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Yao Q, Zhuang Y, Aji Y, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Li S. Biomechanical impact of different isthmus positions in mandibular first molar root canals: a finite element analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:311. [PMID: 38743171 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used image-based finite element analysis (FEA) to assess the biomechanical changes in mandibular first molars resulting from alterations in the position of the root canal isthmus. METHODS A healthy mandibular first molar, characterized by two intact root canals and a cavity-free surface, was selected as the subject. A three-dimensional model for the molar was established using scanned images of the patient's mandibular teeth. Subsequently, four distinct finite element models were created, each representing varied root canal morphologies: non-isthmus (Group A), isthmus located at the upper 1/3 of the root (Group B), middle 1/3 of the root (Group C), and lower 1/3 of the root (Group D). A static load of 200 N was applied along the tooth's longitudinal axis on the occlusal surface to simulate regular chewing forces. The biomechanical assessment was conducted regarding the mechanical stress profile within the root dentin. The equivalent stress (Von Mises stress) was used to assess the biomechanical features of mandibular teeth under mechanical loading. RESULTS In Group A (without an isthmus), the maximum stress was 22.2 MPa, while experimental groups with an isthmus exhibited higher stresses, reaching up to 29.4 MPa. All maximum stresses were concentrated near the apical foramen. The presence of the isthmus modified the stress distribution in the dentin wall of the tooth canal. Notably, dentin stresses at specific locations demonstrated differences: at 8 mm from the root tip, Group B: 13.6 MPa vs. Group A: 11.4 MPa; at 3 mm from the root tip, Group C: 14.2 MPa vs. Group A: 4.5 MPa; at 1 mm from the root tip, Group D: 25.1 MPa vs. Group A: 10.3 MPa. The maximum stress in the root canal dentin within the isthmus region was located either at the top or bottom of the isthmus. CONCLUSION A root canal isthmus modifies the stress profile within the dentin. The maximum stress occurs near the apical foramen and significantly increases when the isthmus is located closer to the apical foramina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingting Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Xuchang Central Hospital, Xuchang, 461000, China
| | - Youmei Zhuang
- Department of Endodontics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Yaerken Aji
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Yixiang Luo
- Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Shuhui Li
- Department of Endodontics, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, China.
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Katunarić A, Grgac SF, Gabrić D, Pavelić B, Bago I. Effect of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid activated by laser and ultrasonic energy on surface morphology and chemical composition of intracanal dentin. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:818-831. [PMID: 38100184 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the structural and chemical changes in intracanal dentin after root canal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) using additional activation with a novel Er:YAG Shock Wave-Enhanced Emission Photoacoustic Streaming (SWEEPS), ultrasonic irrigation (UI), and Nd:YAG irradiation. Root canals of extracted human premolars were instrumented with distilled water and distributed into groups according to the irrigation protocol used: Group 1: conventional needle irrigation (CI) with 3% NaOCl; group 2: CI with 15% EDTA; and group 3: CI with NaOCl+EDTA. In group 4, root canals were irrigated with NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl using the following techniques: CI (group 4A), SWEEPS (group 4B), UI (group 4C). In group 4D, root canals were finally irradiated with Nd:YAG laser. After the irrigation, the intracanal dentin sample was collected and analyzed using spectroscope with a Fourier transformation of infrared spectrum in Attenuated total reflection technique (FTIR-ATR) to calculate apatite/collagen ratio. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to determine its chemical composition. FTIR-ATR showed no significant difference in the phosphate/amid I ratio between the control and the experimental groups (p > 0.05). SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P (p < 0.05) value compared to CI and control group, and canal wall erosion. SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P value and significant canal wall erosion. However, no difference in phosphate/amide ratio was reported among groups. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P values and significant canal wall erosion. There was no difference in phosphate/amide ratio among the irrigation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Katunarić
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Dragana Gabrić
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Božidar Pavelić
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Bago
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Marques JA, Falacho RI, Santos JM, Ramos JC, Palma PJ. Effects of endodontic irrigation solutions on structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of coronal dentin: A scoping review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:606-619. [PMID: 37698359 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to assess structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of coronal dentin after endodontic irrigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reporting followed the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Records filtered by language and published up to November 4, 2022 were independently screened by two researchers. Studies evaluating structural, chemical, or mechanical properties of human permanent coronal dentin after irrigation within the scope of nonsurgical root canal treatment were included. Data were extracted regarding study type, sample description and size, experimental groups, outcome, evaluation method, and main findings. RESULTS From the initial 1916 studies, and by adding 2 cross-references, 11 in vitro studies were included. Seven studies provide ultrastructural and/or chemical characterization, and six assessed microhardness and/or flexural strength. One percent to 8% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 1%-17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were the most commonly tested solutions, with contact times of 2-240 min (NaOCl) and 1-1440 min (EDTA) being evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the literature is consensual regarding the inevitable impact of NaOCl and chelating agents on coronal dentin, with both deproteinizing and decalcifying effects being concentration- and time-dependent. The alteration of mechanical parameters further confirmed the surface and subsurface ultrastructural and chemical changes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Endodontic treatment success highly depends on restorative sealing. Understanding the result of exposing coronal dentin, the main substrate for bonding, to irrigants' action is crucial. The deproteinizing and decalcifying effects of NaOCl and chelating agents are both concentration- and time-dependent, causing surface and subsurface ultrastructural, chemical, and mechanical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A Marques
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui I Falacho
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Ramos
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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La Rosa GRM, Plotino G, Nagendrababu V, Pedullà E. Effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics: a scoping review of laboratory studies. Odontology 2024; 112:1-18. [PMID: 37433927 PMCID: PMC10776731 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to synthesize and explore the current boundaries and limitations of laboratory research on the effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics. This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature search was conducted on Pubmed and Scopus to identify all laboratory studies evaluating smear layer and hard-tissue debris removal or, antimicrobial efficacy, or dentine erosion induced by continuous chelation. Two independent reviewers performed the all review steps and the relevant items were recorded. Seventy-seven potentially relevant studies were identified. Finally, 23 laboratory studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. Seven studies focused on the smear layer/debris removal outcome, 10 on antimicrobial activity, and 10 on dentine erosion. In general, the continuous chelation protocol was equally or more effective in the cleanliness of root canals and antimicrobial activity compared with traditional sequential protocol. In addition, etidronate solutions seemed to be milder chelating agents compared to those with EDTA, thus resulting in reduced or no dentine erosion and roughness modification. Yet, the methodological differences among the included studies limit the results' generalizability. The continuous chelation seems to be equally or more effective in all investigated outcomes when compared with the traditional sequential protocol. The methodological variability among the studies and shortcomings in the methods employed limit the generalizability and clinical relevance of the results. Standardized laboratory conditions combined with reliable three-dimensional investigation approaches are necessary to obtain clinically informative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Fakhri E, Samadi Kafil H, Naghizadeh M, Eslami H, Sefidan FY. Antimicrobial effect of grape seed extract as a potential intracanal medicament combined with Nd:YAG laser. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:209-216. [PMID: 36479792 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of grape seed extract medicament combined with Nd:YAG laser, against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans biofilms. Root canals infected with 4-week-old biofilms were divided into five groups (n = 11): calcium hydroxide, 6.5% GSE, Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 1.5 w, 15 Hz and 100 mj) and 6.5% GSE followed by Nd:YAG laser and normal saline (control). Dentin chips were collected using Gates-Glidden and cultured to obtain colony-forming units. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. GSE showed higher antibacterial activity against all species investigated compared to Ca(OH)2 . However, the lowest microbial count was obtained using a combination of GSE and Nd:YAG laser (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the susceptibility of tested pathogens to each of the protocols was observed (p > 0.05). Application of Nd:YAG laser following GSE medicament is efficient against endodontic biofilms; also, GSE can be considered as an alternative to Ca(OH)2 dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Fakhri
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Naghizadeh
- Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Eslami
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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de Pellegrin SF, Pauletto G, Carlotto IB, Garcia Mendes AL, de Azevedo Mello P, Souza Bier CA. Interactions between calcium hypochlorite and irrigants commonly used in endodontic practice: a chemical analysis. J Endod 2023:S0099-2399(23)00245-5. [PMID: 37178758 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to identify possible products resulting from chemical interactions between calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and other irrigants for endodontic use using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS). METHODS The 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 was associated with either 70% ethanol solution, distilled water, saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride), 5% sodium thiosulfate, 10% citric acid, 17% EDTA, or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). The reaction ratio was 1:1 and the products obtained were analyzed by ESI-QTOF-MS. RESULTS The interactions between Ca(OCl)2 and CHX generated an orange-brown precipitate, without identification of para-chloroaniline (PCA), and between Ca(OCl)2 and sodium thiosulfate a milky-white precipitate. Furthermore, when the oxidizing agent was associated with EDTA and citric acid, chlorine gas was released. As for the other associations, 70% ethanol, distilled water, and saline solution, no precipitation or gas release occurred. CONCLUSION The orange-brown precipitate occurs due to the chlorination of guanidine nitrogens, and the milky-white precipitate is due to the partial neutralization of the oxidizing agent. The release of chlorine gas occurs due to the low pH of the mixture, which results in the rapid formation and decomposition of chlorine. In this context, an intermediate rinsed with distilled water, saline solution and ethanol between Ca(OCl)2 and CHX, citric acid and EDTA seems to be appropriate to prevent the formation of by-products when these irrigants need to be used in the canal. Furthermore, if it is necessary to use sodium thiosulfate, a larger volume of the solution must be used than that used for the oxidizing solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei Flores de Pellegrin
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pauletto
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Israel Bangel Carlotto
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Garcia Mendes
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Paola de Azevedo Mello
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Souza Bier
- MSciD and PhD Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
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Pauletto G, Carlotto IB, Rosa LSD, Pereira GKR, Bier CAS. Effect of sodium/calcium hypochlorite on adhesion and adaptation of fiber posts luted with a dual resin cement. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:111-118. [PMID: 37466518 PMCID: PMC10355260 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] on the bond strength and adaptation of glass fiber posts luted with a dual-curing resin cement. Fifty decoronated premolars were sectioned 14 mm from the apex and endodontically treated. The root canal filling was partially removed. The specimens were divided into 5 groups (n=10) according to the irrigant for post space irrigation: 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), (control); 2.5% NaOCl; 5.25% NaOCl; 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; and 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. For each group, irrigation was performed with 5 ml of solution. Afterward, the posts were luted with a dual-curing resin cement. One slice from each third was obtained and submitted to the push-out test and failure modes analysis. An additional slice from the middle third was submitted to confocal images for analysis of adaptation failures (gaps). Two-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-hoc, Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni adjusted, and chi-square tests, analyzed data. The group treated with 5.25% NaOCl showed lower bond strength values and generated more cohesive failures compared to the control (p < 0.05). Bond strength decreased from coronal to apical in the post space (p < 0.001). The groups treated with NaOCl had the highest percentages of gaps compared to the control (p < 0.05). Regardless of concentration, Ca(OCl)2 did not influence the bond strength and the occurrence of gaps (P > 0.05). Ca(OCl)2 is a good option for irrigating the post space before luting a fiber post with a dual-curing resin cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pauletto
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry,
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil
| | - Israel Bangel Carlotto
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry,
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil
| | - Lucas Saldanha Da Rosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry,
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry,
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Souza Bier
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry,
Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State,
Brazil
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Root canal disinfection and maintenance of the remnant tooth tissues by using grape seed and cranberry extracts. Odontology 2022:10.1007/s10266-022-00766-w. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xu H, Ye Z, Zhang A, Lin F, Fu J, Fok ASL. Effects of concentration of sodium hypochlorite as an endodontic irrigant on the mechanical and structural properties of root dentine: A laboratory study. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1091-1102. [PMID: 35833329 PMCID: PMC9545283 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The use of high-concentration sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an endodontic irrigant remains controversial because of its potential impact on the fracture strength of endodontically-treated teeth. This study evaluated the effects of using different NaOCl concentrations, with 2-min-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the final active irrigant, on the biomechanical and structural properties of root dentine. METHODOLOGY A new test method, which is more clinically relevant, was utilized to calculate the fracture strength of root dentine. Bovine incisors were used to obtain root dentine discs. The root canals were enlarged to mean diameter of 2.90 mm with a taper of 0.06. The resulting discs were divided into 5 groups (n=20) and treated with different concentrations of NaOCl (5.25%, 2.5%, and 1.3%) for 30 min plus 17% EDTA for 2 min. The discs were then loaded to fracture by a steel rod with the same taper through the central hole. The fractured specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy to evaluate changes in the dimensions of the remaining intertubular dentine and the tubular radius. Micro-hardness was also measured with a Knoop diamond indenter along a radius to determine the depth of dentine eroded by the irrigation. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS The damage by NaOCl increased with its concentration. 5.25% NaOCl greatly reduced the fracture strength of root dentine from 172.10±30.13 MPa to 114.58±26.74 MPa. The corresponding reduction in micro-hardness at the root canal wall was 34.1%. The damages reached a depth of up to 400 μm (p < 0.05). Structural changes involved degradation of the intratubular wall leading to enlarged dentinal tubules and the loss of intertubular dentine. Changes in the microstructural parameters showed positive linear relationships with the fracture strength. CONCLUSIONS With the adjunctive use of EDTA, NaOCl caused destruction to the intratubular surface near the root canal and, consequently, reduced the root dentine's mechanical strength. The higher the concentration of NaOCl, the greater the effect. Therefore, endodontists should avoid using overly high concentration of NaOCl for irrigation to prevent potential root fracture in endodontically-treated teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Xu
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Zhou Ye
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN, United States.,Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Alex S L Fok
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN, United States
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Wahab FK, Mahasneh SA, Sawair FA, Hamdan MA, Hattar SN, AL-Rabab’ah MA. Restoration of Root Filled Teeth; Current Opinions and Techniques. Open Dent J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602115010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose:
To examine current decision-making preferences of Jordanian dentists when Restoring Root Filled Teeth (RFT).
Materials and Methods:
834 Jordanian general dentists, prosthodontists and endodontists were invited to participate in a validated online survey with a 62% participation rate. Respondents were invited to answer 24 questions about their preferences for techniques and materials they use to restore RFT. The questions aimed at exploring restorative strategies commonly employed by Jordanian dentists when managing root filled teeth with extensive loss of tooth structure.
Results:
A minority of dentists consider direct resin restoration as the sole restoration for RFT with extensive loss of tooth structure. Full coverage metal-ceramic and all-ceramic crowns are more popular than endocrowns when restoring RFT with indirect restoration. Fiber posts are the most popular type of posts, followed by prefabricated metal posts. Glass ionomer is the most preferred cement for luting metal posts, while conventional dual resin cement with separate etch and rinse bonding strategy is the most employed when bonding fiber posts. The majority of dentists tend not to pretreat fiber posts. Loss of post/core retention or fracture of coronal tooth structure are the two most common reasons observed by dentists when RFT fail.
Conclusion:
Use of post and core is still preferred over more conservative approaches when restoring RFT with extensive loss of coronal tooth structure. Longevity of restorations can be enhanced by training practicing dentists on evidence-based adhesive strategies.
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Quercetin as an Auxiliary Endodontic Irrigant for Root Canal Treatment: Anti-Biofilm and Dentin Collagen-Stabilizing Effects In Vitro. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051178. [PMID: 33802293 PMCID: PMC7959140 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial reinfection and root fracture are the main culprits related to root canal treatment failure. This study aimed to assess the utility of quercetin solution as an adjunctive endodontic irrigant that does not weaken root canal dentin with commitment anti-biofilm activity and bio-safety. Based on a noninvasive dentin infection model, dentin tubules infected with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were irrigated with sterile water (control group), and 0, 1, 2, 4 wt% quercetin-containing ethanol solutions. Live and dead bacteria percentages in E. faecalis biofilms were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Elastic modulus, hydroxyproline release and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization were tested to evaluate the irrigants’ collagen-stabilizing effect. The cytotoxicity was tested by CCK-8 assay. Quercetin increased the proportion of dead bacteria volumes within E. faecalis and improved the flexural strength of dentin compared to control group (p < 0.05). Quercetin-treated dentin matrix had less elasticity loss and hydroxyproline release after collagenase degradation (p < 0.05). Moreover, quercetin solutions revealed an increase in the C-O peak area under both C1s and O1s narrow-scan spectra of XPS characterization, and no cytotoxicity (p > 0.05). Quercetin exhibited anti-biofilm activity, a collagen-stabilizing effect with cytocompatibility, supporting quercetin as a potential candidate for endodontic irrigant.
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Xu H, Ye N, Lin F, Heo YC, Fok ASL. A new method to test the fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin. Dent Mater 2021; 37:796-804. [PMID: 33653597 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new method to test the fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin. METHOD Bovine tooth roots were transversely cut into 2-mm thick sections and the root canals were enlarged with a taper of 0.06. An outer layer of resin composite was bonded to each section to make the root canal-to-outer radius ratio smaller than 1/3. The resulting discs were treated with irrigants at the inner surface and then fractured by inserting through the center a steel rod of the same taper attached to a universal test system. Fracture strength was calculated by using Lame's equations for thick-walled cylinders. Micro-indentation was performed to evaluate the depth of dentin affected by irrigation. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to verify the reasonableness of using resin composite to surround the dentin section as well as the analytical solution. RESULTS The fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin based on the analytical solution for a homogeneous section was 139.69 ± 32.59 MPa. However, FEA that took into account root canal softening caused by the irrigants showed that this was overestimated by about 33.5%. The corrected fracture strength of treated dentin was 114.58 ± 26.74 MPa. By incorporating the layer of affected dentin into the analytical solution, the difference in the fracture-causing stress between the analytical and numerical solutions dropped to around 9.5%. SIGNIFICANCE A relatively simple but clinically relevant method has been developed for measuring the fracture strength of endodontically-treated root dentin. The method could be applied to root dentin that is treated by conventional canal opening and irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Ning Ye
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Young Cheul Heo
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States
| | - Alex S L Fok
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, United States.
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Elnaggar SE, El Backly RM, Zaazou AM, Morsy Elshabrawy S, Abdallah AA. Effect of different irrigation protocols for applications in regenerative endodontics on mechanical properties of root dentin. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 47:228-235. [PMID: 33314440 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of NaOCl with and without passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on mechanical properties of human dentin for applications in regenerative endodontics (RE). Sixty single-rooted teeth were sectioned into 2 halves (n = 120). Dentin bars were produced from one half for flexural strength and the other half was used for microhardness. Specimens were randomly assigned into 10 groups: G1 and G2 (control): distilled water for 30 and 60 min, respectively; G3: 1.5%NaOCl for 30 min; G4:1.5%NaOCl for 60 min; G5: 1.5%NaOCl + PUI for 30 min; G6: 1.5%NaOCl + PUI for 60 min; G7: 5.25%NaOCl for 30 min; G8: 5.25%NaOCl for 60 min; G9: 5.25%NaOCl + PUI for 30 min; G10: 5.25%NaOCl + PUI for 60 min. An increase in NaOCl concentration showed highly significant reduction in mechanical properties. There was no significant difference between 1.5% NaOCl and control group except for specimens treated with PUI for 60 min. NaOCl in concentrations recommended for RE did not have a significant effect on mechanical properties of dentin. However, PUI with increased irrigation time might have an effect even with low NaOCl concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semha E Elnaggar
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania M El Backly
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Mamdouh Zaazou
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonia Morsy Elshabrawy
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr Ahmed Abdallah
- Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Rath PP, Yiu CKY, Matinlinna JP, Kishen A, Neelakantan P. The effects of sequential and continuous chelation on dentin. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1655-1665. [PMID: 33162115 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteolytic and demineralizing agents have a profound influence on the dentin ultrastructure, which plays a key role in the mechanical integrity of the tooth and integrity of dentin-biomaterial interfaces. In-depth characterization of dentin treated with a novel root canal irrigation protocol comprising sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and etidronate (HEDP) is lacking. This study comprehensively characterized and compared the effects of the continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) and sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) protocols on dentin. METHODS Dentin blocks, dentin powder and root canals of mandibular premolars were distributed into Group 1, Saline (control); Group 2, NaOCl/EDTA; and Group 3, NaOCl/HEDP. Ultrastructural characteristics of the treated dentin were investigated using electron microscopy and light microscopy, while the surface roughness was analyzed using atomic force microscopy. Chemical compositional changes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive-X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while collagen degradation was determined using ninhydrin assay. Data were statistically analyzed using multiple-factor one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (P = 0.05). RESULTS NaOCl/HEDP resulted in partially degraded, yet mineralized collagen fibers, with minimal alteration to the subsurface matrix. Conversely, NaOCl/EDTA dissolved the hydroxyapaptite encapsulation, exposing collagen fibre bundles. There was no significant difference in the surface roughness between the two protocols (P > 0.05). NaOCl/HEDP resulted in homogenous distribution of organic and inorganic components on the treated surface. SIGNIFICANCE This study highlighted that continuous chelation (NaOCl/HEDP) resulted in a frail surface collagen layer while sequential chelation (NaOCl/EDTA) exposed bare collagen fibres. These surface and sub-surface effects potentially contribute to structural failures of dentin and/or dentin-biomaterial interfacial failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti P Rath
- Discipline of Endodontology, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Department of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Rath PP, Yiu CKY, Matinlinna JP, Kishen A, Neelakantan P. The effect of root canal irrigants on dentin: a focused review. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e39. [PMID: 32839720 PMCID: PMC7431934 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast literature on the effects of root canal irrigants on the dentin characteristics, the precise effects of clinically relevant irrigation sequences remain unclear. In this review, we systematically dissect the role of different sequential irrigation approaches that are used in clinical endodontics. Using a systematic search strategy, we attempt to answer the question: ‘Which irrigating sequence has the most deleterious effects on dentin structure and properties?’ The effect of irrigants on the dentin composition and mechanical properties have been reviewed. A wide variety of concentrations, duration and techniques have been employed to characterize the effects of chemicals on dentin properties, thus making it impossible to draw guidelines or recommendations of irrigant sequences to be followed clinically. It was apparent that all the studied irrigation sequences potentially result in some deleterious effects on dentin such as decrease in the flexural strength, microhardness, modulus of elasticity and inorganic content and organic-inorganic ratio of the dentin. However, the literature still lacks comprehensive investigations to compare the deleterious effect of different irrigation sequences, using a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods. Such investigations are essential to make clinical recommendations and strategize efforts to minimize chemically-induced damage to dentin characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Pragati Rath
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jukka Pekka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anil Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Durigon M, Cecchin D, de Carli J, Souza MA, Farina A. Could calcium hypochlorite and grape seed extract keep the mechanical properties of root dentin and fracture resistance of weakened roots? J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 106:103736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dotto L, Sarkis Onofre R, Bacchi A, Rocha Pereira GK. Effect of Root Canal Irrigants on the Mechanical Properties of Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Scoping Review. J Endod 2020; 46:596-604.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Antibacterial Efficacy of the Grape Seed Extract as an Irrigant for Root Canal Preparation. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:35-39. [PMID: 32342036 PMCID: PMC7183804 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2019.85057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare relative effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite 5.25% (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) and 6.5 % grape seed extract (GSE) against Enterococcus faecalis using instrument Reciproc R25 in root canal preparation. Methods: Forty-five mesiobuccal root canals from extracted human maxillary molars were collected and infected with Enterococcus faecalis. The samples were divided into five groups according to the different types of irrigants: saline (positive control) (n=5); in the other groups were used 10 root canals for each group: NaOCl+EDTA; CHX gel+EDTA; GSE solution+EDTA; GSE gel+EDTA. All the groups were prepared with reciprocating instruments Reciproc R25. Bacterial reduction was measured by two-way ANOVA (P<0.001) followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests, from the counting of colony forming units (CFUs) from samples collected before instrumentation and after. The significance level established at 5% (P<0.05). Results: The group prepared with the NaOCl resulted in highest antimicrobial capacity among of all (P>0.05), followed by CHX and GSE gel (P<0.05). Control and GSE solution showed similar results (P<0.05) and resulted in the lowest percentage of the reduction of the microorganism into the root canals. Conclusion: NaOCl had the higher elimination capacity of Enterococcus faecalis than GSE and CHX.
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Souza MA, Lago BLT, Pletsch A, Binotto A, Poletti A, Rodrigues FT, Ricci R, Bischoff KF, Dias CT, Palhano HS, Lago CTR, Farina AP, Cecchin D, Bervian J, de Figueiredo JAP. Association of calcium hypochlorite, reciprocating instrumentation and photodynamic therapy: Antimicrobial analysis and effects on root dentin structure. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pedersen ND, Uzunoglu-Özyürek E, Dogan Buzoglu H. Influence of different irrigation protocols on microhardness and flexural strength values of young and aged crown dentin. Gerodontology 2019; 37:53-58. [PMID: 31746036 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of different irrigation protocols on microhardness (MH) and flexural strength (FS) values of young and aged crown dentin. BACKGROUND In addition to ageing, root canal irrigation might also affect the mechanical properties of coronal dentin walls. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty dentin bars (2 mm × 2 mm × 8 mm) were obtained from the crowns of extracted, non-caries, human molars of young and older patients (n = 60 bars; average patient ages: 16.7 and 65.4, respectively). Subgroups were formed as follows: 2.5%NaOCl(sodium hypochlorite)+5%EDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 2.5%NaOCl + 15%EDTA, 2.5%NaOCl, 5%EDTA, 15%EDTA and Saline. NaOCl and saline were used for 20 minutes and EDTA solutions for 1 minute. MH values of each sample were measured before and after the irrigation protocols. The same samples were also submitted for FS analysis. The data were statistically analysed. RESULTS Young samples had lower MH values at pre- and post-treatment compared to aged samples (P < .05). A significant decrease was observed in MH values of aged samples exposed to 2.5%NaOCl and both NaOCl + EDTA combinations (P < .05). FS values of the young saline-treated group were statistically higher than aged ones (P < .05). Both NaOCl + EDTA combinations caused a significant decrease in FS values of young samples compared to saline (P < .05). CONCLUSION Ageing has a significant effect on the MH and FS values of crown dentin samples. 5% EDTA solutions revealed similar results to 15%EDTA regarding MH and FS values of crown dentin in both age groups. The NaOCl + EDTA combination had a prominent effect than EDTA alone, on MH values of young-, and FS values of aged dentin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurab Deniz Pedersen
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emel Uzunoglu-Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Dogan Buzoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hashmi A, Zhang X, Kishen A. Impact of Dentin Substrate Modification with Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Precursor Nanocomplexes on Sealer Penetration and Tensile Strength. J Endod 2019; 45:935-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Soligo LT, Lodi E, Farina AP, Souza MA, Vidal CDMP, Cecchin D. Antibacterial Efficacy of Synthetic and Natural-Derived Novel Endodontic Irrigant Solutions. Braz Dent J 2019; 29:459-464. [PMID: 30517444 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE), calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2], and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solutions with rotary or reciprocating instrumentation for disinfection of root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. The roots were then randomly divided into the following eight experimental groups (n=11) according to the instrumentation technique and disinfection protocol: ProTaper Next or Reciproc R25 with sodium chloride (control group), 6% NaOCl, 6% Ca(ClO)2, or 50% GSE used for irrigation during instrumentation. The antimicrobial activity was determined on the basis of a reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) counted on bacterial samples collected before and after root canal instrumentation and expressed as a percentage of reduction. Data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in bacterial reduction between the ProTaper Next and Reciproc R25 systems (p>0.05), regardless of the irrigant solution used. Furthermore, all active solutions (6% NaOCl, 50% GSE, and 6% Ca(ClO)2) showed similar potential to reduce bacterial counts (p>0.05) and were significantly more effective than sodium chloride (control) (p<0.05). The results suggest that the GSE and Ca(ClO)2 have potential clinical application as irrigant solutions in endodontic therapy since they present bactericidal efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Tais Soligo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UPF - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Ediléia Lodi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UPF - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Farina
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UPF - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Albino Souza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UPF - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UPF - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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Souza MA, Tumelero Dias C, Zandoná J, Paim Hoffmann I, Sanches Menchik VH, Palhano HS, Bertol CD, Rossato-Grando LG, Cecchin D, de Figueiredo JAP. Antimicrobial activity of hypochlorite solutions and reciprocating instrumentation associated with photodynamic therapy on root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis – An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:347-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dal Bello Y, Mezzalira GI, Jaguszewski LA, Hoffmann IP, Menchik VHS, Cecchin D, Souza MA. Effectiveness of calcium and sodium hypochlorite in association with reciprocating instrumentation on decontamination of root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:92-97. [PMID: 30113742 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of sodium and calcium hypochlorite utilising reciprocating instrumentation. Sixty root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for 14 days. Samples were divided into six groups according to decontamination protocol: G1: no treatment, G2: distilled water, G3: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, G4: 2.5% calcium hypochlorite, G5: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and G6: 5.25% calcium hypochlorite. Instrumentation was performed with Wave One reciprocating system (Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, York, PA, USA) in groups G2 to G6. Colony-forming units (CFUs) counting was performed and the data were subjected to Anova and Tukey (α = 0.05). Group 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination, with a significant difference between them (P < 0.05). Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 showed the lowest contamination means with no significant difference between them (P < 0.05). Sodium and calcium hypochlorite, in association with reciprocating instrumentation, can be an effective decontamination protocol in root canals infected with E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dal Bello
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Gean I Mezzalira
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Igor P Hoffmann
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Souza
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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