1
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Yang KS, Blankenship LR, Kuo STA, Sheng YJ, Li P, Fierke CA, Russell DH, Yan X, Xu S, Liu WR. A Novel Y-Shaped, S-O-N-O-S-Bridged Cross-Link between Three Residues C22, C44, and K61 Is Frequently Observed in the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:449-455. [PMID: 36629751 PMCID: PMC10023456 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pathogen, SARS-CoV-2 relies on its main protease (MPro) for pathogenesis and replication. During crystallographic analyses of MPro crystals that were exposed to the air, a uniquely Y-shaped, S-O-N-O-S-bridged post-translational cross-link that connects three residues C22, C44, and K61 at their side chains was frequently observed. As a novel covalent modification, this cross-link serves potentially as a redox switch to regulate the catalytic activity of MPro, a demonstrated drug target of COVID-19. The formation of this linkage leads to a much more open active site that can potentially be targeted for the development of novel SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. The structural rearrangement of MPro by this cross-link indicates that small molecules that lock MPro in the cross-linked form can potentially be used with other active-site-targeting molecules such as paxlovid for synergistic effects in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Syuan-Ting Alex Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yan J. Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Carol A. Fierke
- Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - David H. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wenshe Ray Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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El Khoury L, Jing Z, Cuzzolin A, Deplano A, Loco D, Sattarov B, Hédin F, Wendeborn S, Ho C, El Ahdab D, Jaffrelot Inizan T, Sturlese M, Sosic A, Volpiana M, Lugato A, Barone M, Gatto B, Macchia ML, Bellanda M, Battistutta R, Salata C, Kondratov I, Iminov R, Khairulin A, Mykhalonok Y, Pochepko A, Chashka-Ratushnyi V, Kos I, Moro S, Montes M, Ren P, Ponder JW, Lagardère L, Piquemal JP, Sabbadin D. Computationally driven discovery of SARS-CoV-2 M pro inhibitors: from design to experimental validation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3674-3687. [PMID: 35432906 PMCID: PMC8966641 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05892d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a fast-track computationally driven discovery of new SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors whose potency ranges from mM for the initial non-covalent ligands to sub-μM for the final covalent compound (IC50 = 830 ± 50 nM). The project extensively relied on high-resolution all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and absolute binding free energy calculations performed using the polarizable AMOEBA force field. The study is complemented by extensive adaptive sampling simulations that are used to rationalize the different ligand binding poses through the explicit reconstruction of the ligand–protein conformation space. Machine learning predictions are also performed to predict selected compound properties. While simulations extensively use high performance computing to strongly reduce the time-to-solution, they were systematically coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to drive synthesis and for in vitro characterization of compounds. Such a study highlights the power of in silico strategies that rely on structure-based approaches for drug design and allows the protein conformational multiplicity problem to be addressed. The proposed fluorinated tetrahydroquinolines open routes for further optimization of Mpro inhibitors towards low nM affinities. The dominant binding mode of the QUB-00006-Int-07 main protease inhibitor during absolute binding free energy simulations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa El Khoury
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
| | - Zhifeng Jing
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
| | - Alberto Cuzzolin
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche Largo Belloli 11a 43122 Parma Italy
| | - Alessandro Deplano
- Pharmacelera, Torre R, 4a planta Despatx A05, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 8 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniele Loco
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
| | - Boris Sattarov
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
| | - Florent Hédin
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
| | - Sebastian Wendeborn
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of LifeSciences Hofackerstrasse 30 CH-4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Chris Ho
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
| | - Dina El Ahdab
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Theo Jaffrelot Inizan
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alice Sosic
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Martina Volpiana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Angela Lugato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Barone
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Barbara Gatto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Maria Ludovica Macchia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | | | - Rustam Iminov
- Enamine Ltd 78 Chervonotkats'ka Str. Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | - Iaroslava Kos
- Enamine Ltd 78 Chervonotkats'ka Str. Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Matthieu Montes
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Hesam Université 2 Rue Conte 75003 Paris France
| | - Pengyu Ren
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering TX 78712 USA
| | - Jay W Ponder
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis MO 63130 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine MO 63110 USA
| | - Louis Lagardère
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean-Philip Piquemal
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS 75005 Paris France .,Institut Universitaire de France 75005 Paris France
| | - Davide Sabbadin
- Qubit Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech Santé 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris France
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3
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Yamamoto K, Yasuo N, Sekijima M. Screening for Inhibitors of Main Protease in SARS-CoV-2: In Silico and In Vitro Approach Avoiding Peptidyl Secondary Amides. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:350-358. [PMID: 35015543 PMCID: PMC8767656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to vaccines, antiviral drugs are essential for suppressing COVID-19. Although several inhibitor candidates were reported for SARS-CoV-2 main protease, most are highly polar peptidomimetics with poor oral bioavailability and cell membrane permeability. Here, we conducted structure-based virtual screening and in vitro assays to obtain hit compounds belonging to a new chemical space, excluding peptidyl secondary amides. In total, 180 compounds were subjected to the primary assay at 20 μM, and nine compounds with inhibition rates of >5% were obtained. The IC50 of six compounds was determined in dose-response experiments, with the values on the order of 10-4 M. Although nitro groups were enriched in the substructure of the hit compounds, they did not significantly contribute to the binding interaction in the predicted docking poses. Physicochemical properties prediction showed good oral absorption. These new scaffolds are promising candidates for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki
Z. Yamamoto
- Department
of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yasuo
- Academy
for Convergence of Materials and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sekijima
- Department
of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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4
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Cantrelle F, Boll E, Brier L, Moschidi D, Belouzard S, Landry V, Leroux F, Dewitte F, Landrieu I, Dubuisson J, Deprez B, Charton J, Hanoulle X. NMR Spectroscopy of the Main Protease of SARS‐CoV‐2 and Fragment‐Based Screening Identify Three Protein Hotspots and an Antiviral Fragment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François‐Xavier Cantrelle
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology 50 avenue Halley F-59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Lille France
- Univ. Lille INSERM CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Emmanuelle Boll
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology 50 avenue Halley F-59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Lille France
- Univ. Lille INSERM CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Lucile Brier
- Univ. Lille INSERM Institut Pasteur de Lille U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems F-59000 Lille France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes EGID University of Lille 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse F-59006 Lille France
| | - Danai Moschidi
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology 50 avenue Halley F-59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Lille France
- Univ. Lille INSERM CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Univ. Lille CNRS INSERM, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Valérie Landry
- Univ. Lille INSERM Institut Pasteur de Lille U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems F-59000 Lille France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes EGID University of Lille 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse F-59006 Lille France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille INSERM Institut Pasteur de Lille U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems F-59000 Lille France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes EGID University of Lille 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse F-59006 Lille France
| | - Frédérique Dewitte
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology 50 avenue Halley F-59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Lille France
- Univ. Lille INSERM CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology 50 avenue Halley F-59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Lille France
- Univ. Lille INSERM CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille CNRS INSERM, CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille INSERM Institut Pasteur de Lille U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems F-59000 Lille France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes EGID University of Lille 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse F-59006 Lille France
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. Lille INSERM Institut Pasteur de Lille U1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems F-59000 Lille France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes EGID University of Lille 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse F-59006 Lille France
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology 50 avenue Halley F-59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Lille France
- Univ. Lille INSERM CHU Lille Institut Pasteur de Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 1 rue du Professeur Calmette F-59019 Lille France
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5
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Cantrelle F, Boll E, Brier L, Moschidi D, Belouzard S, Landry V, Leroux F, Dewitte F, Landrieu I, Dubuisson J, Deprez B, Charton J, Hanoulle X. NMR Spectroscopy of the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 and Fragment-Based Screening Identify Three Protein Hotspots and an Antiviral Fragment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25428-25435. [PMID: 34570415 PMCID: PMC8653025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main protease (3CLp) of the SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent for the COVID-19 pandemic, is one of the main targets for drug development. To be active, 3CLp relies on a complex interplay between dimerization, active site flexibility, and allosteric regulation. The deciphering of these mechanisms is a crucial step to enable the search for inhibitors. In this context, using NMR spectroscopy, we studied the conformation of dimeric 3CLp from the SARS-CoV-2 and monitored ligand binding, based on NMR signal assignments. We performed a fragment-based screening that led to the identification of 38 fragment hits. Their binding sites showed three hotspots on 3CLp, two in the substrate binding pocket and one at the dimer interface. F01 is a non-covalent inhibitor of the 3CLp and has antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. This study sheds light on the complex structure-function relationships of 3CLp and constitutes a strong basis to assist in developing potent 3CLp inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- François‐Xavier Cantrelle
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology50 avenue HalleyF-59658 Villeneuve d'AscqLilleFrance
- Univ. LilleINSERMCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Boll
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology50 avenue HalleyF-59658 Villeneuve d'AscqLilleFrance
- Univ. LilleINSERMCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Lucile Brier
- Univ. LilleINSERMInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living SystemsF-59000LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for DiabetesEGIDUniversity of Lille3 rue du Professeur LaguesseF-59006LilleFrance
| | - Danai Moschidi
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology50 avenue HalleyF-59658 Villeneuve d'AscqLilleFrance
- Univ. LilleINSERMCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Univ. LilleCNRSINSERM, CHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Valérie Landry
- Univ. LilleINSERMInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living SystemsF-59000LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for DiabetesEGIDUniversity of Lille3 rue du Professeur LaguesseF-59006LilleFrance
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. LilleINSERMInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living SystemsF-59000LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for DiabetesEGIDUniversity of Lille3 rue du Professeur LaguesseF-59006LilleFrance
| | - Frédérique Dewitte
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology50 avenue HalleyF-59658 Villeneuve d'AscqLilleFrance
- Univ. LilleINSERMCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology50 avenue HalleyF-59658 Villeneuve d'AscqLilleFrance
- Univ. LilleINSERMCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ. LilleCNRSINSERM, CHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1019-UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. LilleINSERMInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living SystemsF-59000LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for DiabetesEGIDUniversity of Lille3 rue du Professeur LaguesseF-59006LilleFrance
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. LilleINSERMInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1177—Drugs and Molecules for Living SystemsF-59000LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for DiabetesEGIDUniversity of Lille3 rue du Professeur LaguesseF-59006LilleFrance
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- CNRS ERL9002—BSI—Integrative Structural Biology50 avenue HalleyF-59658 Villeneuve d'AscqLilleFrance
- Univ. LilleINSERMCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleU1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases1 rue du Professeur CalmetteF-59019LilleFrance
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6
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Espeland LO, Georgiou C, Klein R, Bhukya H, Haug BE, Underhaug J, Mainkar PS, Brenk R. An Experimental Toolbox for Structure-Based Hit Discovery for P. aeruginosa FabF, a Promising Target for Antibiotics. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2715-2726. [PMID: 34189850 PMCID: PMC8518799 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FabF (3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2), which catalyses the rate limiting condensation reaction in the fatty acid synthesis II pathway, is an attractive target for new antibiotics. Here, we focus on FabF from P. aeruginosa (PaFabF) as antibiotics against this pathogen are urgently needed. To facilitate exploration of this target we have set up an experimental toolbox consisting of binding assays using bio-layer interferometry (BLI) as well as saturation transfer difference (STD) and WaterLOGSY NMR in addition to robust conditions for structure determination. The suitability of the toolbox to support structure-based design of FabF inhibitors was demonstrated through the validation of hits obtained from virtual screening. Screening a library of almost 5 million compounds resulted in 6 compounds for which binding into the malonyl-binding site of FabF was shown. For one of the hits, the crystal structure in complex with PaFabF was determined. Based on the obtained binding mode, analogues were designed and synthesised, but affinity could not be improved. This work has laid the foundation for structure-based exploration of PaFabF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvik Olai Espeland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenAllégaten 415007BergenNorway
| | - Charis Georgiou
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
| | - Raphael Klein
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
- Institute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityStaudingerweg 555128MainzGermany
| | - Hemalatha Bhukya
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyTarnakaHyderabad500007India
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenAllégaten 415007BergenNorway
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BergenAllégaten 415007BergenNorway
| | - Prathama S. Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process ChemistryCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyTarnakaHyderabad500007India
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenJonas Lies Vei 915020BergenNorway
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