1
|
Bazza A, Rhiyourhi M, Marhou A, Hamal M. Assessment of natural radioactivity in Moroccan bottled drinking waters using gamma spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1307. [PMID: 37831213 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive elements and their impact on the environment and the food chain, including humans, are a matter of major concern, for which appropriate investigations should be performed. The priority is to examine the concentration of radioactive substances in mineral and bottled spring water. This task aims to analyze the quality of 12 conditioned mineral waters by determining their main radionuclides concentrations, such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K. The identification and the quantification of these radionuclides are carried out by their progeny (except the 40K) by using a NaI(Tl) detector coupled with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) and connected to a computer. The activity measured in all samples varied from 0.95 to 3.38 mBq.L-1 with an average of 1.94 mBq.L-1; from 1.55 to 3.56 mBq.L-1 with an average of 2.46 mBq.L-1; and from 200.68 to 269.19 mBq.L-1 with an average of 236.6 mBq.L-1, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. To compare the combined radiological effects of radionuclides present in water, a particular factor Ra(eq) is used. This study showed that the maximum value of Ra(eq) is 27.54 mBq.L-1, which is far below the activity limit of 370 mBq.year-1 set by the Organization of Economics and Development (OECD). Concerning the effective annual dose, the following maximums were measured: 1.61 μSv.year-1, 1.133 μSv.year-1, and 0.925 μSv.year-1 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. These values are even smaller than the dose recommended by the WHO which is 100 μSv.year-1. Regarding the excess lifetime cancer risk index, a maximum of 5.63 × 10-6 is found. This index value is still less than that proposed by James, namely 2.5 × 10-3. Thus, the quality of the studied samples respects the radiological international safety and health limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkarim Bazza
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Mohammed Rhiyourhi
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Marhou
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Hamal
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Natural radioactivity in springs of Sverdlovsk region, Middle Urals, Russia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
3
|
Yu L, Feng G, Liu Q, Tang C, Wu B, Mao P, Cai C. Assessment of natural radioactivity and consequent radiological hazard in different brands of commercialized bottled mineral water produced in China. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:566-573. [PMID: 32833682 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the drinking water quality parameters, natural radioactivity parameters are recommended to prevent a potential health threat to the public. In this study, the gross-α and gross-β activity concentrations in 15 different brands of commercial bottled mineral water consumed in China were analyzed to evaluate the quality and corresponding health impact on the population. The activity concentrations of gross-α and gross-β in different samples varied from 4.4 to 130.6 and 17.3-320.3 mBq L-1, respectively. The values of the annual effective dose equivalent rate (AED) for infants, children and adults ranged from 1.3 to 21.6, 2.9-52.5 and 5.5-97.8 μSv y-1, respectively. The average excess lifetime cancer risk caused by the consumption of bottled mineral water samples was estimated as 6.0 × 10-5. These results show that all the measured gross-α and gross-β are found to be obviously less than the guidance level by WHO and the domestic standard. The values of AED are below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y-1. Combined with the lifetime cancer risk assessment, it is concluded that there is no significant risk for consumption of the observed brands of bottled mineral water and it can be consumed safely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yu
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Guangwen Feng
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Xinjiang University of Finance & Economics, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830012, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Research Center of Ion Beam Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Baoshan Wu
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Peihong Mao
- Research Center of Radiation Ecology and Ion Beam Biotechnology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Changlong Cai
- Research Center of Ion Beam Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Semerjian L, Alrajaby H, Naaz N, Kasfah R, Dalah EZ, Waheed E, Nabulssi A, Metwally WA. Age-dependent effective ingestion dose estimations and lifetime risk assessment for selected radionuclides ( 40K and 3H) in bottled waters marketed in United Arab Emirates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126114. [PMID: 32044611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring drinking water, including bottled water, is imperative to safeguarding public health especially where bottled water consumption is high like in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this study, radionuclide activity levels of Tritium (3H) and Potassium (40K) were assessed in various brands of bottled water marketed in UAE. Activity level data was used to calculate the annual effective doses (Ed) for different age groups, and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) for adult males and females in the UAE population. Activity levels for both radionuclides were below the allowable maximum guideline values specified by local and international standards. Calculated total age dependent ingestion doses revealed that adults and lactation age groups received the highest effective ingestion doses. Adult males exhibited a higher ELCR for both isotopes, compared to females. Nonetheless, total radioactive dose for each water brand (0.91-1.47 μSv/yr) as well as for each population group were well below the recommended annual reference dose level of 100 μSv set by World Health Organization. Therefore, bottled water in the UAE is safe from the radiological aspect for investigated radionuclides, and poses no significant radiological exposure and health risk to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Semerjian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hadya Alrajaby
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nimra Naaz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rim Kasfah
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Entesar Z Dalah
- Department of Medical Diagnostic Imaging, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eithar Waheed
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Nabulssi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Walid A Metwally
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Radon and radium activity concentration measurement in drinking water resources in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Van Duong H, Nguyen CD, Nowak J, Kovacs T, Hoang QA. Uranium and radium isotopes in some selected thermal, surface and bottled waters in Vietnam. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Alharbi T, Adel A, Baloch MA, Alsagabi SF, Alssalim YA, Alslamah AS, Alkhomashi N. Natural radioactivity measurements and age-dependent dose assessment in groundwater from Al-Zulfi, Al-Qassim and Al-Majmaah regions, Saudi Arabia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Use of the Sorben-Tec system for rapid dosimetric evaluation of 222Rn level in drinking water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Asare-Donkor NK, Poku PA, Addison ECDK, Wemengah DD, Adimado AA. Measurement of radon concentration in groundwater in the Ashanti region of Ghana. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Al-Shboul KF, Alali AE, Batayneh IM, Al-Khodire HY. Radiation hazards and lifetime risk assessment of tap water using liquid scintillation counting and high-resolution gamma spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 178-179:245-252. [PMID: 28915436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two complementary techniques, viz. liquid scintillation counting and high-resolution gamma spectrometry are utilized to analyze radionuclides concentrations in tap water of Irbid governorate, Jordan, and study their correlation. Gross alpha and gross beta concentrations, in the tap water samples collected from the nine districts of Irbid governorate, ranged from <82 to 484 mBq/L with a mean of 295 mBq/L and from <216 to 984 mBq/L with a mean of 611 mBq/L, respectively. Furthermore, gamma spectrometry analysis, for the tap water samples, shows that the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K ranged between <19 and 302 mBq/L, 24 to 119 mBq/L, and <101 to 342 mBq/L, respectively. There was a weak or even no correlation among the identified natural radionuclides with no trace of artificial radioactivity. In addition, the results of both techniques show that storing tap water in drilled wells leads to higher levels of radioactivity concentrations beyond the international permissible limits. Furthermore, the average lifetime risk and annual effective dose received by age-grouped inhabitants due to direct and indirect tap water consumption are evaluated, where most of the received dose is attributed to 226Ra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Al-Shboul
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - A E Alali
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - I M Batayneh
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - H Y Al-Khodire
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Adithya VS, Chidambaram S, Tirumalesh K, Thivya C, Thilagavathi R, Prasanna MV. Assessment of sources for higher Uranium concentration in ground waters of the Central Tamilnadu, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/121/1/012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Thivya C, Chidambaram S, Keesari T, Prasanna MV, Thilagavathi R, Adithya VS, Singaraja C. Lithological and hydrochemical controls on distribution and speciation of uranium in groundwaters of hard-rock granitic aquifers of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu (India). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:497-509. [PMID: 26104429 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is a radioactive element normally present in hexavalent form as U(VI) in solution and elevated levels in drinking water cause health hazards. Representative groundwater samples were collected from different litho-units in this region and were analyzed for total U and major and minor ions. Results indicate that the highest U concentration (113 µg l(-1)) was found in granitic terrains of this region and about 10 % of the samples exceed the permissible limit for drinking water. Among different species of U in aqueous media, carbonate complexes [UO2(CO3)(2)(2-)] are found to be dominant. Groundwater with higher U has higher pCO2 values, indicating weathering by bicarbonate ions resulting in preferential mobilization of U in groundwater. The major minerals uraninite and coffinite were found to be supersaturated and are likely to control the distribution of U in the study area. Nature of U in groundwater, the effects of lithology on hydrochemistry and factors controlling its distribution in hard rock aquifers of Madurai district are highlighted in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Thivya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - S Chidambaram
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - Tirumalesh Keesari
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - M V Prasanna
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - R Thilagavathi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - V S Adithya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| | - C Singaraja
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krishan G, Rao MS, Kumar CP, Semwal P. Radon concentration in groundwater of east coast of West Bengal, India. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Ali AH, Mheemeed AK, Hassan HI. Concentration measurements of uranium, thorium and their daughter products in water produced from and near oil fields in north of Iraq using SSNTRD’s passive method. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Rožmarić M, Rogić M, Benedik L, Barišić D, Planinšek P. Radiological characterization of tap waters in Croatia and the age dependent dose assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:272-277. [PMID: 24997928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of (234)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Po and (210)Pb in tap waters, originating from various geological regions of Croatia, were determined. Activity concentrations of measured radionuclides are in general decreasing in this order: (238)U≈(234)U>(228)Ra≈(210)Pb>(226)Ra≈(210)Po. Based on the radionuclide activity concentrations average total annual internal doses for infants, children and adults, as well as contribution of each particular radionuclide to total dose, were assessed and discussed. The highest doses were calculated for infants, which makes them the most critical group of population. All values for each population group were well below the recommended reference dose level (RDL) of 0.1mSv from one year's consumption of drinking water according to European Commission recommendations from 1998. Contribution of each particular radionuclide to total doses varied among different age groups but for each group the lowest contribution was found for (226)Ra and the highest for (228)Ra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rožmarić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000, Monaco.
| | - Matea Rogić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Delko Barišić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Planinšek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Calin MR, Ion AC, Radulescu I. Evaluation of quality parameters and of natural radionuclides concentrations in natural mineral water in Romania. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Natural radionuclides in drinking waters in Serbia. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:2703-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Rožmarić M, Rogić M, Benedik L, Strok M. Natural radionuclides in bottled drinking waters produced in Croatia and their contribution to radiation dose. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 437:53-60. [PMID: 22906977 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of (234)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Po and (210)Pb in all Croatian bottled drinking natural spring and natural mineral water products, commercially available on the market, were determined. The samples originated from various geological regions of Croatia. Activity concentrations of measured radionuclides are in general decreasing in this order: (234)U>(238)U>(226)Ra>(228)Ra>(210)Pb>(210)Po and (226)Ra>(228)Ra>(234)U>(238)U>(210)Pb>(210)Po for natural spring and mineral waters, respectively. Based on the radionuclide activity concentrations average total annual effective ingestion doses for infants, children and adults, as well as contribution of each particular radionuclide to total dose, were assessed and discussed. The highest doses were calculated for children from 7 to 12 years of age, which makes them the most critical group of population. All values for each type of water, as well as for each population group, were well below the recommended reference dose level (RDL) of 0.1 mSv from one year's consumption of drinking water according to the European Commission recommendations from 1998. Contribution of each particular radionuclide to total doses varied among different water types and within each water type, as well as between different age groups, where the lowest contribution was found for uranium isotopes and the highest for (228)Ra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rožmarić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Silva Filho CA, França EJ, Souza EM, Ribeiro FCA, Santos TO, Farias EEG, Arruda GN, Souza Neto JA, Honorato EV, Hazin CA. Radioactive risk evaluation of mineral water in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Northeastern Brazil. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Yoon YY, Cho SY, Lee KY, Ko KS, Ha K. Radiochemical determination of uranium and radium isotope in natural water using liquid scintillation counter. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Alrefae T. Investigation of 238U content in bottled water consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 102:85-89. [PMID: 22134083 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31822959de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A study of the 238U content in bottled water consumed in Kuwait was performed. The bottled water samples originated from 16 different countries. Of the 41 investigated samples, 238U was detected in 23 samples in which the radionuclide's activity was determined. Consequently, it was found that activity levels of all samples were several of orders of magnitude below the guidance limits. Moreover, annual effective doses were estimated for three age groups, namely adults, children, and infants. As a result, it was found that the doses received by all age groups were several of orders of magnitude below the guideline levels. Hence, consumption of bottled water sold in Kuwait is safe for the presence of 238U.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Alrefae
- * Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Khaldia, Kuwait.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kobya Y, Damla N, Cevik U, Kobya AI. Radiochemical characterization of mineral waters in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 182:415-422. [PMID: 21327484 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-1885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study has evaluated the levels of natural radionuclides and chemical components of mineral waters in the Eastern Black Sea Region (Turkey). The mean activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th, (137)Cs, (40)K, gross alpha and gross beta were found as 129, 33, 28, 714, 125 and 170 mBq L(-1), respectively. Due to consumption of mineral waters, the radiological impact of them on the inhabitants was calculated by taking the annual intake into account through ingestion of aforementioned radionuclides. The estimated effective doses from mineral water were found to be 13.20 μSv year(-1) ((226)Ra), 2.74 μSv year(-1) ((232)Th), 0.13 μSv year(-1) ((137)Cs) and 1.62 μSv year(-1) ((40)K). The overall contribution of these radionuclides to the committed effective dose from a year's consumption of mineral water in the region is therefore estimated to be only 17.69%, which is in concordance with the recommended WHO value (100 μSv year(-1)). The chemical analysis results showed that these waters contain Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn elements. These values were evaluated and compared with the internationally verified values. This study provides important information for consumers and authorities because of their internal radiochemical exposure risk from mineral water intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Kobya
- Department of Physics, Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ioannidou A, Samaropoulos I, Efstathiou M, Pashalidis I. Uranium in ground water samples of Northern Greece. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
26
|
Shuktomova II, Rachkova NG. Determination of 226Ra and 228Ra in slightly mineralised natural waters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:84-87. [PMID: 21071116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A radiochemical method for simultaneous separation of (226)Ra and (228)Ra from natural waters by precipitating the radionuclides in the form of chromates that have low solubility in weak acetic acid has been described. For analytical purposes the change into soluble state was achieved through high-temperature melting the radium chromates precipitate with sodium and potassium carbonates at certain ratios. The chemical yield for radium-226 amounted to 87.1 ± 1.4% at the efficiency of counting 92.8 ± 0.7%. Calculated in series of 20 parallel determinations, reproducibility of the method was 7%. The chemical yield in separating radium-228 made up 63.8 ± 1.1%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I I Shuktomova
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaya 28, Syktyvkar, Komi, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Natural radioactivity levels in mineral, therapeutic and spring waters in Tunisia. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Awudu AR, Darko EO. 234U/238U and 235U/238U ratios in domestic water from the environs of Obuasi mine in Ghana. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
29
|
Determination of the gross radioactivity in drinking water of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
30
|
Jobbágy V, Kávási N, Somlai J, Máté B, Kovács T. Radiochemical characterization of spring waters in Balaton Upland, Hungary, estimation of radiation dose to members of public. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
A method for the determination of uranium and 210Po in high salinity water samples has been elaborated. Both radionuclides are preconcentrated from 0.5 dm3 saline media by co-precipitation with hydrated manganese dioxide, followed by dissolution of the precipitate in 200 mL of 1 M HCl. Uranium isotopes 235U and 238U can be directly determined by ICP MS method with a detection limit of 0.01 ppb for 238U. Prior to a selective determination of 210Po, the majority of other naturally occurring α-emitting radionuclides (uranium, thorium and protactinium) can be stripped from this solution by their extraction with a 50% solution of HDEHP in toluene. Finally, 210Po is simply separated by direct transfer to an extractive scintillator containing 5% of trioctylphosphine oxide in Ultima Gold F cocktail and determined by an α/β separation liquid scintillation technique with detection limit below 0.1 mBq/dm3.
Collapse
|