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Landau S, Provenza F. Of browse, goats, and men: Contribution to the debate on animal traditions and cultures. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Aboling S, Scharmann F, Bunzel D. Equine atypical myopathy: consumption of sycamore maple seedlings ( Acer pseudoplatanus) by pastured horses is driven by seedling maturity and might be associated with phenolic compounds. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e116. [PMID: 32862135 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poisoning with Acer pseudoplatanus L. in horses contradicts the hypothesis of coexistence between plants and vertebrate herbivores being mediated through antipastoral traits as toxins. However, incidental observations showed that horses evaded Acer seedlings with primary leaves. The objective of the present cross-discipline study was (i) to analyse whether developmental stages of A. pseudoplatanus L. differed as to phenolics hypothesised as antipastoral traits, and (ii) to observe systematically the selection behaviour of pastured horses towards A. pseudoplatanus seedlings. METHODS Phenolic profiles of five developmental stages from fruits to seedlings of progressing age up to adult leaves of A. pseudoplatanus and Acer campestre L. were characterised. Video recordings of grazing behaviour of 29 pastured horses towards seedlings of A. pseudoplatanus resulted into 117 sequences as additional field data. RESULTS The horses ingested 19.1 per cent of juvenile seedlings with cotyledons (1.65 mg total phenolics/g fresh weight (FW), 82 compounds, 0.02 mg total gallic acid/g FW) yet only 5.46 per cent of older seedlings with primary leaves (8.48 mg total phenolics/g FW, 120 compounds, 3.13 mg total gallic acid/g FW). CONCLUSION Horses distinguished between seedlings in distinct stages that could be chemically distinguished, too. Acer seedlings with primary leaves provide a strong, but not complete antipastoral effect that correlates with dramatic changes in phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Aboling
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Scharmann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Bunzel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Effects of dietary grapeseed extract on performance, energy and nitrogen balance as well as methane and nitrogen losses of lambs and goat kids. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:26-37. [PMID: 32660689 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The influence of phenol-rich dietary grapeseed extract on performance, energy and N balance and methane production was determined in sixteen lambs and thirteen goat kids (body weight 20·5 and 19·0 kg, 2 months of age, day 1 of study). Half of the animals received a concentrate containing grapeseed extract, and the others received concentrate without grapeseed extract (total extractable phenols analysed 27 v. 9 g/kg dietary DM; concentrate and hay 1:1). Diets were fed for 7 weeks with 1 week for determining intake, excretion and gaseous exchange in metabolism crates and respiration chambers. Overall, there was an adverse effect of the phenolic diet on apparent N digestibility and body N retention. Faecal N loss as proportion of N intake increased while urinary N loss declined. Relative to N intake, total N excretion was higher and body N retention lower in goat kids than lambs. Diets and animal species had no effect on methane emissions. The saliva of the goat kids had a higher binding capacity for condensed tannins (CT). Goat kids on the phenolic diet had higher CT concentrations in faeces and excreted more CT compared with the lambs (interaction species × diet P < 0·001). The lambs had overall higher (P < 0·001) urinary phenol concentrations than the goat kids (2·19 v. 1·48 g/l). The negative effect on body N retention and lack of effect on methane emissions make the use of the extract in the dosage applied not appealing. Species differences need to be considered in future studies.
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Schmitt MH, Ward D, Shrader AM. Salivary tannin-binding proteins: A foraging advantage for goats? Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Przybyło M, Hummel J, Ortmann S, Codron D, Kohlschein GM, Kilga D, Smithyman J, Przybyło U, Świerk S, Hammer S, Hatt JM, Górka P, Clauss M. Digesta passage in nondomestic ruminants: Separation mechanisms in 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' species, and seemingly atypical browsers. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 235:180-192. [PMID: 31220621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants have been classified as having a 'moose-type' or 'cattle-type' digestive physiology. 'Cattle-type' ruminants have a clear difference in the mean retention time (MRT) of fluid vs. small particles in the reticulorumen (RR), with a high 'selectivity factor' (SF = MRTparticle/ MRTfluid, >1.80), and are typically grazers and intermediate feeders. 'Moose-type' ruminants have lower SF (<1.80), possibly because of defensive salivary proteins that constrain amounts of (high-viscosity) saliva, and are typically restricted to browsing. To further contribute to testing this physiology-diet correlation, we performed 55 individual passage measurements in 4/6 species that have/have not been investigated previously, respectively. Co-EDTA was used as a solute (fluid) and Cr-mordanted hay particles (<2 mm) as particle markers. Results are related to the percentage of grass in the natural diet taken from the literature. Moose (Alces alces, n = 4 on 4 to 5 diets each and n = 2 on a single diet, 5% grass, SF 1.46 ± 0.22) and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis, n = 3 on 3 to 5 diets each, 1%, 1.42 ± 0.23) as classical 'moose-type', and cattle (Bos taurus, n = 2, 70%, 2.04) as classical 'cattle-type' ruminants yielded results similar to those previously published, as did waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus, n = 5, 84%, 2.46 ± 0.49), corroborating that the SF represents, to a large extent, a species-specific characteristic. Results in oryx (Oryx leucoryx, n = 1, 75%, 2.60) and sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii, n = 4, 68%, 1.81 ± 0.21) correspond to the concept of 'cattle-type' ruminants being grazers or intermediate feeders. However, European bison (Bison bonasus, n = 1, 10%, 2.74), nyala (T. angasii, n = 6, 20%, 1.95 ± 0.25), bongo (T. eurycerus, n = 3, 13%, 2.39 ± 0.54) and gerenuk (Litocranius walleri, n = 1, 0%, 2.25) appear as 'cattle-type' ruminants, yet have a browse-dominated diet. While the results do not challenge the view that a 'moose-type' digestive physiology is an adaptation to browse diets, they indicate that it may not be the only adaptation that enables ruminants to use browse. Apparently, a 'cattle-type' digestive physiology with a high SF does not necessarily preclude a browsing diet niche. High-SF browsers might have the benefit of an increased harvest of RR microbiota and grit removal prior to rumination; how they defend themselves against secondary plant compounds in browse remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Gina-Marie Kohlschein
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Bräuhausweg 7, 82335 Berg, Germany
| | - Daniela Kilga
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Albrechtstrasse 11, 8406 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Smithyman
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pittwater Animal Hospital, 1 Arnott Crescent, Warriewood, NSW 2101, Australia
| | - Urszula Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Samanta Świerk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sven Hammer
- Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Doha, State of Qatar, Qatar; Naturschutz-Tierpark Görlitz, Zittauerstr. 43, 02826 Görlitz, Germany.
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Paweł Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Leparmarai PT, Sinz S, Kunz C, Liesegang A, Ortmann S, Kreuzer M, Marquardt S. Transfer of total phenols from a grapeseed-supplemented diet to dairy sheep and goat milk, and effects on performance and milk quality. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:skz046. [PMID: 30783678 PMCID: PMC6447266 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are known to affect digestion of ruminants, whereas there is little information about their metabolic effects. In a 2 × 2-factorial experiment the effects of supplementing a phenolic grapeseed extract were compared in 11 East Friesian dairy sheep and 9 Saanen goats. The concentrate supplemented with 7.4 g/100 g DM grapeseed extract had contents of 3.5 g additional phenols/100 g DM and was compared with a low phenolic control concentrate. Performance, total phenols in blood, milk, urine and feces, antioxidant capacity of the blood, and saliva properties were examined. The experiment lasted for 11 wk from parturition to late lactation, with an initial adaptation phase of 1 wk. Milk yield was measured daily after weaning at about 7 wk after parturition. Blood, milk, saliva, feces and urine were sampled 4, 3, 2, 2 and 2 times per animal, respectively. The phenolic diet increased phenol concentrations in blood (+10% and 17% in wk 5 and wk 11, respectively) and in milk (+32% in wk 5) on some of the sampling weeks. There were no clear species differences in phenol concentrations in blood plasma, milk, urine and feces. However, at the end of the experiment the supplemented goats had a higher (48%) urinary phenol concentrations than the non-supplemented goats. A weak relationship (P < 0.05) was found between phenol intake and phenol excretion with milk for sheep but not goats. The phenolic diet did not influence blood antioxidant capacity and tannin binding capacity of the saliva. The saliva of the goats had a higher tannin binding capacity than sheep saliva. The effects of the extract on milk yield were inconsistent between sheep and goats. In general, goats had higher feed and nutrient intakes, were heavier, and yielded more milk. Additionally, milk protein and lactose contents were lower and milk urea content was higher in goats than sheep. In conclusion, supplementing grapeseed extract to sheep and goats elevated phenol concentrations in milk and blood to a certain extent, but most of the phenols were lost via urine. The study gave another indication that goats seem to have developed coping mechanisms like a higher salivary tannin binding capacity, mechanisms which are less pronounced in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Sinz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Kunz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Liesegang
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Marquardt
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Mazingira Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
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Muklada H, Klein J, Glasser T, Dvash L, Azaizeh H, Halabi N, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Lewinsohn E, Landau S. Initial evaluation of willow (Salix acmophylla) irrigated with treated wastewater as a fodder crop for dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mkhize NR, Heitkӧnig IMA, Scogings PF, Hattas D, Dziba LE, Prins HHT, de Boer WF. Seasonal regulation of condensed tannin consumption by free-ranging goats in a semi-arid savanna. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189626. [PMID: 29293513 PMCID: PMC5749680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although condensed tannins (CTs) are known to reduce forage intake by mammalian herbivores in controlled experiments, few studies have tested these effects in the field. Thus the role of CTs on foraging ecology of free-ranging herbivores is inadequately understood. To investigate the effects of CTs under natural savanna conditions, we pre-dosed groups of goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG, a CT-neutralising chemical), CT powder or water before observing their foraging behaviour. While accounting for the effects of season and time of the day, we tested the hypothesis that herbivores forage in ways that reduce the intake rate (g DM per minute) of CTs. We expected pre-dosing goats with CTs to reduce CT intake rates by (1) consuming diets low in CTs, (2) reducing bite rates, (3) increasing the number of foraging bouts, or (4) reducing the length of foraging bouts. Lastly, (5) expected CT to have no influence the number of dietary forage species. In both wet and dry seasons, pre-dosing goats with CTs resulted in lower CT consumption rates compared to PEG goats which seemed relieved from the stress associated with CT consumption. During dry season, the number of dietary forage species was similar across treatments, although goats that were dosed with PEG significantly increased this number in the wet season. Dosing goats with PEG increased the number and length of browsing bouts compared to goats from the other treatments. Pre-loading goats with PEG also tended to increase bite rates on browse forages, which contributed to increased consumption rates of CTs. Based on the behavioural adjustments made by goats in this study and within the constraints imposed by chemical complexity in savanna systems, we concluded that herbivores under natural conditions foraged in ways that minimised CTs consumption. More research should further elucidate the mechanism through which CTs regulated feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntuthuko R. Mkhize
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production Institute, Hilton, South Africa
| | | | - Peter F. Scogings
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Dawood Hattas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, H.W. Pearson building, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luthando E. Dziba
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Willem F. de Boer
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Mengistu G, Bezabih M, Hendriks WH, Pellikaan WF. Preference of goats (Capra hircus
L.) for tanniniferous browse species available in semi-arid areas in Ethiopia. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1286-1296. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mengistu
- Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences; Mekelle University; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - M. Bezabih
- International Livestock Research Institute; Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - W. H. Hendriks
- Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Farm Animal Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - W. F. Pellikaan
- Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University & Research, Animal Nutrition Group; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Pech-Cervantes A, Ventura-Cordero J, Capetillo-Leal C, Torres-Acosta J, Sandoval-Castro C. Relationship between intake of tannin-containing tropical tree forage, PEG supplementation, and salivary haze development in hair sheep and goats. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ventura-Cordero J, Sandoval-Castro CA, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Capetillo-Leal CM. Do goats have a salivary constitutive response to tannins? JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ventura-Cordero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - C. A. Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - J. F. J. Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - C. M. Capetillo-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Condensed tannins reduce browsing and increase grazing time of free-ranging goats in semi-arid savannas. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Traditional Uses of Pistacia lentiscus in Veterinary and Human Medicine. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9276-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Amit M, Cohen I, Marcovics A, Muklada H, Glasser T, Ungar E, Landau S. Self-medication with tannin-rich browse in goats infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Salem AZM, López S, Ranilla MJ, González JS. Short- to medium-term effects of consumption of quebracho tannins on saliva production and composition in sheep and goats1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1341-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Z. M. Salem
- Mountain Farming Research Institute, University of Leon – Spanish National Research Council, Department of Animal Production, University of Leon, E-24071 León, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Egypt
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mexico
| | - S. López
- Mountain Farming Research Institute, University of Leon – Spanish National Research Council, Department of Animal Production, University of Leon, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - M. J. Ranilla
- Mountain Farming Research Institute, University of Leon – Spanish National Research Council, Department of Animal Production, University of Leon, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - J. S. González
- Mountain Farming Research Institute, University of Leon – Spanish National Research Council, Department of Animal Production, University of Leon, E-24071 León, Spain
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Lamy E, Mau M. Saliva proteomics as an emerging, non-invasive tool to study livestock physiology, nutrition and diseases. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4251-8. [PMID: 22583933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an extraordinary fluid in terms of research and diagnostic possibilities. Its composition in electrolytes, hormones and especially its proteome contains information about feeding status, nutritional requirements and adaptations to diet and environment, and also about health status of animals. It is easy to collect on a non-invasive and routine basis without any need for special training. Therefore, the analysis of salivary proteomes is going to emerge into a field of high interest with the future goal to maintain and improve livestock productivity and welfare. Moreover, the comprehensive analysis and identification of salivary proteins and peptides in whole and glandular saliva is a necessary pre-requisite to identify animal disease biomarkers and a powerful tool to better understand animal physiology. This review focuses on the different approaches used to study the salivary proteomes of farm animals, in respect to the physiology of nutrition and food perception in relation to food choices. The potential of animal saliva as a source of disease biomarkers will also be pointed out. Special emphasis is laid on the 'ruminating triad' - cattle, goat and sheep - as well as swine as major species of animal production in Western and Southern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lamy
- ICAAM - Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Evora, Portugal
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Amino acid profile of the protein from whole saliva of goats and sheep and its interaction with tannic acid and tannins extracted from the fodder of tropical plants. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barbehenn RV, Peter Constabel C. Tannins in plant-herbivore interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1551-65. [PMID: 21354580 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are the most abundant secondary metabolites made by plants, commonly ranging from 5% to 10% dry weight of tree leaves. Tannins can defend leaves against insect herbivores by deterrence and/or toxicity. Contrary to early theories, tannins have no effect on protein digestion in insect herbivores. By contrast, in vertebrate herbivores tannins can decrease protein digestion. Tannins are especially prone to oxidize in insects with high pH guts, forming semiquinone radicals and quinones, as well as other reactive oxygen species. Tannin toxicity in insects is thought to result from the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Tannin structure has an important effect on biochemical activity. Ellagitannins oxidize much more readily than do gallotannins, which are more oxidatively active than most condensed tannins. The ability of insects to tolerate ingested tannins comes from a variety of biochemical and physical defenses in their guts, including surfactants, high pH, antioxidants, and a protective peritrophic envelope that lines the midgut. Most work on the ecological roles of tannins has been correlative, e.g., searching for negative associations between tannins and insect performance. A greater emphasis on manipulative experiments that control tannin levels is required to make further progress on the defensive functions of tannins. Recent advances in the use of molecular methods has permitted the production of tannin-overproducing transgenic plants and a better understanding of tannin biosynthetic pathways. Many research areas remain in need of further work, including the effects of different tannin types on different types of insects (e.g., caterpillars, grasshoppers, sap-sucking insects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond V Barbehenn
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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Lamy E, Rawel H, Schweigert FJ, Capela e Silva F, Ferreira A, Costa AR, Antunes C, Almeida AM, Coelho AV, Sales-Baptista E. The effect of tannins on Mediterranean ruminant ingestive behavior: the role of the oral cavity. Molecules 2011; 16:2766-84. [PMID: 21441875 PMCID: PMC6260606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16042766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep, cattle and goat are domestic ruminants of significant economic interest in the Mediterranean region. Although sharing the same pasture ranges, they ingest different plants and plant parts and, consequently different levels of tannins. This suggests an ability to detect and adapt ingestion according to animal physiological limits of tolerance for plant secondary metabolites. This review will detail the effects of dietary tannins on feeding behavior, and the role of the oral cavity in this process, with focus on such ruminant species. The role of salivary protein profile in tannin perception in the oral cavity, and as a defense mechanism, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lamy
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril (ESHTE), Estoril, Portugal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Harshadrai Rawel
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal (OT Bergholz-Rehbrücke), Germany; E-Mails: (H.R.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Florian J. Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal (OT Bergholz-Rehbrücke), Germany; E-Mails: (H.R.); (F.J.S.)
| | - Fernando Capela e Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Rodrigues Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Célia Antunes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular (CNBC), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - André Martinho Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT) & CIISA – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal. CVZ - Centro de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB/UNL), Oeiras, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB/UNL), Oeiras, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Elvira Sales-Baptista
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; E-Mail:
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