Amentoflavone protects against psoriasis-like skin lesion through suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation

Naturally derived bioactive compounds as precision modulators of immune and inflammatory mechanisms in psoriatic conditions

Psoriasis represents a chronic autoimmune skin condition defined by various clinical forms, including inverse, erythrodermic, pustular, guttate, plaque types. While current therapies, including topical treatments but also systemic through conventional synthetic drugs and biologics, have improved symptom management, no treatment completely cures the disease, and numerous options are linked to considerable adverse effects, including immunosuppression and carcinogenic risks. Therefore, there is growing interest in bioactive compounds from natural sources due to their potential to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in psoriasis with fewer adverse effects. The present narrative review aimed to address the limitations of current psoriasis therapies by exploring the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds in the classes of flavonoids, terpenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and alkaloids assessed through complex experimental models, focusing on their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies highlight the efficacy of natural bioactive compounds in reducing psoriasis symptoms, either as standalone treatments or in combination with conventional therapies. While these compounds show promise in alleviating psoriasis-related inflammation, further research is needed to optimize their therapeutic use, understand their mechanisms of action, and assess long-term safety. Future studies should focus on clinical trials to establish standardized protocols for incorporating bioactive compounds into psoriasis management and explore their potential role in personalized treatment strategies. Continued research is essential to develop more effective, safer, and affordable therapeutic options for psoriasis patients.

Topical Application of Dipyridamole and Roflumilast Combination Nanoparticles Loaded Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Psoriasis in Rats

Background

Phosphodiesterase-4 is an enzyme that regulates immune responses and contributes to the development of psoriasis. Dipyridamole and roflumilast function as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The aim was to evaluate the anti-psoriatic effect of the topical administration of dipyridamole and roflumilast nanoemulgel combination on imiquimod-induced psoriasiform skin inflammation in rats.

Methods

Dipyridamole and roflumilast were formulated into nanoemulgel to enhance skin penetration and retention. The production of nanoemulgels involves a two-part process. A nanoemulsion is created (the aqueous phase titration method was employed to create nanoemulsions‎), which is then incorporated into the gelling agent during the second phase. The new formula was then tested in rats. The rats were divided into seven groups; all animals were treated for 16 days. Induction was achieved by 120 mg of 5% imiquimod cream, which was applied daily for 8 days. After induction, groups received one of the following: 0.05% clobetasol ointment, 1% dipyridamole nanoemulgel (D-NEG), 0.3% roflumilast nanoemulgel (R-NEG), 1% dipyridamole and 0.3% roflumilast gel combination (DR-gel), and 1% dipyridamole and 0.3% roflumilast nanoemulgel combination (DR-NEG). At the end of the experiment, all animals were euthanized, and their blood and skin tissue samples were obtained. Inflammatory markers, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology were measured.

Results

The DR-NEG group showed significantly lower levels of IL17, IL23, and TNF-α, while TGF-β showed higher levels than the clobetasol group. The expression of CK16 was significantly lower compared to the clobetasol group. DR-NEG showed a significantly lower PASI and Baker score than the clobetasol group.

Conclusion

The new DR-NEG's topical combination administration showed better anti-inflammatory, tissue healing, and anti-psoriatic activity than each drug alone or topical clobetasol administration; this could be attributed to the possible synergic effects of both drugs and the enhanced skin penetration offered by the nanoemulgel formulation.

Amentoflavone alleviated cartilage injury and inflammatory response of knee osteoarthritis through PTGS2

The role of amentoflavone on cartilage injury in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) rats and the underlying mechanism were explored. KOA rat and IL-1β-stimulated chondrocyte models were constructed. MTT, colony formation, and ELISA were performed to determine the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and inflammatory factors. The role of PTGS2 in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes was also confirmed through transfecting PTGS2 overexpression and silencing plasmids. Further, we analyzed how amentoflavone regulated PTGS2 to improve IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes in vitro. Additionally, we analyzed the expression of PTGS2 after amentoflavone treatment. In vivo, HE and Safranin-O staining were carried out, and the inflammatory response was detected by ELISA and HE staining. In addition, we also analyzed the regulatory effect of amentoflavone on PTGS2 and explored the mechanism effect of PTGS2 in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that PTGS2 was the downstream molecule of amentoflavone, which was highly expressed in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes and KOA rats, and amentoflavone decreased PTGS2 expression. We also confirmed the potential role of amentoflavone on KOA, which was also characterized by the repair of cartilage injury, reduction of inflammatory infiltration, and improvement of functional disability. Consistent with in vivo results, in vitro experiments gave the same conclusions. Amentoflavone reduced PTGS2 expression in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes and inhibited inflammation of chondrocytes via PTGS2. Collectively, the results confirmed that this drug was the potential targeted drug for KOA, whose repair effect on cartilage injury was partly related to PTGS2.

Flavonoid compounds and their synergistic effects: Promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of psoriasis with emphasis on keratinocytes - A systematic and mechanistic review

Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin disorder, causes rapid and excessive skin cell growth due to immune system dysfunction. Numerous studies have shown that flavonoids have anti-psoriatic effects by modulating various molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation, cytokine production, keratinocyte proliferation, and more. This study reviewed experimental data reported in scientific literature and used network analysis to identify the potential biological roles of flavonoids' targets in treating psoriasis. 947 records from Web of Sciences, ScienceDirect database, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane library were reviewed without limitations until June 26, 2023. 66 articles were included in the systematic review. The ten genes with the highest scores, including interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12A, IL-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Janus kinase 2 (JAK 2), Jun N-terminal kinase (JUN), Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), were identified as the hub genes. KEGG pathway analysis identified connections related to inflammation and autoimmune responses, which are key characteristics of psoriasis. IL-6, STAT3, and JUN's presence in both hub and enrichment genes suggests their important role in flavonoid's effect on psoriasis. This comprehensive study highlights how flavonoids can target biological processes in psoriasis, especially when combined for enhanced effectiveness.

Promising strategies in natural products treatments of psoriasis-update

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease and has been increasing year by year. It is linked to other serious illnesses, such as psoriatic arthritis, cardiometabolic syndrome, and depression, resulting in a notable decrease in the quality of life for patients. Existing therapies merely alleviate symptoms, rather than providing a cure. An in-depth under-standing of the pathogenesis of psoriasis is helpful to discover new therapeutic targets and develop effective novel therapeutic agents, so it has important clinical significance. This article reviews the new progress in the study of pathogenesis and natural products of psoriasis in recent years. These natural products were summarized, mainly classified as terpenoids, polyphenols and alkaloids. However, the translation of experimental results to the clinic takes a long way to go.

The treatment of psoriasis via herbal formulation and nano-polyherbal formulation: A new approach

Psoriasis is a chronic condition that can strike at any age. This sickness is associated with inflammatory problems that impact all humans in the world. Psoriasis is more common in Scandinavians than in Asian and African populations due to a combination of factors such as age, gender, geographic location, ethnicity, genetic and environmental factors. Immune stimulation, genetic contribution, antimicrobial peptides, and other significant triggers such as medicines, immunizations, infections, trauma, stress, obesity, alcohol intake, smoking, air pollution, sun exposure, and particular disorders cause psoriasis. Numerous clinical research investigations are now underway, and therapeutic alternatives are available. However, these therapies only improve symptoms and do not accomplish a complete cure; they also have dangerous and undesirable side effects. Natural products have gained popularity recently due to their great effectiveness, safety, and low toxicity. Natural formulations of various nanocarriers like liposomes, lipospheres, nanogels, emulgel, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanosponge, nanofibers, niosomes, nanomiemgel, nanoemulsions, nanospheres, cubosomes, microneedles, nanomicelles, ethosomes, nanocrystals, and foams, have significantly contributed and encouraged advancement in psoriasis disease treatment. These phytochemical-loaded new nanoformulations address several issues associated with natural products in conventional dosage forms, such as instability, poor solubility, and limited bioavailability. This article reviews some of the intriguing phytochemicals, as well as their possible molecular target locations and mechanisms of action, which may assist in the development of more specific and selective antipsoriatic medicines. Exploring and understanding phytochemicals' functions will allow for more site-specific psoriasis treatment techniques. This review concluded the psoriasis disease with phytoconstituent loaded herbal or polyherbal nanocarriers and their mechanistic approach.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Psoriasis and Their Inclusion in Nanotechnological Systems

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects around 2-3% of the world's population. The treatment for this autoimmune disease still remains centered around conventional methods using synthetic substances, even though more recent advancements focus on biological therapies. Given the numerous side effects of such treatments, current research involves plant extracts and constituents that could prove useful in treating psoriasis. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the most known representatives belonging to classes of natural compounds such as polyphenols (e.g., astilbin, curcumin, hesperidin, luteolin, proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol), alkaloids (e.g., berberine, capsaicin, and colchicine), coumarins (psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen), and terpenoids (e.g., celastrol, centelloids, and ursolic acid), along with plants used in traditional medicine that could present therapeutic potential in psoriasis. The paper also provides an overview of these compounds' mechanisms of action and current inclusion in clinical studies, as well as an investigation into their potential incorporation in various nanotechnological systems, such as lipid-based nanocarriers or polymeric nanomaterials, that may optimize their efficacy during treatment.

Tacrolimus-loaded chitosan-based nanoparticles as an efficient topical therapeutic for the effective treatment of atopic dermatitis symptoms

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic cutaneous disease with a complex underlying mechanism, and it cannot be completely cured. Thus, most treatment strategies for AD aim at relieving the symptoms. Although corticosteroids are topically applied to alleviate AD, adverse side effects frequently lead to the withdrawal of AD therapy. Tacrolimus (TAC), a calcineurin inhibitor, has been used to treat AD, but its high molecular weight and insolubility in water hinder its skin permeability. Herein, we developed and optimized TAC-loaded chitosan-based nanoparticles (TAC@CNPs) to improve the skin permeability of TAC by breaking the tight junctions in the skin. The prepared nanoparticles were highly loadable and efficient and exhibited appropriate characteristics for percutaneous drug delivery. TAC@CNP was stable for 4 weeks under physiological conditions. CNP released TAC in a controlled manner, with enhanced skin penetration observed. In vitro experiments showed that CNP was non-toxic to keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and TAC@CNP dispersed in an aqueous solution was as anti-proliferative as TAC solubilized in a good organic solvent. Importantly, an in vivo AD mouse model revealed that topical TAC@CNP containing ~1/10 of the dose of TAC found in commercially used Protopic® Ointment exhibited similar anti-inflammatory activity to that of the commercial product. TAC@CNP represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of AD.

IL-6 Up-Regulates Expression of LIM-Domain Only Protein 4 in Psoriatic Keratinocytes through Activation of the MEK/ERK/NF-κB Pathway

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the activation of keratinocytes and the infiltration of immune cells. Overexpression of the transcription factor LIM-domain only protein 4 (LMO4) promoted by IL-23 has critical roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes. IL-6, an autocrine cytokine in psoriatic epidermis, is a key mediator of IL-23/T helper 17-driven cutaneous inflammation. However, little is known about how IL-6 regulates the up-regulation of LMO4 expression in psoriatic lesions. In this study, human immortalized keratinocyte cells, clinical biopsy specimens, and an animal model of psoriasis induced by imiquimod cream were used to investigate the role of IL-6 in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Psoriatic epidermis showed abnormal expression of IL-6 and LMO4. IL-6 up-regulated the expression of LMO4 and promoted keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that IL-6 up-regulates LMO4 expression by activating the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest that IL-6 can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, up-regulate the expression of LMO4, lead to abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, and promote the occurrence and development of psoriasis.

FOSL1 regulates hyperproliferation and NLRP3-mediated inflammation of psoriatic keratinocytes through the NF-kB signaling via transcriptionally activating TRAF3

Psoriasis is a common and immune-mediated skin disease related to keratinocytes hyperproliferation and inflammation. Fos-like antigen-1 (FOSL1) is an important transcription factor involved in various diseases. FOSL1 has been reported to be differentially expressed in psoriasis. However, the roles and mechanism of FOSL1 in psoriasis progression remain largely unknown. FOSL1 is an upregulated transcription factor in psoriasis and increased in M5-treated HaCaT cells. FOSL1 had a diagnostic value in psoriasis, and positively associated with PASI score, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in psoriasis patients. FOSL1 silencing attenuated M5-induced HaCaT cell hyperproliferation through decreasing cell viability and proliferative ability and increasing cell apoptosis. FOSL1 knockdown mitigated M5-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and it-mediated inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-8 and CCL17) expression. TRAF3 expression was increased in psoriasis patients and M5-treated HaCaT cells. FOSL1 transcriptionally activating TRAF3 in HaCaT cells. TRAF3 overexpression reversed the suppressive effects of FOSL1 silencing on M5-induced hyperproliferation and NLRP3-mediated inflammation. FOSL1 knockdown attenuated M5-induced NF-κB signaling activation by reducing TRAF3. Activation of NF-κB signaling reversed the effects of FOSL1 knockdown on hyperproliferation and inflammation in M5-treated cells. FOSL1 silencing prevented M5-induced hyperproliferation and NLRP3-mediated inflammation of keratinocytes by inhibiting TRAF3-mediated NF-κB activity, indicating FOSL1 might act as a therapeutic target of psoriasis.

Oral administration of punicalagin attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis by reducing ROS generation and inflammation via MAPK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways

Psoriasis, an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease, imposes a huge mental and physical burden on patients and severely affects their quality of life. Punicalagin (PU), the most abundant ellagitannin in pomegranates, has become a research hotspot owing to its diverse biological activities. However, its effects on psoriasis remain unclear. We explored the impact and molecular mechanism of PU on M5-stimulated keratinocyte cell lines and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in BABL/c mice using western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescent. Administration of PU-enriched pomegranate extract at dosages of 150 and 250 mg/kg/day markedly attenuated psoriatic severity, abrogated splenomegaly, and reduced IMQ-induced abnormal epidermal proliferation, CD4+ T-cell infiltration, and inflammatory factor expression. Moreover, PU could decrease expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23A, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by keratinocyte proliferation inhibition in the M5-stimulated cell line model of inflammation through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular regulated protein kinases (MAPK/ERK) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Our results indicate that PU may serve as a promising nutritional intervention for psoriasis by ameliorating cellular oxidative stress and inflammation.

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Fruit Extract Attenuates Psoriatic Skin Inflammation in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Stimulated Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells In Vitro

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. fruit (HDF) is traditionally used for treating liver diseases and alcohol poisoning. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of HDF on hyperproliferation, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and signaling mechanisms in human psoriatic keratinocyte HaCaT cells. HDF showed a preventive effect on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced abnormal proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes. Furthermore, real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that HDF suppressed the expressions of inflammatory cytokines; interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β and chemokines; CCL-20 and CXCL-8 in TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells. Western blotting revealed that HDF suppressed the levels of phosphorylated IκB and STAT3 together with a decline in the levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These outcomes indicate that HDF prevents the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes and modulates inflammatory responses by suppressing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and STAT3 activation through downregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in TNF-α-induced psoriatic keratinocytes. Our study demonstrates that HDF is prospective and beneficial for psoriatic skin inflammation.

Chemopreventive mechanisms of amentoflavone: recent trends and advancements

In parallel to the continuous rise of new cancer cases all over the world, the interest of scientific community in natural anticancer agents has steadily been increased. In the past decades, numerous phytochemicals have been shown to possess a strong anticancer potential in preclinical conditions. One of such interesting compounds, derived from different plants such as ginkgo, hinoki, and St. John`s wort, is amentoflavone. In this review article, a wide range of anticancer properties of this natural biflavone are described, revealing its ability to suppress the malignant growth and lead tumor cells to apoptotic death, besides impeding also angiogenic and metastatic processes. Therefore, amentoflavone can be considered a potential lead compound for the development of novel anticancer drug candidates, definitely deserving further in vivo studies and also initiation of clinical trials. It is expected that this plant biflavone might be important, either alone or in combination with the current standard chemotherapeutics, in providing some alleviation for the continuous rise of global cancer burden.

Advances in the Anti-Tumor Activity of Biflavonoids in Selaginella

Despite the many strategies employed to slow the spread of cancer, the development of new anti-tumor drugs and the minimization of side effects have been major research hotspots in the anti-tumor field. Natural drugs are a huge treasure trove of drug development, and they have been widely used in the clinic as anti-tumor drugs. Selaginella species in the family Selaginellaceae are widely distributed worldwide, and they have been well-documented in clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Biflavonoids are the main active ingredients in Selaginella, and they have good biological and anti-tumor activities, which warrant extensive research. The promise of biflavonoids from Selaginella (SFB) in the field of cancer therapy is being realized thanks to new research that offers insights into the multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms and key signaling pathways. The pharmacological effects of SFB against various cancers in vitro and in vivo are reviewed in this review. In addition, the types and characteristics of biflavonoid structures are described in detail; we also provide a brief summary of the efforts to develop drug delivery systems or combinations to enhance the bioavailability of SFB monomers. In conclusion, SFB species have great potential to be developed as adjuvant or even primary therapeutic agents for cancer, with promising applications.

Characterization of Constituents with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Chinese Lonicera Species by UHPLC-HRMS Based Metabolite Profiling

This study centered on detecting potentially anti-inflammatory active constituents in ethanolic extracts of Chinese Lonicera species by taking an UHPLC-HRMS-based metabolite profiling approach. Extracts from eight different Lonicera species were subjected to both UHPLC-HRMS analysis and to pharmacological testing in three different cellular inflammation-related assays. Compounds exhibiting high correlations in orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of pharmacological and MS data served as potentially activity-related candidates. Of these candidates, 65 were tentatively or unambiguously annotated. 7-Hydroxy-5,3′,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone and three bioflavonoids, as well as three C₃₂- and one C₃₄-acetylated polyhydroxy fatty acid, were isolated from Lonicera hypoglauca leaves for the first time, and their structures were fully or partially elucidated. Of the potentially active candidate compounds, 15 were subsequently subjected to pharmacological testing. Their activities could be experimentally verified in part, emphasizing the relevance of Lonicera species as a source of anti-inflammatory active constituents. However, some compounds also impaired the cell viability. Overall, the approach was found useful to narrow down the number of potentially bioactive constituents in the complex extracts investigated. In the future, the application of more refined concepts, such as extract prefractionation combined with bio-chemometrics, may help to further enhance the reliability of candidate selection.

Insights Into Amentoflavone: A Natural Multifunctional Biflavonoid

Amentoflavone is an active phenolic compound isolated from Selaginella tamariscina over 40 years. Amentoflavone has been extensively recorded as a molecule which displays multifunctional biological activities. Especially, amentoflavone involves in anti-cancer activity by mediating various signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and emerges anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect via binding towards the main protease (Mpro/3CLpro), spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, amentoflavone is considered to be a promising therapeutic agent for clinical research. Considering the multifunction of amentoflavone, the current review comprehensively discuss the chemistry, the progress in its diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-microorganism, metabolism regulation, neuroprotection, radioprotection, musculoskeletal protection and antidepressant, specially the fascinating role against various types of cancers. In addition, the bioavailability and drug delivery of amentoflavone, the molecular mechanisms underlying the activities of amentoflavone, the molecular docking simulation of amentoflavone through in silico approach and anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of amentoflavone are discussed.

The traditional and modern uses of Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring, in medicine and cosmetic: Applications and bioactive ingredients

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Extracts of the plant Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring (spike moss) are used for a long time in Asia, for the treatment of multiple diseases and conditions. Aqueous and alcoholic leave extracts are used by local communities. In China, the plant (Juan bai) is listed on the Pharmacopoeia. In South Korea, the use of this plant (Kwon Baek) is mentioned in the book Dongui-Bogam (Heo Jun 1613), at the origin of the Hyungsang medicine. S. tamariscina is traditionally used in Vietnam (mong lung rong), Thailand (dok hin), Philippines (pakong-tulog) and other Asian countries.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To provide an analysis of the multiple traditional and current uses of S. tamariscina extracts (STE) in the field of medicine and cosmetic. The review is also intended at identifying the main natural products at the origin of the many pharmacological properties reported with these extracts (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiallergic, anticancer effects).

METHODS

Extensive database retrieval, such as SciFinder and PubMed, was performed by using keywords like " Selaginella tamariscina", "spike moss", "Selaginellaceae ". Relevant textbooks, patents, reviews, and digital documents were consulted to collate all available scientific literature and to provide a complete science-based survey of the topic.

RESULTS

Different solvents and methods are used to prepare STE. The process can largely modify the natural product content and properties of the extracts. STE display a range of pharmacological effects, useful to treat metabolic disorders, several inflammatory diseases and various cancers. A specific carbonized extract (S. tamariscina carbonisatus) has shown hemostatic effects, whereas standard STE can promote blood circulation. Many patented STE-containing cosmetic preparations are reviewed here. Several biflavonoids (chiefly amentoflavone) and phenolic compounds (selaginellin derivatives) are primarily responsible for the observed pharmacological properties. Potent inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), and repressor of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression have been identified from STE.

CONCLUSION

The traditional use of STE supports the research performed with this plant. There are robust experimental data, based on in vitro and in vivo models, documenting the use of STE to treat type 2 diabetes, several inflammatory diseases, and some cancers (in combination with standard chemotherapy). Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) is a prime reservoir for amentoflavone, and many other bioactive natural products. The interest of the plant in medicine and cosmetic is amply justified.

Sortilin regulates keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Sortilin is found to regulate proliferation and death of different cells, while its role in regulating keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis is still unknown. In this study, we found that sortilin levels significantly increased in psoriasis patients, and sortilin suppression eliminated the proliferation of HaCaT cells induced by M5 cocktail solution and enhanced the levels of cleaved caspase 3 protein and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; however, levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT were decreased. In addition, sortilin silencing remitted the characteristic changes associated with psoriasis-like skin lesions. In summary, suppressed sortilin expression helped inhibit keratinocyte proliferation in HaCaT cells by inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling, which provides a new target for the therapy of psoriasis.

Advances in the Application of Natural Products and the Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Psoriasis

Psoriasis, an incurable autoimmune skin disease, is one of the most common immune-mediated disorders. Presently, numerous clinical research studies are underway, and treatment options are available. However, these treatments focus on improving symptoms of the disease and fail to achieve a radical cure; they also have certain toxic side effects. In recent years, natural products have increasingly gained attention because of their high efficiency and low toxicity. Despite their obvious therapeutic effects, natural products’ biological activity was limited by their instability, poor solubility, and low bioavailability. Novel drug delivery systems, including liposomes, lipospheres, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, nanoemulsions, nanospheres, microneedles, ethosomes, nanocrystals, and foams could potentially overcome the limitations of poor water solubility and permeability in traditional drug delivery systems. Thus, to achieve a therapeutic effect, the drug can reach the epidermis and dermis in psoriatic lesions to interact with the immune cells and cytokines.

Preparation and In Vivo Evaluation of Rosmarinic Acid-Loaded Transethosomes After Percutaneous Application on a Psoriasis Animal Model

The topical use of rosmarinic acid (RA) in skin inflammatory pathologies is restricted due to its poor water solubility, poor permeability, and chemical instability. In this study, RA-loaded transethosomes-in-Carbopol® formulations have been developed to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity on imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. In vitro release profiles demonstrated sustained behavior due to the retentive action of gel and the entrapment of RA into the vesicles. However, the low viscosity of the combined formulation increased the drug release rate. Animal evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated that transethosomes-in-gel containing dexamethasone (Dex-TE-Gel), as positive control, showed effect in all the pro-inflammatory parameters evaluated, evidencing that these drug-loaded nanocarriers have been effectively reached the site of action. In addition, transethosomes-in-gel containing RA (RA-TE-Gel) formulations produced a great reduction in the punch edema (P < 0.001) and in TNF-α and IL-6 (P < 0.05). However, non-significant differences were obtained for IL-1β, IL17, and MPO. Despite the protecting effect of Carbopol® and transethosomes on oxidation index and antioxidant activity of RA over the 7 days of treatment, however, a degradation process of this antioxidant to caffeic acid may be the cause of these in vivo results. We have also checked that the pH existing into the intercellular space of damaged cells (pH 6.8) may be affecting. Therefore, our results suggest that RA-TE-Gel could act as an effective RA formulation for skin delivery; further studies will help to understand the loss of activity at the cellular level.

Daphnetin inhibits proliferation and inflammatory response in human HaCaT keratinocytes and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesion in mice

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Keratinocytes hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory response contribute to psoriasis pathogenesis. The agents able to attenuate keratinocytes hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory response are considered to be potentially useful for psoriasis treatment. Daphnetin exhibits broad bioactivities including anti-proliferation and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to evaluate the anti-psoriatic potential of daphnetin in vitro and in vivo, and explore underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

HaCaT keratinocytes was stimulated with the mixture of IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α (M5) to establish psoriatic keratinocyte model in vitro. Cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA levels of hyperproliferative marker gene keratin 6 (KRT6), differentiation marker gene keratin 1 (KRT1) and inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-23A and MCP-1. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of p65 and p-p65. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was carried out to detect p65 nuclear translocation. Imiquimod (IMQ) was used to construct psoriasis-like mouse model. Psoriasis severity (erythema, scaling) was scored based on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to examine histological change in skin lesion. The expression of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-23A and IL-17A in skin lesion was measured by qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

Daphnetin attenuated M5-induced hyperproliferation in HaCaT keratinocytes. M5 stimulation significantly upregulated mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-23A and MCP-1. However, daphnetin treatment partially attenuated the upregulation of those inflammatory cytokines. Daphnetin was found to be able to inhibit p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in HaCaT keratinocytes. In addition, daphnetin significantly ameliorate the severity of skin lesion (erythema, scaling and epidermal thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration) in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Daphnetin treatment attenuated IMQ-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-23A and IL-17A in skin lesion of mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Daphnetin was able to attenuate proliferation and inflammatory response induced by M5 in HaCaT keratinocytes through suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway. Daphnetin could ameliorate the severity of skin lesion and improve inflammation status in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Daphnetin could be an attractive candidate for future development as an anti-psoriatic agent.

Amentoflavone triggers cell cycle G2/M arrest by interfering with microtubule dynamics and inducing DNA damage in SKOV3 cells

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-associated mortality among gynecological malignancies worldwide. The combination of antimitotic agents, such as taxanes, and the DNA-damaging agents, such as platinum compounds, is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, due to chemoresistance, development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ovarian cancer remains critical. Amentoflavone (AMF) is a biflavonoid derived from the extracts of Selaginella tamariscina, which has been used as a Chinese herb for thousands of years. A previous study demonstrated that AMF inhibits angiogenesis of endothelial cells and induces apoptosis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. In order to check the influence of AMF on cell proliferation, the effects of AMF on cell cycle and DNA damage were measured by cell viability, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and western blotting assays in SKOV3 cells, an ovarian cell line. In the present study, treatment with AMF inhibited ovarian cell proliferation, increased P21 expression, decreased CDK1/2 expression, interrupted the balance of microtubule dynamics and arrested cells at the G2 phase. Furthermore, treatment with AMF increased the expression levels of phospho-Histone H2AX (γ-H2AX; a variant of histone 2A, that belongs to the histone 2A family member X) and the DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (Rad51), indicating the occurrence of DNA damage since γ-H2AX and Rad51 are both key markers of DNA damage. Consistent with previous findings, the results of the present study suggest that AMF is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer. In addition, the effects of AMF on cell cycle arrest and DNA damage induction may be the molecular mechanisms by which AMF might exert its potential therapeutic benefits in ovarian cancer.

The relevance of pathophysiological alterations in redox signaling of 4-hydroxynonenal for pharmacological therapies of major stress-associated diseases

Modern analytical methods combined with the modern concepts of redox signaling revealed 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) as particular growth regulating factor involved in redox signaling under physiological and pathophysiological circumstances. In this review current knowledge of the relevance of 4-HNE as "the second messenger of reactive oxygen species" (ROS) in redox signaling of representative major stress-associated diseases is briefly summarized. The findings presented allow for 4-HNE to be considered not only as second messenger of ROS, but also as one of fundamental factors of the stress- and age-associated diseases. While standard, even modern concepts of molecular medicine and respective therapies in majority of these diseases target mostly the disease-specific symptoms. 4-HNE, especially its protein adducts, might appear to be the bioactive markers that would allow better monitoring of specific pathophysiological processes reflecting their complexity. Eventually that could help development of advanced integrative medicine approach for patients and the diseases they suffer from on the personalized basis implementing biomedical remedies that would optimize beneficial effects of ROS and 4-HNE to prevent the onset and progression of the illness, perhaps even providing the real cure.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces human HaCaT keratinocytes apoptosis through ROS-mediated PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ameliorates IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting 2–3% of the population worldwide. Hyperproliferative keratinocytes were thought to be an amplifier of inflammatory response, thereby sustaining persistence of psoriasis lesions. Agents with the ability to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation or induce apoptosis are potentially useful for psoriasis treatment. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), an active metabolite of glycyrrhizin, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacteria and anti-proliferation. The current study aims to evaluate the effects of GA on the proliferation and apoptosis of human HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro and investigate the effects of GA on the skin lesions of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model in vivo.

Methods

Cell viability was assayed by CCK-8. Flow cytometry was performed to measure apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS), with Annexin V-FITC/PI detection kit and DCFH-DA probe respectively. Caspase 9/3 activities were measured using caspase activity assay kits. The protein levels of Akt and p-Akt were determined using Western blotting. IMQ was applied to induce psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice. The histological change in mouse skin lesions was detected using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The severity of skin lesions was scored based on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). RT-PCR was employed to examine the relative expression of TNF-α, IL-22 and IL-17A in mouse skin lesions.

Results

GA decreased HaCaT keratinocytes viability and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of GA, intracellular ROS levels were significantly elevated. NAC, a ROS inhibitor, attenuated GA-mediated HaCaT keratinocytes growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, GA treatment remarkably decreased p-Akt protein level, which could be restored partially when cells were co-treated with GA and NAC. LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) treatment significantly enhanced GA-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, GA ameliorated IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice.

Conclusions

GA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in HaCaT keratinocytes through ROS-mediated inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ameliorates IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice.

Repression of miR-142-3p alleviates psoriasis-like inflammation by repressing proliferation and promoting apoptosis of keratinocytes via targeting Sema3A

Psoriasis is a multifactorial, recurring, and chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Evidence is rapidly accumulating for the role of microRNAs in psoriasis. The object of the study was to explore the functions and precise mechanism of miR-142-3p in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells in the presence of M5. Here, the results showed that miR-142-3p expression was heightened in HaCaT cells induced by M5. In addition, inhibition of miR-142-3p dramatically restricted cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in HaCaT cells exposed to M5, as exemplified by a decrease in the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, concomitant with an increase in the proapoptotic proteins Bax. Moreover, depleting miR-142-3p effectively ameliorated M5-induced inflammation response, as reflected by the attenuation of multiple inflammatory factors. Importantly, Sema3A was identified as an authentic target of miR-142-3p, and indeed regulated by miR-142-3p. Mechanistically, silencing of Sema3A effectively abolished the anti-proliferative, apoptosis-promoting, and anti-inflammatory effects of miR-142-3p inhibition in keratinocytes. Taken together, these data elucidated that repression of miR-142-3p protect HaCaT cells against M5-induced hyper-proliferation and inflammatory injury by suppressing its target Sema3A, implying that the miR-142-3p/Sema3A axis may be a new target for preventing keratinocyte injury process. These findings provide a new and better understanding of the mediating role of miR-142-3p in psoriasis.

Cutaneous delivery of [1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol, an indole-3-carbinol derivative, mitigates psoriasiform lesion by blocking MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 activation

[1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol (CIM) has been used as a bioactive agent for inhibiting tumor growth and angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB blocking. The present work was undertaken to investigate the potential of CIM against psoriasis using imiquimod (IMQ)-stimulated psoriasis-like mouse and in vitro HaCaT keratinocytes as the models. We demonstrated that topical CIM treatment reduced IMQ-activated scaling, erythema, and barrier dysfunction. This compound also restrained the recruitment of neutrophils. The cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 in psoriasiform skin, can be attenuated to normal baseline by CIM. Topically applied CIM can be easily delivered into skin based on the affinity with stratum corneum (SC) ceramides. IMQ intervention increased the permeability by 3-fold as compared to healthy skin. CIM ameliorated psoriatic lesion without incurring overt signs of irritation. Both TNF-α and IMQ were employed as the stimulators to activate HaCaT for reciprocal elucidation of the mechanism of action. CIM inhibited the overexpression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-24 in HaCaT. CIM exerted anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) through MAPK pathways. Our results indicate that CIM has potential as the antipsoriatic molecule. The detailed signaling pathways still need further investigation.

LC-MSn and HR-MS characterization of secondary metabolites from Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray from Nepalese Himalayan region and assessment of cytotoxic effect and inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in vitro

Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray is traditionally used in Nepal to treat several diseases, among whom inflammation and acute pain. Although several secondary metabolites from the same Hypericum species have been already characterized and considered for their pharmacological use, an exhaustive phytochemical characterization of H. japonicum from Nepal is lacking, as well as the assessment of its potential pharmacological properties. Hence, the aims of this study were the characterization of a methanolic extract of H. japonicum (HJME) collected from the Northern region of Nepal by LC-MSⁿ and UPLC-QTOF. The assessment of in vitro inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors and HJME's cytotoxic effect on human cell lines was performed to evaluate the potential use of this herb as a source of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic lead compounds. Fifty-seven phytoconstituents were identified, being mainly flavonoids, phloroglucinols, phenolic acids and xanthones. Although compounds characteristic of H. japonicum were detected (quercetin, quercetin-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside, quercitrin and hyperoside), several others are here reported for the first time in this species. The results from bioassays indicated that HJME could significantly reduce the viability of human THP-1 cells (IC₅₀ = 5.4 ± 1.1 μg mL^-1), showing the promising potential of HJME as anti-tumor agent. Furthermore, HJME significantly decreased the activation of both NF-κB and AP-1 at the concentration of 2 μg mL^-1. Overall, these data suggest that H. japonicum from Nepal could be used as a source of potential natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor lead compounds.

Apoptotic or Antiproliferative Activity of Natural Products against Keratinocytes for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Natural products or herbs can be used as an effective therapy for treating psoriasis, an autoimmune skin disease that involves keratinocyte overproliferation. It has been demonstrated that phytomedicine, which is used for psoriasis patients, provides some advantages, including natural sources, a lower risk of adverse effects, and the avoidance of dissatisfaction with conventional therapy. The herbal products’ structural diversity and multiple mechanisms of action have enabled the synergistic activity to mitigate psoriasis. In recent years, the concept of using natural products as antiproliferative agents in psoriasis treatment has attracted increasing attention in basic and clinical investigations. This review highlights the development of an apoptotic or antiproliferatic strategy for natural-product management in the treatment of psoriasis. We systematically introduce the concepts and molecular mechanisms of keratinocyte-proliferation inhibition by crude extracts or natural compounds that were isolated from natural resources, especially plants. Most of these studies focus on evaluation through an in vitro keratinocyte model and an in vivo psoriasis-like animal model. Topical delivery is the major route for the in vivo or clinical administration of these natural products. The potential use of antiproliferative phytomedicine on hyperproliferative keratinocytes suggests a way forward for generating advances in the field of psoriasis therapy.

Amentoflavone Inhibits HSV-1 and ACV-Resistant Strain Infection by Suppressing Viral Early Infection

Infection of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) induces severe clinical disorders, such as herpes simplex encephalitis and keratitis. Acyclovir (ACV) is the current therapeutic drug against viral infection and ACV-resistant strains have gradually emerged, leading to the requirement for novel antiviral agents. In this study, we exhibited the antiviral activity of amentoflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid, toward HSV-1 and ACV-resistant strains. Amentoflavone significantly inhibited infection of HSV-1 (F strain), as well as several ACV-resistant strains including HSV-1/106, HSV-1/153 and HSV-1/Blue at high concentrations. Time-of-drug-addition assay further revealed that amentoflavone mainly impaired HSV-1 early infection. More detailed study demonstrated that amentoflavone affected cofilin-mediated F-actin reorganization and reduced the intracellular transportation of HSV-1 from the cell membrane to the nucleus. In addition, amentoflavone substantially decreased transcription of viral immediate early genes. Collectively, amentoflavone showed strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 and ACV-resistant strains, and amentoflavone could be a promising therapeutic candidate for HSV-1 pathogenesis.

DUSP1/MKP-1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis in keratinocytes through the ERK/Elk-1/Egr-1 signaling pathway

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease with preference for the skin and joints that occurs due to hyper-proliferation and abnormal apoptosis of keratinocytes. DUSP1 expression in dermal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is obviously lower in psoriasis patients than that in healthy individuals. The present study aimed to explore the roles of DUSP1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of HaCaT cells treated with a cocktail of M5. We showed that DUSP1 was markedly reduced in psoriasis patients and M5-treated HaCaT cells compared with the control subjects. MTT and BrdU assays revealed that overexpression of DUSP1 significantly suppressed the proliferation of HaCaT cells. Furthermore, DUSP1 decreased M5-induced the upregulation of cyclin D1 and Rb. In addition, we demonstrated that forced overexpression of DUSP1 caused an augment of cell apoptosis rate, c-caspase 3 protein level and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Finally, we determined that enhancing DUSP1 expression resulted in the reduction of p-ERK, p-Elk-1 and Egr-1 protein levels using western blot, and the Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay displayed that p-Elk-1 binds to the promoter of Egr-1 in HaCaT cells. The roles of DUSP1 in cell proliferation and apoptosis were abolished by overexpression of Egr-1. In summary, gain function of DUSP1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of HaCaT cells through the ERK/Elk-1/Egr-1 signaling pathway.

The Current Status of the Pharmaceutical Potential of Juniperus L. Metabolites

Background: Plants and their derived natural compounds possess various biological and therapeutic properties, which turns them into an increasing topic of interest and research. Juniperus genus is diverse in species, with several traditional medicines reported, and rich in natural compounds with potential for development of new drugs. Methods: The research for this review were based in the Scopus and Web of Science databases using terms combining Juniperus, secondary metabolites names, and biological activities. This is not an exhaustive review of Juniperus compounds with biological activities, but rather a critical selection taking into account the following criteria: (i) studies involving the most recent methodologies for quantitative evaluation of biological activities; and (ii) the compounds with the highest number of studies published in the last four years. Results: From Juniperus species, several diterpenes, flavonoids, and one lignan were emphasized taking into account their level of activity against several targets. Antitumor activity is by far the most studied, being followed by antibacterial and antiviral activities. Deoxypodophyllotoxin and one dehydroabietic acid derivative appears to be the most promising lead compounds. Conclusions: This review demonstrates the Juniperus species value as a source of secondary metabolites with relevant pharmaceutical potential.

C10orf99 contributes to the development of psoriasis by promoting the proliferation of keratinocytes

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is complex and has not been fully understood. C10orf99 was a recently identified human antimicrobial peptide whose mRNA expression is elevated in psoriatic human skin samples. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of C10orf99 in epidermal proliferation under inflammatory condition. We showed that C10orf99 protein was significantly up-regulated in psoriatic skin samples from patients and the ortholog gene expression levels were up-regulated in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice. Using M5-stimulated HaCaT cell line model of inflammation and a combinational approach of knockdown and overexpression of C10orf99, we demonstrated that C10orf99 could promote keratinocyte proliferation by facilitating the G1/S transition, and the pro-proliferation effect of C10orf99 was associated with the activation of the ERK1/2 and NF-κB but not the AKT pathways. Local depletion of C10orf99 by lentiviral vectors expressing C10orf99 shRNA effectively ameliorated IMQ-induced dermatitis. Taken together, these results indicate that C10orf99 plays a contributive role in psoriasis pathogenesis and may serve as a new target for psoriasis treatment.

LMO4 Is a Disease-Provocative Transcription Coregulator Activated by IL-23 in Psoriatic Keratinocytes

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. LIM-domain only protein 4 (LMO4) is a transcription factor coregulator that promotes the assembly of multiprotein complexes to regulate mammary epithelium and keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation during embryogenesis. In this study, LMO4 has been found to be abundantly expressed in psoriatic epidermis. LMO4 expression is increased in human keratinocytes induced to differentiate by calcium ex vivo, and LMO4 overexpression induces spontaneous differentiation and growth acceleration of human keratinocytes in the absence of calcium. IL-23, a cytokine highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions, induces differentiation and promotes proliferation of human keratinocytes. The IL-23-mediated effects are accompanied by an increase in LMO4 expression mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 through an IL-23/acutely transforming retrovirus AKT8 in rodent T-cell lymphoma/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in keratinocytes. Knockdown of LMO4 effectively inhibits differentiation and growth of keratinocytes both ex vivo and in IL-23-injected ears of mice. LMO4 appears to mediate IL-23-related responses in psoriatic keratinocytes and is a potential therapeutic target in psoriasis.

Amentoflavone improves cardiovascular dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities in high fructose and fat diet-fed rats

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Western countries.

Topical Application of Glycolipids from Isochrysis galbana Prevents Epidermal Hyperplasia in Mice

Chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis have a significant impact on society. Currently, the major topical treatments have many side effects, making their continued use in patients difficult. Microalgae have emerged as a source of bio-active molecules such as glycolipids with potent anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of a glycolipid (MGMG-A) and a glycolipid fraction (MGDG) obtained from the microalga Isochrysis galbana on a TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia murine model. In a first set of experiments, we examined the preventive effects of MGMG-A and MGDG dissolved in acetone on TPA-induced hyperplasia model in mice. In a second step, we performed an in vivo permeability study by using rhodamine-containing cream, ointment, or gel to determinate the formulation that preserves the skin architecture and reaches deeper. The selected formulation was assayed to ensure the stability and enhanced permeation properties of the samples in an ex vivo experiment. Finally, MGDG-containing cream was assessed in the hyperplasia murine model. The results showed that pre-treatment with acetone-dissolved glycolipids reduced skin edema, epidermal thickness, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17) in epidermal tissue. The in vivo and ex vivo permeation studies showed that the cream formulation had the best permeability profile. In the same way, MGDG-cream formulation showed better permeation than acetone-dissolved preparation. MGDG-cream application attenuated TPA-induced skin edema, improved histopathological features, and showed a reduction of the inflammatory cell infiltrate. In addition, this formulation inhibited epidermal expression of COX-2 in a similar way to dexamethasone. Our results suggest that an MGDG-containing cream could be an emerging therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory skin pathologies such as psoriasis.

Effects of nanoparticles with hydrotropic nicotinamide on tacrolimus: permeability through psoriatic skin and antipsoriatic and antiproliferative activities

The hybrid system based on nanoparticles (NPs) self-assembled by the conjugations of hyaluronic acid with cholesterol (HA–Chol NPs) combined with nicotinamide (NIC) for tacrolimus (FK506), ie, FK506 NPs–NIC, has been confirmed to exhibit a significant synergistic effect on FK506 permeation through and into intact skin; thus, it may be a promising approach for FK506 to effectively treat skin diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate its potential for the treatment of psoriasis. In vitro permeation through the psoriatic skin was carried out, and the results revealed that the combination of NPs with NIC exhibited a significant synergistic effect on FK506 deposition within the psoriatic skin (3.40±0.67 μg/cm²) and penetration through the psoriatic skin (30.86±9.66 μg/cm²). The antipsoriatic activity of FK506 NPs–NIC was evaluated through the treatment for imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score demonstrated that FK506 HA–Chol NPs–NIC exerted the effect on ameliorating the skin lesions comparable to clobetasol propionate (a positive drug for psoriasis) and superior to commercial FK506 ointment (Protopic^®), and the histological study showed that it presented a synergistic effect on antipsoriasis after FK506 incorporation into NPs combined with NIC hydrotropic system, which might ultimately increase the therapeutic effect and minimize the systemic side effects by reducing the overall dose of FK506. RAW 264.7 cell uptake presented the enhancement of drugs delivered into cells by HA–Chol NPs–NIC. The antiproliferative activity on HaCaT cells identified that FK506 HA–Chol NPs–NIC exhibited significant inhibiting effects on HaCaT proliferation. The results support that the combination of HA–Chol NPs with NIC is a promising approach for FK506 for the treatment of psoriasis.

A Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Amentoflavone, a Naturally-Occurring Biflavonoid

Amentoflavone (C30H18O10) is a well-known biflavonoid occurring in many natural plants. This polyphenolic compound has been discovered to have some important bioactivities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, and anti-senescence effects on many important reactions in the cardiovascular and central nervous system, etc. Over 120 plants have been found to contain this bioactive component, such as Selaginellaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Calophyllaceae plant families. This review paper aims to profile amentoflavone on its plant sources, natural derivatives, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, and to highlight some existing issues and perspectives in the future.