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Agrawal PR, Chandak M, Nikhade PP, Patel AS, Bhopatkar JK. Revolutionizing endodontics: Advancements in nickel-titanium instrument surfaces. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:126-133. [PMID: 38463467 PMCID: PMC10923218 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_248_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments have become the backbone of endodontics due to their exceptional properties, superelasticity, and shape memory. However, challenges such as unexpected breakage, poor cutting efficiency, and corrosion have prompted researchers to explore innovative surface modifications to enhance their performance. This comprehensive review discusses the latest advancements in NiTi metallurgy and their impact on rotary NiTi file systems. Various surface treatment techniques, including ion implantation, cryogenic treatment (CT), thermal nitridation, electropolishing, and physical or chemical vapor deposition, have been investigated to minimize defects, boost surface hardness, and improve cyclic fatigue resistance. Ion implantation has shown promise by increasing wear resistance and cutting efficiency through nitrogen ion incorporation. Thermal nitridation has successfully formed titanium nitride (TiN) coatings, resulting in improved corrosion resistance and cutting efficiency. CT has demonstrated increased cutting efficiency and overall strength by creating a martensite transformation and finer carbide particles. Electropolishing has yielded mixed results, providing smoother surfaces but varying impacts on fatigue resistance. Physical or chemical vapor deposition has proven effective in forming TiN coatings, enhancing hardness and wear resistance. Furthermore, the concept of surface functionalization with silver ions for antibacterial properties has been explored. These advancements present an exciting future for endodontic procedures, offering the potential for enhanced NiTi instruments with improved performance, durability, and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paridhi Rajesh Agrawal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DMIHER, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Chandak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DMIHER, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradnya Prashant Nikhade
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DMIHER, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aditya Satyawansingh Patel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DMIHER, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jay Kailas Bhopatkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DMIHER, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Chan WS, Gulati K, Peters OA. Advancing Nitinol: From heat treatment to surface functionalization for nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments in endodontics. Bioact Mater 2023; 22:91-111. [PMID: 36203965 PMCID: PMC9520078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy has been extensively researched in endodontics, particularly in cleaning and shaping the root canal system. Research advances have primarily focused on the design, shape, and geometry of the NiTi files as well as metallurgy and mechanical properties. So far, extensive investigations have been made surrounding surface and thermomechanical treatments, however, limited work has been done in the realm of surface functionalization to augment its performance in endodontics. This review summarizes the unique characteristics, current use, and latest developments in thermomechanically treated NiTi endodontic files. It discusses recent improvements in nano-engineering and the possibility of customizing the NiTi file surface for added functionalization. Whilst clinical translation of this technology has yet to be fully realized, future research direction will lie in the use of nanotechnology. Nitinol (Nickel Titanium alloy) is widely used to clean/shape root canal system in endodontics. To enhance its performance, various thermo-mechanical and nano-engineering modifications have been performed. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest advances and future trends relating to functionalized NiTi endodontic files.
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Jiang J, Sun J, Huang Z, Bi Z, Yu G, Yang J, Wang Y. The state of the art and future trends of root canal files from the perspective of patent analysis: a study design. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:90. [PMID: 36566212 PMCID: PMC9789667 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the published work from the past decade regarding methods of improved material, geometric design, and additional functions in root canal files. The main improved methods of files and the most common technologies were further addressed, underlining their advantages and main limitations. Online databases (the Derwent Innovations Index) were consulted on this topic. Published work from 2010 to 2022 was collected and analyzed the relevant papers were chosen for inclusion in this review. The patent map classified the latest phase of the root canal files based on the analysis of the number of patents. The performance of the root canal files, such as materials. Directly affects the quality of the root canal therapy. We provided a thorough review of advances in the field of root canal files. In particular, three categories of improved methods were examined and compared, including material-based methods, geometry-based methods, and those based on additional functions. To understand this state of the art of different improved methods of root canal files, we conducted a literature analysis and a series of comparisons between different methods. The features and limitations of each method of root canal files were further discussed. Finally, we identified promising research directions in advancing the methods for the improved performance of root canal files. There is no perfect technology for all material/geometric design/additional functions, capable alone of fulfilling all the specificity and necessities of every patient. Although it is very promising, the material of the files remains understudied, and further work is required to make material science a pervasive technology in root canal therapy, and contribute to endodontic and periapical diseases by assisting in the subsequent development of root canal files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Jiang
- grid.411994.00000 0000 8621 1394Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.19373.3f0000 0001 0193 3564State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Sun
- grid.411994.00000 0000 8621 1394Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- grid.19373.3f0000 0001 0193 3564State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuming Bi
- grid.503846.c0000 0000 8951 1659Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University Fort Wayne, West Lafayette, 46805 USA
| | - Guang Yu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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Metallurgical Tests in Endodontics: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9010030. [PMID: 35049739 PMCID: PMC8773015 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since there are no reviews of the literature on this theme, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the metallurgical tests used in endodontics, pointing out their functional use and their pros and cons and giving readers a user-friendly guide to serve as an orientation aid in the plethora of metallurgical tests. With this purpose, a literature search for articles published between January 2001 and December 2021 was conducted, using the electronic database PubMed to collect all published articles regarding the metallurgical tests used in endodontics for the evaluation of NiTi rotary instruments. The search was conducted using the following keywords: “metallurgy”, “differential scanning calorimetry” (DSC), “X-ray diffraction” (XRD), “atomic force microscopy” (AFM), “energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy” (EDS), “focused ion beam analysis” (FIB) and “Auger electron spectroscopy” (AES) combined with the term “endodontics” or “NiTi rotary instruments”. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of the 248 articles found, only 81 were included in the narrative review. According to the results, more than 50% of the selected articles were published in one of the two most relevant journals in endodontics: International Endodontic Journal (22.2%) and Journal of Endodontics (29.6%). The most popular metallurgical test was DSC, with 43 related articles, followed by EDS (33 articles), AFM (22 articles) and XRD (21 articles). Few studies were conducted using other tests such as FIB (2 articles), micro-Raman spectroscopy (4 articles), metallographic analysis (7 articles) and Auger electron spectroscopy (2 articles).
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Schäfer E, Bürklein S, Donnermeyer D. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the physical properties of NiTi instruments and their fracture characteristics. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 1:72-94. [PMID: 34862796 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a critical overview of the physical properties (surface hardness, cutting efficiency, bending properties, flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance) of NiTi instruments. Frequently used experimental models regarding these aspects will be presented and discussed with regard to their strengths and weaknesses. For all these aspects, a plethora of experimental models have been described. Based on a critical appraisal and especially taking the appropriate translation of experimental findings to clinical endodontics into account, suggestions for future research based on clearly defined and valid experimental methodologies will be provided. Up to now, very few attempts have been made to assess which particular physical properties of NiTi instruments exert an impact on the clinical outcome of root canal treatment. Departure from merely focusing on physical properties and fracture characteristics towards more biological aspects in terms of treatment outcome is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Schäfer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bürklein
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Münster, Germany
| | - David Donnermeyer
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
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Sevost'yanov MA, Nasakina EO, Baikin AS, Sergienko KV, Konushkin SV, Kaplan MA, Seregin AV, Leonov AV, Kozlov VA, Shkirin AV, Bunkin NF, Kolmakov AG, Simakov SV, Gudkov SV. Biocompatibility of new materials based on nano-structured nitinol with titanium and tantalum composite surface layers: experimental analysis in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:33. [PMID: 29546502 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A technology for obtaining materials from nanostructured nitinol with titanium- or tantalum-enriched surface layers was developed. Surface layers enriched with titanium or tantalum were shown to provide a decrease in the formation of reactive oxygen species and long-lived protein radicals in comparison to untreated nitinol. It was determined that human peripheral vessel myofibroblasts and human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells grown on nitinol bases coated with titanium or tantalum-enriched surface layers exhibit a nearly two times higher mitotic index. Response to implantation of pure nitinol, as well as nano-structure nitinol with titanium or tantalum-enriched surface layers, was expressed though formation of a mature uniform fibrous capsule peripherally to the fragment. The thickness of this capsule in the group of animals subjected to implantation of pure nitinol was 1.5 and 3.0-fold greater than that of the capsule in the groups implanted with nitinol fragments with titanium- or tantalum-enriched layers. No signs of calcinosis in the tissues surrounding implants with coatings were observed. The nature and structure of the formed capsules testify bioinertia of the implanted samples. It was shown that the morphology and composition of the surface of metal samples does not alter following biological tests. The obtained results indicate that nano-structure nitinol with titanium or tantalum enriched surface layers is a biocompatible material potentially suitable for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Sevost'yanov
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena O Nasakina
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Baikin
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Sergienko
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Konushkin
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Kaplan
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Seregin
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Leonov
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery A Kozlov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Shkirin
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai F Bunkin
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey G Kolmakov
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Simakov
- Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Gudkov
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Depatment of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia.
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Moscow, Russia.
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Ounsi HF, Nassif W, Grandini S, Salameh Z, Neelakantan P, Anil S. Evolution of Nickel-titanium Alloys in Endodontics. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:1090-1096. [PMID: 29109327 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To improve clinical use of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic rotary instruments by better understanding the alloys that compose them. A large number of engine-driven NiTi shaping instruments already exists on the market and newer generations are being introduced regularly. While emphasis is being put on design and technique, manufacturers are more discreet about alloy characteristics that dictate instrument behavior. Along with design and technique, alloy characteristics of endodontic instruments is one of the main variables affecting clinical performance. Modification in NiTi alloys is numerous and may yield improvements, but also drawbacks. Martensitic instruments seem to display better cyclic fatigue properties at the expense of surface hardness, prompting the need for surface treatments. On the contrary, such surface treatments may improve cutting efficiency but are detrimental to the gain in cyclic fatigue resistance. Although the design of the instrument is vital, it should in no way cloud the importance of the properties of the alloy and how they influence the clinical behavior of NiTi instruments. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dentists are mostly clinicians rather than engineers. With the advances in instrumentation design and alloys, they have an obligation to deal more intimately with engineering consideration to not only take advantage of their possibilities but also acknowledge their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani F Ounsi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Siena University, Siena, Italy, e-mail:
| | - Wadih Nassif
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Simone Grandini
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Ziad Salameh
- Department of Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Department of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Dental Health, Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Al Jabbari YS, Koutsoukis T, Al Hadlaq S, Berzins DW, Zinelis S. Surface and cross-sectional characterization of titanium-nitride coated nickel-titanium endodontic files. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:48-53. [PMID: 30894945 PMCID: PMC6395189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Although the effect of experimental surface modifications on various properties (e.g., fatigue, wear) on coated files have been tested in the past, there is no report for the coating quality of commercially available TiN coated files. The aim of this study was to characterize the surface and cross section of TiN coated endodontic files. Materials and methods TiN coated nickel–titanium endodontic files (EasyShape) were surface and cross-sectionally analyzed via scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis in spot, area, and line scan modes. Results Surface imaging revealed parallel oblong regions with higher mean atomic contrast, a finding attributed to increased Ni content. Cross-sectional analysis showed that the coating’s average total thickness was 0.31 μm and consisted of a thin layered film. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of Ti, Ni, N, and O in the coating, whereas only Ni and Ti were identified in the bulk of the file. Ti and O showed their peak compositions at the bulk/coating and coating/surface interfaces, respectively, whereas N displayed a rather constant content within the coated region. The N and O contents started increasing inner to the coating/bulk interface, denoting possible diffusion of both elements to the subcoating region. Conclusion Surface and bulk characterization showed no uncoated areas of the files tested. Apart from Ti, Ni, and N, oxygen was also identified within the coating region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef S Al Jabbari
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Theodoros Koutsoukis
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Al Hadlaq
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - David W Berzins
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Street, Goudi 11527, Athens, Greece.,Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Gutmann JL, Gao Y. Alteration in the inherent metallic and surface properties of nickel-titanium root canal instruments to enhance performance, durability and safety: a focused review. Int Endod J 2011; 45:113-28. [PMID: 21902705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expanded use of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in root canal procedures has led to the development of a wide variety of shapes, designs and applications. Root canal anatomy has not changed, however, and the same challenges exist in both initial treatment and the revision of unacceptable treatment. These challenges include application with high levels of achievement and low to no levels of adverse effects, such as instrument fracture, root canal wall ledging, dentine wall perforation and so forth. To that end, many manufacturers have been seeking ways to alter the presently available and wide range of root canal instrument designs, with a focus on altering the surface of the alloy or altering the alloy microstructure with post-machining or post-twisting heat treatment. This focused review will address the impact that these modifications have had on instrument flexibility, resistance to cyclic fatigue and cutting efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gutmann
- Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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The applications and research progresses of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy in reconstructive surgery. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2010; 33:129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-010-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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