedagogical objectives at the heart of this undergraduate-focused network research project. We identify ways that this network has expanded and diversified access to scientific knowledge production for faculty and students and examine a goal conflict that emerged around the dual objectives of mentoring emerging scientists while producing high-quality scientific data for the larger biology community. Based on lessons learned within this network, we provide three recommendations that can support institutions and faculty engaging in networked research projects with undergraduates: (1) establish rigorous protocols to ensure data and database quality, (2) protect personnel time to coordinate network and scientific processes, and (3) select appropriate partners and establish explicit expectations for specific collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Jensen-Ryan
- Department of Math and Sciences, Laramie County Community College, Cheyenne, WY 82007
| | | | | | - Jennifer Jo Thompson
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- *Address correspondence to: Jennifer Jo Thompson ()
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Guerrini CJ, Contreras JL. Credit for and Control of Research Outputs in Genomic Citizen Science. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2020; 21:465-489. [PMID: 32873078 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Citizen science encompasses activities with scientific objectives in which members of the public participate as more than passive research subjects from whom personal data or biospecimens are collected and analyzed by others. Citizen science is increasingly common in the biomedical sciences, including the fields of genetics and human genomics. Genomic citizen science initiatives are diverse and involve citizen scientists in collecting genetic data, solving genetic puzzles, and conducting experiments in community laboratories. At the same time that genomic citizen science is presenting new opportunities for individuals to participate in scientific discovery, it is also challenging norms regarding the manner in which scientific research outputs are managed. In this review, we present a typology of genomic citizen science initiatives, describe ethical and legal foundations for recognizing genomic citizen scientists' claims of credit for and control of research outputs, and detail how such claims are or might be addressed in practice across a variety of initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi J Guerrini
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| | - Jorge L Contreras
- S.J. Quinney College of Law and School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA;
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19
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Silverberg N, Sidbury R. Genodermatoses 2020: Part 1. Clin Dermatol 2020; 38:397-398. [PMID: 32972598 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Sidbury
- University of Washington School of Medicine, and Division of Dermatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Singer AC, Kirchhelle C, Roberts AP. (Inter)nationalising the antibiotic research and development pipeline. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 20:e54-e62. [PMID: 31753765 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this Personal View, we critically examine the wider context of international efforts to stimulate commercial antibiotic research and development via public-private initiatives. Despite these efforts, antibiotics remain a global resource without an international support structure that is commensurate to the risks from antibiotic-resistant infections and the long-term nature of required solutions. To protect this resource, we propose a two-pronged antibiotic research and development strategy based on a short-term strengthening of incentives (such as market entry rewards) to maximise the delivery of existing opportunities in the pipeline, and on a concurrent medium-term to long-term establishment of a global, publicly funded antibiotic research and development institute. Designed sustainably to deliver novel and first-in-class antibiotics targeting key human health gaps, the institute and its staff would become a global resource that, unlike the private pharmaceutical sector, would be managed as an open science platform. Our model of internationalised public research and development would maximise scientific synergy and cross-fertilisation, minimise replication of effort, acquire and preserve existing know-how, and ensure equitable and sustainable access to novel and effective antibiotics. Its genuinely global focus would also help counteract tendencies to equate donor with global health priorities. Our proposal is not radical. Historical precedent and developments in other research areas show that sustained international funding of publicly owned research can hasten the delivery of critically needed drugs and lower barriers to access.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claas Kirchhelle
- Oxford Martin School and Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Leonelli S. Data - from objects to assets. Nature 2019. [PMID: 31616093 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-03062w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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van Heyningen V. Genome sequencing-the dawn of a game-changing era. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:58-66. [PMID: 31189904 PMCID: PMC6781137 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of genome sequencing technologies has revolutionized the biological sciences in ways which could not have been imagined at the time. This article sets out to document the dawning of the age of genomics and to consider the impact of this revolution on biological investigation, our understanding of life, and the relationship between science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
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