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Froude AM, Fawcett EJ, Coles A, Drakes DH, Harris N, Fawcett JM. The prevalence of cannabis use disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical epidemiological meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 172:391-401. [PMID: 38452637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Studies have shown that individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pose an increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Increased cannabis product accessibility and recent legislative changes have led to increased cannabis consumption, thereby increasing the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD). The present meta-analysis explored the lifetime and current prevalence of CUD in ADHD. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science. A total of 14 articles were included and used to estimate the aggregate lifetime and current prevalence of CUD in ADHD alongside risk ratios comparing increased risk of CUD in ADHD versus control samples. Mixed and random-effects models indicated that lifetime and current prevalence rates of CUD in ADHD populations were 26.9% and 19.2%, respectively (although prediction intervals ranged from 12.4% to 48.8% and 5.5%-39.1%, respectively). Analysis of the risk ratios indicated that those with ADHD were at 2.85- and 2.91-times greater risk of a lifetime or current diagnosis of CUD, respectively, than those in the general population. Our findings support the need for additional research on the prevalence of CUD in those with ADHD, as well as the inclusion of CUD screening in the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Froude
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Emily J Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ashlee Coles
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Dalainey H Drakes
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Nick Harris
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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2
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Sørensen L, Adolfsdottir S, Kvadsheim E, Eichele H, Plessen KJ, Sonuga-Barke E. Suboptimal decision making and interpersonal problems in ADHD: longitudinal evidence from a laboratory task. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6535. [PMID: 38503800 PMCID: PMC10951300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Over half of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) display interpersonal and social problems. Several lines of research suggest that suboptimal decision making, the ability to adjust choices to different risk-varying options, influences poorer choices made in social interactions. We thus measured decision making and its prediction of social problems longitudinally with the Cambridge Gambling Task in children with ADHD over four years. Children with ADHD had shown suboptimal decision making driven mainly by delay aversion at baseline and we expected this to be a stabile trait which would predict greater parent-reported social problems. From the baseline assessment (n = 70), 67% participated at the follow-up assessment, 21 from the ADHD group and 26 from the typically developing group. The mean age at the follow-up was 14.5 years old. The results confirmed our expectations that suboptimal decision making was a stabile trait in children and adolescents with ADHD. Although delay aversion did not differ from controls at follow-up it still proved to be the main longitudinal predictor for greater social problems. Our findings indicate that impulsivity in social interactions may be due to a motivational deficit in youth with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - S Adolfsdottir
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Vision Impairments, Statped - National Service for Special Needs Education, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Kvadsheim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Eichele
- Regional Resource Centre for Autism, ADHD and Tourette Syndrome Western Norway, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - K J Plessen
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
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Dantas AM, Sack AT, Bruggen E, Jiao P, Schuhmann T. The functional relevance of right DLPFC and VMPFC in risk-taking behavior. Cortex 2023; 159:64-74. [PMID: 36608421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prefrontal cortex can be partialized in various anatomical and functional sub regions. Among those regions, both right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) have been associated with risk-taking behavior based on neuroimaging studies. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) studies aiming at demonstrating the functional relevance of neural activity in these areas almost exclusively focused on the rDLPFC, where its experimental stimulation with a (generally) inhibitory protocol lead to a measurable increase in risk-taking behavior due to reduced cognitive control. The functional relevance of VMPFC in risk-taking behavior has not yet been addressed using NIBS, although multiple neuroimaging studies correlate this area's activity with valuation. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Here, we used NIBS to investigate the functional relevance of both, the rDLPFC and VMPFC in risk-taking behavior. We hypothesized that, compared to sham stimulation, VMPFC suppression leads to a reduction in risk-taking behavior by reducing the appeal to higher value options and consequently the attractiveness of riskier options, whereas rDLPFC suppression leads to an increase in risk taking, replicating previous findings. METHODS We applied continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), a generally inhibitory protocol, to stimulate either VMPFC or DLPFC before the execution of the computerized Maastricht Gambling Task (MGT) in a within-subject design with 30 participants. The MGT allowed the analysis of potential brain region-specific effects of cTBS on risk-taking behavior such as participants' choices of average values, probabilities, and response time. RESULTS cTBS applied to either rDLPFC or VMPFC both led to an increase in risk-taking behavior and in the average value chosen as compared to sham transcranial magnetic stimulation. No effect on the choice of probabilities was found. A significant increase in response time was observed exclusively after suppressing rDLPFC. We speculate that these similar behavioral consequences following cTBS over DLPFC and VMPFC are likely due to the strong anatomical and functional interconnection between both brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Dantas
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain+Nerve Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain+Nerve Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth Bruggen
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Peiran Jiao
- Department of Finance, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Winter GN, Aran A, Pollak Y. Risk-Taking Behaviors in Children with ADHD Compared to Children with Primary Headaches. Neuropediatrics 2023. [PMID: 36442789 DOI: 10.1055/a-1988-2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the engagement in risk-taking behaviors and their onset in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with children with primary headaches. Whether ADHD is associated with higher engagement in risk-taking behavior compared with other neurodevelopmental disorders (and not only typical development) has yet to be demonstrated. A sample of 189 children, 10 to 18 years old, undergoing neurological surveillance for ADHD (N = 144) or primary headaches (N = 45) participated in the study. The children and their parents reported the children's engagement in various risk-taking behaviors. The ADHD group reported a higher level of general risk-taking behavior relative to the headache group. The differences remained significant even after controlling for demographic and clinical variables. No differences in the age of onset of risk-taking behaviors were found. It is concluded that risk-taking behavior is more common in children with ADHD under active neurological surveillance than in children followed for primary headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gidon Nathan Winter
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Aran
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Dekkers TJ, van Hoorn J. Understanding Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Narrative Review and Clinical Recommendations. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121625. [PMID: 36552085 PMCID: PMC9776226 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is consistently associated with a host of social problems, such as victimization and difficulties in maintaining close friendships. These problems are not limited to offline relations but also manifest in the online social world, as previous research shows that ADHD is associated with problematic use of social media. Given the ubiquitous nature of social media, the goal of the current review is to understand why adolescents with ADHD demonstrate more problematic social media use than their typically developing peers. To this end, we provide a narrative review on the evidence for the link between ADHD and social media use, and consequently present an integrative framework, which encompasses neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., imbalance theory of brain development and dual pathway model of ADHD) and social mechanisms, including influences from peers and parents. We conclude that empirical work shows most consistent evidence for the link between problematic social media use and ADHD (symptoms), while intensity of social media use is also associated with several other behaviors and outcomes. Finally, we hypothesize how existing interventions for ADHD may work on the identified mechanisms and provide at-hand clinical recommendations for therapists working with adolescents with ADHD who exhibit problematic social media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J. Dekkers
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9723 HE Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jorien van Hoorn
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dijkstra NFS, Tiemeier H, Figner B, Groenen PJF. A Censored Mixture Model for Modeling Risk Taking. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2022; 87:1103-1129. [PMID: 35143016 PMCID: PMC9433365 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-021-09839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Risk behavior has substantial consequences for health, well-being, and general behavior. The association between real-world risk behavior and risk behavior on experimental tasks is well documented, but their modeling is challenging for several reasons. First, many experimental risk tasks may end prematurely leading to censored observations. Second, certain outcome values can be more attractive than others. Third, a priori unknown groups of participants can react differently to certain risk-levels. Here, we propose the censored mixture model which models risk taking while dealing with censoring, attractiveness to certain outcomes, and unobserved individual risk preferences, next to experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- HARVARD T.H. CHAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Boston, USA
| | - Bernd Figner
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Schein J, Childress A, Adams J, Gagnon-Sanschagrin P, Maitland J, Qu W, Cloutier M, Guérin A. Treatment patterns among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States - a retrospective claims analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:555. [PMID: 35982469 PMCID: PMC9387015 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder affecting approximately 10.0% of children and 6.5% of adolescents in the United States (US). A comprehensive assessment of the current treatment landscape is warranted to highlight potential unmet needs of children and adolescents with ADHD. Therefore, this study described treatment patterns and healthcare costs among commercially insured children and adolescents with ADHD in the US. METHODS Children and adolescents with ADHD initiating pharmacological treatment indicated for ADHD were identified from IBM MarketScan Commercial Database (2014-2018). A treatment sequence algorithm was used to examine treatment patterns, including discontinuation (≥ 180 days following the last day of supply of any ADHD treatment), switch, add-on, and drop (discontinuation of an agent in combination therapy), during the 12-month study period following the index date (i.e., first observed ADHD treatment). Total adjusted annual healthcare costs were compared between patients with and without treatment changes. RESULTS Among 49,756 children and 29,093 adolescents included, mean age was 9 and 15 years, respectively, and 31% and 38% were female. As the first treatment regimen observed, 92% of both children and adolescents initiated a stimulant and 11% initiated combination therapy. Over half of the population had a treatment change over 12 months-59% of children and 68% of adolescents. Treatment discontinuation over 12 months was common in both populations-21% of children and 36% of adolescents discontinued treatment. Healthcare costs increased with the number of treatment changes observed; children and adolescents with treatment changes (i.e., 1, 2, or ≥ 3) incurred an incremental annual cost of up to $1,443 and $2,705, respectively, compared to those without a treatment change (p < 0.001). Costs were largely driven by outpatient visits. CONCLUSIONS Over a 12-month period, treatment changes were commonly observed and were associated with excess costs, highlighting the unmet treatment needs of children and adolescents with ADHD in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Schein
- grid.419943.20000 0004 0459 5953Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., 508 Carnegie Center Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Ann Childress
- grid.490030.eCenter for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Inc., 7351 Prairie Falcon Rd STE 160, Las Vegas, NV 89128 USA
| | - Julie Adams
- grid.419943.20000 0004 0459 5953Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., 508 Carnegie Center Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Patrick Gagnon-Sanschagrin
- Analysis Group, Inc., 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, Montreal, QC, H3B 4W5, Canada.
| | - Jessica Maitland
- Analysis Group, Inc., 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, Montreal, QC H3B 4W5 Canada
| | - Wendi Qu
- Analysis Group, Inc., 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, Montreal, QC H3B 4W5 Canada
| | - Martin Cloutier
- Analysis Group, Inc., 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, Montreal, QC H3B 4W5 Canada
| | - Annie Guérin
- Analysis Group, Inc., 1190 avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Tour Deloitte, Suite 1500, Montreal, QC H3B 4W5 Canada
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Hoorn J, Water E, Dekkers TJ, Pollak Y, Popma A, Jansen BRJ, Huizenga HM, Duijvenvoorde ACK. Peer feedback decreases impulsive choice in adolescents with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JCPP ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Hoorn
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Tycho J. Dekkers
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Seymour Fox School of Education Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Arne Popma
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda R. J. Jansen
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M. Huizenga
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anna C. K. Duijvenvoorde
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
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9
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Payen A, Chen MJ, Carter TG, Kilmer RP, Bennett JM. Childhood ADHD, Going Beyond the Brain: A Meta-Analysis on Peripheral Physiological Markers of the Heart and the Gut. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:738065. [PMID: 35299964 PMCID: PMC8921263 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.738065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in children. Questions regarding its increased diagnostic rates and pharmacological treatments in developing children have led to a more holistic review of the multi-system pathophysiology observed in ADHD. The dopaminergic neurotransmitter system, known for its influence on reward-motivated behaviors and motor control, and the frontostriatal systems, that mediate motor, cognition, and behavior, are associated with ADHD's development. However, studies have shown that these neural systems do not wholly account for ADHD's multilayered and heterogeneous symptom presentation. For instance, the literature suggests that emotional dysregulation, the inability to regulate one's emotional responses to provoking stimuli, is associated with increased risk for social impairment in ADHD. A broader examination of physiological systems in children with ADHD has found potential markers in the heart-brain and gut-brain axes that correspond with certain behaviors associated with emotional dysregulation in recent studies. Hence, the purpose of this meta-analysis is to aggregate ten applicable published case studies and analyze task-related heart rate reactivity (HRR; n = 5 studies) and gut microbiota (n = 5 studies) data in children with and without ADHD. Data from a total of 531 youth with ADHD and 603 youth without ADHD revealed significant small and medium effect sizes for higher Chao1 levels and Actinobacteria levels in the ADHD group, respectively, but no evidence of altered task-related HRR. Thus, further research into multi-system psychophysiological measures of emotional dysregulation and ADHD is warranted. The clinical, empirical, and educational implications of these findings are discussed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier PROSPERO (CRD42021236819).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameanté Payen
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Michelle J. Chen
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - T. Grace Carter
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ryan P. Kilmer
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Jeanette M. Bennett
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeanette M. Bennett,
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Dekkers TJ, de Water E, Scheres A. Impulsive and risky decision-making in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The need for a developmental perspective. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:330-336. [PMID: 34953445 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Impulsive and risky decision-making peaks in adolescence, and is consistently associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), regardless of age. In this brief review, we demonstrate the similarity of theoretical models explaining impulsive and risky decision-making that originate in two relatively distinct literatures (i.e., on adolescence and on ADHD). We summarize research thus far and conclude that the presence of ADHD during adolescence further exacerbates the tendency that is already present in adolescents to make impulsive and risky decisions. We also conclude that much is still unknown about the developmental trajectories of individuals with ADHD with regard to impulsive and risky decision making, and we therefore provide several hypotheses that warrant further longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Levvel, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry en Specialized Youthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands; Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Great Lakes Neurobehavioral Center, Edina, MN, United States
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Radboud University, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Diet, Physical Activity, and Disinhibition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A UK Biobank Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051607. [PMID: 34064914 PMCID: PMC8151887 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition is a prominent feature of multiple psychiatric disorders, and has been associated with poor long-term somatic outcomes. Modifiable lifestyle factors including diet and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be associated with disinhibition, but their contributions have not previously been quantified among middle-aged/older adults. Here, among N = 157,354 UK Biobank participants aged 40-69, we extracted a single disinhibition principal component and four dietary components (prudent diet, elimination of wheat/dairy/eggs, meat consumption, full-cream dairy consumption). In addition, latent profile analysis assigned participants to one of five empirical dietary groups: prudent-moderate, unhealthy, restricted, meat-avoiding, low-fat dairy. Disinhibition was regressed on the four dietary components, the dietary grouping variable, and self-reported MVPA. In men and women, disinhibition was negatively associated with prudent diet, and positively associated with wheat/dairy/eggs elimination. In men, disinhibition was also associated with consumption of meat and full-cream dairy products. Comparing groups, disinhibition was lower in the prudent-moderate diet (reference) group compared to all other groups. Absolute βs ranged from 0.02-0.13, indicating very weak effects. Disinhibition was not associated with MVPA. In conclusion, disinhibition is associated with multiple features of diet among middle-aged/older adults. Our findings foster specific hypotheses (e.g., early malnutrition, elevated immune-response) to be tested in alternative study designs.
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