Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Biological Activity of the 1D Chain Benzyltin Complexes Based on 2-Oxo-Propionic Acid Benzoyl Hydrazone

Organotin(IV) complexes of tridentate (ONO) hydrazone ligands: synthesis, spectral characterization, antituberculosis, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, molecular docking and cytotoxicity studies

Infectious diseases have a significant impact in the historical trajectory of humanity, exerting profound influence on societies, driving advancements in medical science, and significantly impacting individuals on a worldwide scale. Consequently, this research endeavours to identify potent agents combatting tuberculosis, inflammation, and microbial deformities. The investigation focuses on hydrazones (1,2) endowed eight organotin(IV) complexes, where hydrazones were derived from 2-acetyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione and 2-phenoxypropanehydrazide/2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanehydrazide. All compounds underwent thorough characterization utilizing a variety of spectral and analytical techniques including, multinuclear NMR, FT-IR, HRMS, UV-Vis, SEM-EDAX, TGA, XRD, molar conductance measurements, establishing the pentacoordinated environment around tin(IV) ion with tridentate (ONO) mode of chelation of hydrazones. Powder XRD revealed the ligand's crystalline and complexes' semi-crystalline nature, while thermal analysis indicated two-step decomposition leaving tin oxide residue. In vitro evaluations utilize microplate alamar blue assay for assessing anti-tuberculosis activity, serial dilution technique for antimicrobial efficacy, and bovine serum albumin method for evaluating anti-inflammatory properties. The complexes exhibited higher biological activities than their respective ligands and the activity of the complexes follow the order: Ph2SnL1-2 > Bu2SnL1-2 > Et2SnL1-2 > Me2SnL1-2. Among them, phenyl complex (10) [Ph2SnL2] displays superior efficacy against TB dysfunction (MIC: 0.0180 ± 0.009 μmol/mL) and also demonstrates exceptional potency in combating inflammation (IC50: 7.27 ± 0.04 μM), and microbial (MIC: 0.0045 μmol/mL) infections, comparable to standard drugs. Additionally, cytotoxicity testing against vero cell line revealed decreased toxicity at lower concentrations, and attenuated by chelation. Phenyl complex (10) [Ph2SnL2] shows promising cytotoxicity at 3.12 µg/mL (19.29 ± 0.09%). Further, The diphenyltin(IV) complex (10), identified as the most effective against TB, shows stronger binding to key 3PTY protein residues (- 42.2 kJ/mol) compared to ligand (2) (- 33.4 kJ/mol), correlating with its superior anti-tuberculosis potency in biological assays. This comprehensive approach aims to actively contribute to ongoing initiatives addressing infectious diseases, thereby advancing global health and overall well-being.

Development of Cu(II) 4-hydroxybenzoylhydrazone complexes that induce mitochondrial DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in liver cancer

Cisplatin remains the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment; however, its inherent drawbacks have fueled the development of novel metalloanticancer drugs. In this study, two novel Cu(II) complexes (Cu1 and Cu2) were designed and synthesized. Notably, these Cu(II) complexes showed higher cytotoxicity against HL-7402 cells than cisplatin. Moreover, Cu(II) complexes significantly inhibited liver cancer growth in a xenograft model. A mechanism study revealed that the Cu(II) complexes reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of cancer cells, produced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, and ultimately facilitated cancer cell apoptosis.

OUP accepted manuscript

Fourteen new organotin(IV) complexes were successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), multinuclear (1H, 13C, and 119Sn) NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and X-ray single-crystal techniques. Crystallographic data showed that the complexes 1b, 2b, 3b, and 5b were macrocyclic compounds, 4b exhibited a one-dimensional spiral chain structure with distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry, other complexes were centrosymmetric dimers, and there was an Sn2O2 four-membered ring in the middle of the molecule. In-vitro anticancer activity against the three human tumor cell lines NCI-H460, MCF-7, and HepG2 was studied, and the dibutyltin complex 5a is a more potent antitumor agent than other complexes and cisplatin. Cell apoptosis study of 5a with the highest activity on HepG2 cancer cell lines was done by flow cytometry; it was shown that the antitumor activity of 5a was related to apoptosis, and it inhibited proliferation by blocking cells in the G2/M phase. The single-cell gel electrophoresis assay results show that 5a induces DNA damage. 5a interacts with ct-DNA by intercalating the mode of interaction. UV-visible absorption spectrometry, fluorescence competitive, viscosity measurements, and gel electrophoresis results also support the intercalative mode of interaction for 5a with DNA.

Anti-proliferative and antitumor activity of organotin(IV) compounds. An overview of the last decade and future perspectives

Organotins(IV) exhibit significant in vitro anti-proliferative activity, while the in vivo tests are encouraging. The recent reports on the anti-proliferative activity of organotin(IV) compounds are summarized in this review. The period covered by this work goes back to 2009 until late 2018, while the earlier ones, are included over the previous review of our group published by S.K. Hadjikakou, N. Hadjiliadis, in Coord Chem Rev, 253 (2009) 235-249. During the last decade (2009-2018), >300 organotin(IV) derivatives with oxygen-donor ligands, such as carboxylic acids, amino-acids, Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), biological active derivatives or natural products, organotins(IV) with sulfur containing ligands such as thiones, thiosemicarbazones, dithiocarbamates, organotin(IV) compounds of oximes and organotins(IV) with amines or semicarbazones were screened for their anti-proliferative effect against various cancer cell lines and their results are included in numerous reports over this period. Although much work has been carried out on organotin(IV) derivatives with O-donor ligands, however significant fewer reports are found on organotins(IV) with oximes as ligands.