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Martinez Y, Ribera J, Schwarze FWMR, De France K. Biotechnological development of Trichoderma-based formulations for biological control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5595-5612. [PMID: 37477696 PMCID: PMC10439859 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are a genus of well-known fungi that promote healthy growth and modulate different functions in plants, as well as protect against various plant pathogens. The application of Trichoderma and its propagules as a biological control method can therefore help to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. This review critically discusses and analyzes groundbreaking innovations over the past few decades of biotechnological approaches to prepare active formulations containing Trichoderma. The use of various carrier substances is covered, emphasizing their effects on enhancing the shelf life, viability, and efficacy of the final product formulation. Furthermore, the use of processing techniques such as freeze drying, fluidized bed drying, and spray drying are highlighted, enabling the development of stable, light-weight formulations. Finally, promising microencapsulation techniques for maximizing the performance of Trichoderma spp. during application processes are discussed, leading to the next-generation of multi-functional biological control formulations. KEY POINTS: • The development of carrier substances to encapsulate Trichoderma propagules is highlighted. • Advances in biotechnological processes to prepare Trichoderma-containing formulations are critically discussed. • Current challenges and future outlook of Trichoderma-based formulations in the context of biological control are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Martinez
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Javier Ribera
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin De France
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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Baldiviezo LV, Nieva LB, Pedrini N, Cardozo RM. Microencapsulation of a Native Strain of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana and Bioinsecticide Activity against Pyrethroid-Resistant Triatoma infestans to Vector Control of Chagas Disease in the Argentine Gran Chaco Region. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050245. [PMID: 37235293 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans is the main Chagas disease vector in the Southern Cone of Latin America. Populations resistant to pyrethroid insecticides have been detected in the early 2000s and then expanded to the endemic area of northern Salta province, Argentina. In this context, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been shown to be pathogenic to pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans. In this study, both the bioinsecticidal activity and the residual effect of an alginate-based microencapsulation of a native strain of B. bassiana (Bb-C001) were tested under semi-field conditions against pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans nymphs. Fungal microencapsulated formulation caused higher nymph mortality than the unmicroencapsulated fungus and contributed to maintaining the conidial viability throughout the period evaluated under the tested conditions. These results suggest that alginate microencapsulation is an effective, simple, low-cost method that could be incorporated into the formulation of a bioinsecticide as a strategy to reduce the vector transmission of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vanesa Baldiviezo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
- Ministerio de Salud Pública de la Provincia de Salta (MSPS), Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Lucía Beatriz Nieva
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calles 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Rubén Marino Cardozo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
- Ministerio de Salud Pública de la Provincia de Salta (MSPS), Salta 4400, Argentina
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Biopolymer-based emulsions for the stabilization of Trichoderma atrobrunneum conidia for biological control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1465-1476. [PMID: 36683057 PMCID: PMC9898383 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are ubiquitous soil-borne fungi that are widely used in biological control to promote and regulate healthy plant growth, as well as protect against plant pathogens. However, as with many biological materials, the relative instability of Trichoderma propagules limits its practical use in industrial applications. Therefore, there has been significant research interest in developing novel formulations with various carrier substances that are compatible with these fungal propagules and can enhance the shelf-life and overall efficacy of the Trichoderma. To this end, herein, we investigate the use of a variety of biopolymers and nanoparticles for the stabilization of Trichoderma atrobrunneum T720 conidia for biological control. The best-performing agents-agar and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-were then used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions to encapsulate conidia of T720. Emulsion properties including oil type, oil:water ratio, and biopolymer/particle concentration were investigated with respect to emulsion stability, droplet size, and viability of T720 conidia over time. Overall, agar-based formulations yielded highly stable emulsions with small droplet sizes, showing no evidence of drastic creaming, or phase separation after 1 month of storage. Moreover, agar-based formulations were able to maintain ~ 100% conidial viability of T720 after 3 months of storage, and over 70% viability after 6 months. We anticipate that the results demonstrated herein will lead to a new generation of significantly improved formulations for practical biological control applications. KEY POINTS: • Various biopolymers were evaluated for improving the stability of Trichoderma conidia • Oil in water emulsions was prepared using cellulose nanocrystals and agar as interface stabilizers • Agar-based emulsions showed ~ 100% viability for encapsulated conidia after 3 months of storage.
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Quiroga-Cubides G, García-Riaño L, Grijalba-Bernal EP, Espinel C, Cuartas Otálora PE, Guevara EJ, Gómez-Álvarez MI, Cruz Barrera M. Assessment of a potential bioproduct for controlling Cerotoma arcuata tingomariana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1063-1077. [PMID: 35598181 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The leaf-feeding pest Cerotoma arcuata tingomariana (Bechyné) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) produces huge economic losses in different crops. This study aimed to produce conidia by semisolid-state fermentation and to establish the insecticidal activity of two formulation prototypes based on a native Beauveria bassiana isolate for controlling this pest. METHODS AND RESULTS A novel fabric-based semisolid-state fermentation strategy for quick and large-scale conidia production was performed and characterized. Conidia were formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a water-dispersible granulate (WG). Afterwards, the mortality of C. a. tingomariana adults was assessed. A conidia concentration of 2.9 x109 conidia cm-2 was obtained after nine days-course fermentation and a yield of 33.4 g kg-1 dry-substrate. CONCLUSIONS The polyester fabric-based fermentation is an efficient technique for producing and collecting B. bassiana spores. Regarding LC90 , the potency analysis showed that the EC was 21-fold more potent than the non-formulated conidia, and ~2.6-fold more potent than the WG. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY A high throughput fermentation based on polyester fabric as support for B. bassiana conidia production and subsequent formulation as an EC comprises a promising strategy for obtaining a bioproduct to control adults of C. a. tingomariana and other Chrysomelidae pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginna Quiroga-Cubides
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Departamento de Bioproductos, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Lorena García-Riaño
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Erika P Grijalba-Bernal
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Departamento de Bioproductos, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Carlos Espinel
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Paola Emilia Cuartas Otálora
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Departamento de Bioproductos, Mosquera, Colombia.,Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Elsa Judith Guevara
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Meta, Colombia
| | - Martha Isabel Gómez-Álvarez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Departamento de Bioproductos, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Cruz Barrera
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Departamento de Bioproductos, Mosquera, Colombia
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Paradza VM, Khamis FM, Yusuf AA, Subramanian S, Akutse KS. Virulence and horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae by the adults of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the efficacy of oil formulations against its nymphs. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08277. [PMID: 34765790 PMCID: PMC8571502 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of dry conidia and fungal suspensions of 16 entomopathogenic fungal isolates (10 Metarhizium anisopliae and six Beauveria bassiana) was evaluated against adults and second instar nymphs of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum respectively. All the tested isolates were pathogenic to T. vaporariorum and caused mortality of 45-93% against the adults and 24-89% against the nymphs. However, M. anisopliae strains showed higher virulence to both developmental stages as compared to B. bassiana strains. The three most virulent isolates that caused high mortalities in adults were M. anisopliae ICIPE 18, ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69, with cumulative mortalities of 82, 91 and 93%, and median lethal times (LT50) of 5.20, 5.05 and 4.78 days, respectively. These isolates were further assessed for spore acquisition and retention by the adult insects at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure to dry conidia spores. There was no significant difference among isolates on their acquisition by the insects, although the effect of time on the number of spores retained by each insect was significant. For M. anisopliae ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69, spore number was significantly higher immediately after exposure at 0 h than at 24, 48 and 72 h, whereas for M. anisopliae ICIPE 18, the spore number remained constant for all the days. The infected "donor" insects were able to horizontally transmit the acquired spores to uninfected "recipient" insects causing high mortality rates in both donor and recipient groups. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 7, ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 62 were the most virulent isolates against the nymphs in aqueous formulation during the first screening with >80% mortality. However, in 2% (v/v) oil formulations at 1 × 108 conidia/ml, canola formulated ICIPE 62, ICIPE 18 and olive formulated ICIPE 18 were the most effective, resulting in 87.8, 88.1 and 99.4% nymphal mortalities respectively and with lower LT50. Oil formulations significantly enhanced the efficacy and virulence of the isolates against the nymphs compared to aqueous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai M. Paradza
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Al Khoury C, Nemer N, Bernigaud C, Fischer K, Guillot J. First evidence of the activity of an entomopathogenic fungus against the eggs of Sarcoptes scabiei. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109553. [PMID: 34388422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been successfully used for the control of phytopathogenic arthropods and there are a growing number of studies suggesting that this kind of fungus could also be used for the control of ectoparasites in mammals. This study evaluated for the first time the efficacy of different Beauveria strains against the eggs of Sarcoptes scabiei collected from experimentally infected pigs. Eggs were exposed to fungal conidia and monitored for hatching over 10 days. The strongest effect (28.75 % of hatching inhibition) was obtained with a commercial B. bassiana strain. Furthermore, the detection of fungal genomic within the surface-cleaned eggs demonstrated the ability of B. bassiana to penetrate and proliferate in the egg-shell of S. scabiei. This study provides the first evidence, using molecular techniques, that the development of mycoacaricides may be of interest for the control of S. scabiei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Al Khoury
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, P.O. Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon; EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nabil Nemer
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France; Dermatology Department, AP-AH, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris-Est, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Katja Fischer
- Scabies Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacques Guillot
- EA 7380 Dynamic, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, USC ANSES, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rodrigues J, Borges PR, Fernandes ÉKK, Luz C. Activity of additives and their effect in formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. IP 46 against Aedes aegypti adults and on post mortem conidiogenesis. Acta Trop 2019; 193:192-198. [PMID: 30836061 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil formulations of entomopathogenic fungi have interest for biological mosquito control. OBJECTIVES The activities of M. anisopliae s.l. IP 46 conidia were tested in Aedes aegypti adults either without any formulation or formulated with vegetable or mineral oil and in combination with diatomaceous earth. FINDINGS IP 46 was highly active against adults, the vector of important arboviruses in the tropics and subtropics. At an exposure of adults to 3.3 × 107 conidia/cm2, values of lethal times TL50 and TL90 reached minimal 3.8 and 4.6 days, respectively, and lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 were 2.7 × 105 and 2.4 × 106 conidia/cm2, respectively, after 10 days of exposure. Activity against adults was improved by diatomaceous earth (KeepDry® KD) combined with mineral oil (Naturol® N) or vegetable oil (Graxol® G). Additives KD or N separately (and G to a lesser extent) or in combination, KD + N and KD + G without conidia had also a clear adulticidal effect. Efficacy of conidia formulated or not with KD + N decreased somewhat at shorter exposure periods. Time of exposure (0.017, 12, 48, 72 or 120 h) of adults to KD and N or IP 46 or conidia and KD and N had no significant effect on mortality. M. anisopliae s.l. recycled on fungus-killed mosquitoes producing high quantities of new conidia regardless of the conidial concentrations or formulations tested. Additives tested had no clear effect on quantitative conidiogenesis on cadavers. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Formulations of IP 46 conidia with mineral oil and diatomaceous earth represent a promising tool for the development of potent strategies of focal control of this important vector with entomopathogenic fungi.
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Portilla M, Abbas HK, Accinelli C, Luttrell R. Laboratory and Field Investigations on Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Spores With a Sprayable Bioplastic Formulation for Application in the Biocontrol of Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:549-557. [PMID: 30561663 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, including the commercial strain GHA and the Mississippi Delta native NI8 strain, and two emulsifiers, Tween-80 and a starch-based sprayable bioplastic, were evaluated in the laboratory and field for pathogenicity and infectivity against the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae). The effect on fruit damage based on within-season cotton plant mapping was also examined. The highest mortality 10 d after treatment was found with insects caged on cotton terminals sprayed with NI8 + Tween-80, followed by those exposed to NI8 + bioplastic. Similarly, sporulation was shown to be higher in NI8 + Tween-80 than in other treatments. Plots sprayed with B. bassiana showed at least a twofold decrease in tarnished plant bug adults 3 d after treatment compared with control plots. Little to no variation was observed in tarnished plant bug nymph populations between treated and untreated plots. Within-season plant mapping provided clear evidence of damage to cotton caused by tarnished plant bug. The highest percentage retention of all first position fruiting structures was observed in plots treated with NI8 + Tween-80 (93.41 ± 1.51) followed by NI8 + bioplastic (90.25 ± 1.52). Both treatments were significantly different when compared with GHA + Tween-80 (82.89 ± 2.26) and GHA + bioplastic (70.48 ± 3.19), and both GHA formulations did not differ from the control (63.61 ± 2.96). Overall, these results indicated that B. bassiana application resulted in >50% mortality of tarnished plant bug regardless of the isolates by direct spray or by contact. However, the superior performance of the Mississippi Delta native NI8 strain was observed in all treatment applications and evaluation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Portilla
- USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS
| | - Hamed K Abbas
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS
| | - Cesare Accinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Randall Luttrell
- USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Research Unit, Stoneville, MS
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Heat-stressed Metarhizium anisopliae: viability (in vitro) and virulence (in vivo) assessments against the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:111-121. [PMID: 27704216 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the thermotolerance of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. conidia from the commercial products Metarril® SP Organic and Metarril® WP. The efficacy of these M. anisopliae formulations against the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. was studied in laboratory under optimum or heat-stress conditions. The products were prepared in water [Tween® 80, 0.01 % (v/v)] or pure mineral oil. Conidia from Metarril® SP Organic suspended in water presented markedly delayed germination after heating to constant 40 °C (for 2, 4, or 6 h) compared to conidia suspended in mineral oil. Metarril® SP Organic suspended in oil and exposed to daily cycles of heat-stress (40 °C for 4 h and 25 °C for 19 h for 5 consecutive days) presented relative germination of conidia ranging from 92.8 to 87.2 % from day 1 to day 5, respectively. Conversely, germination of conidia prepared in water ranged from 79.3 to 39.1 % from day 1 to day 5, respectively. Culturability of Metarril® WP decreased from 96 % when conidia were cultured for 30 min prior to heat exposure (40 °C for 4 h) to 9 % when conidia were cultured for 8 h. Tick percent control was distinctly higher when engorged females were treated with oil suspensions rather than water suspensions, even when treated ticks were exposed to heat-stress regimen. Oil-based applications protected fungal conidia against heat-stress. Although Metarril® is not registered for tick control, it may be useful for controlling R. sanguineus, especially if it is prepared in mineral oil.
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Machtinger ET, Weeks ENI, Geden CJ. Oviposition Deterrence and Immature Survival of Filth Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Fungal Products. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew032. [PMID: 27302955 PMCID: PMC4907025 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies are pests of livestock, and can transmit pathogens that cause disease to animals and their caretakers. Studies have shown successful infection of adult filth flies following exposure to different strains and formulations of entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to examine the effects of commercial formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) (Moniliales: Moniliaceae) (i.e., BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol O, balEnce), and Metarhizium brunneum (Metsch.) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) (i.e., Met52 EC), on filth fly oviposition and immature fly survival after exposure. House flies, Musca domestica L., laid significantly fewer eggs on Met52 EC-treated surfaces than on surfaces treated with all other products and the control. Similar numbers of eggs were laid on surfaces treated with all B. bassiana products, but egg production was half of the control. Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), laid the fewest eggs on Met52 EC- and Mycotrol O-treated surfaces. This species did not distinguish between the remaining products and the control. In a second experiment, house fly eggs were placed on treated cloths so that hatched larvae contacted the treatment prior to development. Met52 EC had the greatest effect on immature survival with a significant reduction in recovered pupae at the medium and high doses of fungi. Overall, Met52 EC, containing M. brunneum, had the greatest effect on house fly and stable fly oviposition deterrence and immature development of house flies. Management implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Machtinger
- USDA-ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave Beltsville, FL 20705, USA
| | - E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
| | - C J Geden
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Silva RZD, Neves PMDOJ. Estabilidade de conídios de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. acondicionados em diferentes embalagens. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000362014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Um dos fatores limitantes à utilização em maior quantidade de fungos entomopatogênicos produzidos é a dificuldade na manutenção da viabilidade dos conídios por longos períodos de armazenamento, o que torna importante a necessidade de desenvolvimento de formulações e embalagens que aumentem a vida de prateleira desses micro-organismos. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar embalagens que pudessem manter a viabilidade dos conídios por longos períodos de armazenamento em diferentes temperaturas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Controle Microbiano de Insetos da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). Foi utilizada uma mistura granulada (conídios e arroz parboilizado) de B. bassiana (CG 432) acondicionada em 3 tipos de embalagens: Coex, poliéster metalizado e polietileno, que foram armazenadas durante 180 dias em refrigerador (6 ± 2°C) e câmara climatizada (25 ± 1°C). Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliar a influência das embalagens sobre a viabilidade dos conídios foram a porcentagem de germinação e o conteúdo de água. Os conídios acondicionados na embalagem tipo Coex foram os que apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação em refrigerador e à temperatura ambiente durante todo o período de armazenamento, sendo também a embalagem que proporcionou menor ganho de água pelos conídios durante o armazenamento. Independentemente da embalagem, os conídios armazenados em refrigerador apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação em relação aos armazenados à temperatura ambiente (25 ± 1°C).
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Lino ZRJ, Juventino LTJ, Raúl RG, Estibaliz S. Lethal effects of a Mexican Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) strain against Meccus pallidipennis (Stal). Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:551-7. [PMID: 25242941 PMCID: PMC4166282 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo 1835) Vuillemin is an effective alternative control agent against some agricultural pests and biological vectors of important diseases such as Chagas disease. In this work we studied an isolate of Beauveria bassiana from of the town of San Antonio Rayón, Puebla, Mexico and its entomopathogenic effects on Meccus pallidipennis (Stal 1872). Phylogenetic analysis using molecular comparison of the ITS and EF1α genes, showed that the resulting cladogram places the BUAP 04 strain with a relationship closer to the AFAO 9-6 strain, within the diversity of the B. bassiana sensu lato group. Although there was the possibility that BUAP 04 strain was a direct descendant of strains used in campaigns of biologic control, molecular study allowed us to recognize that it was a different fungus due to numerous inserts. A strain isolated from a T. dimiata was evaluated for pathogenicity against another triatoma (Meccus pallidipennis) species obtaining an LC50 of 4.16 × 106 spores/mL, confirming that the BUAP 04 strain is virulent for M. pallidipennis and could be a good prospect for formulations to control M. pallidipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zumaquero Rios José Lino
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores Escuela de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - López-Tlacomulco José Juventino
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores Escuela de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Rojas García Raúl
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores Escuela de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Sansinenea Estibaliz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Carolino AT, Paula AR, Silva CP, Butt TM, Samuels RI. Monitoring persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae under simulated field conditions with the aim of controlling adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:198. [PMID: 24766705 PMCID: PMC4021620 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic fungi are potential candidates for use in integrated vector management, with recent emphasis aimed at developing adult mosquito control methods. Here we investigated the persistence of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae when tested against female A. aegypti under field conditions. Methods Black cotton cloths impregnated with M. anisopliae conidia, formulated in vegetable oil + isoparaffin, were maintained on a covered veranda for up to 30 days. At specific times, pieces of the cloths were removed, placed in Tween 80 and the resuspended conidia were sprayed directly onto mosquitoes. The persistence of conidia impregnated on black cloths using three different carriers was evaluated in test rooms. Fifty mosquitoes were released into each room and after a 5 day period, the surviving insects were captured. Another 50 insects were then released into each room. The capacity of the fungus at reducing mosquito survival was evaluated over a total of 35 days. Results Conidia extracted from cloths maintained on the veranda for 2 to 18 days remained virulent, with 28 to 60% mosquito survival observed. Mosquito survival following exposure to fungus impregnated cloths showed that fungus + Tween caused similar reductions to that of fungus + vegetable oil. Mosquitoes exposed to the formulation fungus + vegetable oil had survival rates of 36% over the first 5 days of the experiment. Following the release of the second cohort of mosquitoes (6-11days), survival increased to 50%. The survival of the 12–17 day cohort (78%) was statistically equal to that of the controls (84%). Formulation of the fungus in vegetable oil + isoparaffin increased the persistence of the fungus, with the 18–23 day cohort (64% survival) still showing statistical differences to that of the controls (87% survival). Conclusions The potential of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of adult A. aegypti was confirmed under field conditions. Vegetable oil + isoparaffin formulations of M. anisopliae significantly increased the effectiveness of the fungus, thus reducing the need for frequent changes of black cloths in residences. Our future aim is to obtain effective control of mosquito populations, with cloths only needing to being replaced once a month.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard I Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil.
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Preparation, characterization, and insecticidal activity evaluation of three different formulations of Beauveria bassiana against Musca domestica. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3485-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Evolution of insect arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases: structural evidence from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11669-74. [PMID: 22753468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206828109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (aaNAT) catalyzes the transacetylation from acetyl-CoA to arylalkylamines. aaNATs are involved in sclerotization and neurotransmitter inactivation in insects. Phyletic distribution analysis confirms three clusters of aaNAT-like sequences in insects: typical insect aaNAT, polyamine NAT-like aaNAT, and mosquito unique putative aaNAT (paaNAT). Here we studied three proteins: aaNAT2, aaNAT5b, and paaNAT7, each from a different cluster. aaNAT2, a protein from the typical insect aaNAT cluster, uses histamine as a substrate as well as the previously identified arylalkylamines. aaNAT5b, a protein from polyamine NAT -like aaNAT cluster, uses hydrazine and histamine as substrates. The crystal structure of aaNAT2 was determined using single-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods, and that of native aaNAT2, aaNAT5b and paaNAT7 was detected using molecular replacement techniques. All three aaNAT structures have a common fold core of GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily proteins, along with a unique structural feature: helix/helices between β3 and β4 strands. Our data provide a start toward a more comprehensive understanding of the structure-function relationship and physiology of aaNATs from the mosquito Aedes aegypti and serve as a reference for studying the aaNAT family of proteins from other insect species. The structures of three different types of aaNATs may provide targets for designing insecticides for use in mosquito control.
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Ansari MA, Butt TM. Susceptibility of different developmental stages of large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to entomopathogenic fungi and effect of fungal infection to adult weevils by formulation and application methods. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:33-40. [PMID: 22659253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, is a major pest in European conifer forests causing millions of Euros of damage annually. Larvae develop in the stumps of recently felled trees; the emerging adults feed on the bark of seedlings and may kill them. This study investigated the susceptibility of different developmental stages of H. abietis to commercial and commercially viable isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium and Beauveria. All the developmental stages of H. abietis can be killed by Metarhizium robertsii, Metarhizium brunneum, and Beauveria bassiana. The most virulent isolate of M. robertsii ARSEF4556 caused 100% mortality of pupae, larvae and adults on day 4, 6 and 12, respectively. This strain was further tested against adult weevils in different concentrations (10(5)-10(8) conidia cm(-2) or ml(-1)) using two types of fungal formulation: 'dry' conidia and 'wet' conidia (suspended in 0.03% aq. Tween 80) applied on different substrates (tissue paper, peat and Sitka spruce seedlings). 'Dry' conidia were more effective than 'wet' conidia on tissue paper and on spruce or 'dry' conidia premixed in peat. The LC(50) value for 'dry' conidia of isolate ARSEF4556 was three folds lower than 'wet' conidia on tissue paper. This study showed that 'dry' conidia are more effective than 'wet' conidia, causing 100% adult mortality within 12 days. Possible strategies for fungal applications are discussed in light of the high susceptibility of larvae and pupae to fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshad A Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Luz C, Rodrigues J, Rocha LF. Diatomaceous earth and oil enhance effectiveness of Metarhizium anisopliae against Triatoma infestans. Acta Trop 2012; 122:29-35. [PMID: 22155570 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi, especially Metarhizium anisopliae, have potential for integrated control of peridomestic triatomine bugs. However, the high susceptibility of these vectors to fungal infection at elevated ambient humidities decreases in the comparatively dry conditions that often prevail in their microhabitats. A formulation adapted to this target pest that induces high and quick mortality can help to overcome these drawbacks. In the present study diatomaceous earth, which is used against pests of stored grains or as an additive to mycoinsecticides, delayed but did not reduce in vitro germination of M. anisopliae s.l. IP 46 conidia after >24h agitation without affecting viability, and did not hamper the survival of Triatoma infestans nymphs exposed to treated surfaces. The settling behavior of nymphs on a treated surface in choice tests depended on the concentration of diatomaceous earth and ambient light level. Conidia formulated with diatomaceous earth and a vegetable oil synergized the insecticidal effect of the fungus in nymphs, and quickly killed all treated insects, even at 75% relative humidity (LT(90) 8.3 days) where unformulated conidia caused only 25% mortality after a 25 days exposure. The improved performance of a combined oil and desiccant dust formulation of this Metarhizium isolate raises the likelihood for its successful mycoinsecticidal use for triatomine control and, apparently, against other domestic insect pests.
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Rocha LF, Silva IG, Luz C. Activity of some hypocrealean fungi collected in a Cerrado ecosystem against Rhodnius spp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions. Acta Trop 2011; 118:63-6. [PMID: 21251907 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypocrealean invertebrate-pathogenic fungi Lecanicillium psalliotae, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Pochonia chlamydosporia isolated from soils in Central Brazil were tested against palm-dwelling Rhodnius neglectus, R. nasutus, R. prolixus, and R. robustus; all of these insects are vectors of Chagas disease. Particularly R. neglectus and R. nasutus, which are both important secondary intruders of human habitations were susceptible to all three of the fungi tested, and fungi sporulated successfully on the cadavers. This is the first report of activity of L. psalliotae, P. lilacinus and P. chlamydosporia against Rhodnius spp., and these fungi have interest for integrated control of triatomine vectors.
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Survival of anopheline eggs and their susceptibility to infection with Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana under laboratory conditions. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:751-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bukhari T, Takken W, Koenraadt CJM. Development of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana formulations for control of malaria mosquito larvae. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:23. [PMID: 21342492 PMCID: PMC3051916 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have demonstrated effectiveness against anopheline larvae in the laboratory. However, utilising these fungi for the control of anopheline larvae under field conditions, relies on development of effective means of application as well as reducing their sensitivity to UV radiation, high temperatures and the inevitable contact with water. This study was conducted to develop formulations that facilitate the application of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana spores for the control of anopheline larvae, and also improve their persistence under field conditions. Methods Laboratory bioassays were conducted to test the ability of aqueous (0.1% Tween 80), dry (organic and inorganic) and oil (mineral and synthetic) formulations to facilitate the spread of fungal spores over the water surface and improve the efficacy of formulated spores against anopheline larvae as well as improve spore survival after application. Field bioassays were then carried out to test the efficacy of the most promising formulation under field conditions in western Kenya. Results When formulated in a synthetic oil (ShellSol T), fungal spores of both Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were easy to mix and apply to the water surface. This formulation was more effective against anopheline larvae than 0.1% Tween 80, dry powders or mineral oil formulations. ShellSol T also improved the persistence of fungal spores after application to the water. Under field conditions in Kenya, the percentage pupation of An. gambiae was significantly reduced by 39 - 50% by the ShellSol T-formulated Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana spores as compared to the effects of the application of unformulated spores. Conclusions ShellSol T is an effective carrier for fungal spores when targeting anopheline larvae under both laboratory and field conditions. Entomopathogenic fungi formulated with a suitable carrier are a promising tool for control of larval populations of malaria mosquitoes. Additional studies are required to identify the best delivery method (where, when and how) to make use of the entomopathogenic potential of these fungi against anopheline larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullu Bukhari
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Vavricka C, Han Q, Huang Y, Erickson SM, Harich K, Christensen BM, Li J. From L-dopa to dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde: a toxic biochemical pathway plays a vital physiological function in insects. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16124. [PMID: 21283636 PMCID: PMC3026038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One protein in Aedes aegypti, classified into the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) family based on extremely high sequence homology (∼70%) with dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), was biochemically investigated. Our data revealed that this predicted AAAD protein use L-dopa as a substrate, as does Ddc, but it catalyzes the production of 3,4-dihydroxylphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA) directly from L-dopa and apparently has nothing to do with the production of any aromatic amine. The protein is therefore named DHPAA synthase. This subsequently led to the identification of the same enzyme in Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus by an initial prediction of putative DHPAA synthase based on sequence homology and subsequent verification of DHPAA synthase identity through protein expression and activity assays. DHPAA is highly toxic because its aldehyde group readily reacts with the primary amino groups of proteins, leading to protein crosslinking and inactivation. It has previously been demonstrated by several research groups that Drosophila DHPAA synthase was expressed in tissues that produce cuticle materials and apparent defects in regions of colorless, flexible cuticular structures have been observed in its gene mutants. The presence of free amino groups in proteins, the high reactivity of DHPAA with the free amino groups, and the genetically ascertained function of the Drosophila DHPAA synthase in the formation of colorless, flexible cuticle, when taken together, suggest that mosquito and Drosophila DHPAA synthases are involved in the formation of flexible cuticle through their reactive DHPAA-mediated protein crosslinking reactions. Our data illustrate how a seemingly highly toxic pathway can serve for an important physiological function in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Vavricka
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yongping Huang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara M. Erickson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kim Harich
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Christensen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Improving Formulations for Biopesticides: Enhanced UV Protection for Beneficial Microbes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1520/jai102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mnyone LL, Koenraadt CJ, Lyimo IN, Mpingwa MW, Takken W, Russell TL. Anopheline and culicine mosquitoes are not repelled by surfaces treated with the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:80. [PMID: 20799937 PMCID: PMC2939606 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, are promising bio-pesticides for application against adult malaria mosquito vectors. An understanding of the behavioural responses of mosquitoes towards these fungi is necessary to guide development of fungi beyond the 'proof of concept' stage and to design suitable intervention tools. Methods Here we tested whether oil-formulations of the two fungi could be detected and avoided by adult Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. The bioassays used a glass chamber divided into three compartments (each 250 × 250 × 250 mm): release, middle and stimulus compartments. Netting with or without fungus was fitted in front of the stimulus compartment. Mosquitoes were released and the proportion that entered the stimulus compartment was determined and compared between treatments. Treatments were untreated netting (control 1), netting with mineral oil (control 2) and fungal conidia formulated in mineral oil evaluated at three different dosages (2 × 1010, 4 × 1010 and 8 × 1010 conidia m-2). Results Neither fungal strain was repellent as the mean proportion of mosquitoes collected in the stimulus compartment did not differ between experiments with surfaces treated with and without fungus regardless of the fungal isolate and mosquito species tested. Conclusion Our results indicate that mineral-oil formulations of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were not repellent against the mosquito species tested. Therefore, both fungi are suitable candidates for the further development of tools that aim to control host-seeking or resting mosquitoes using entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladslaus L Mnyone
- Biomedical and Environmental Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P,O, Box 53, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, Tanzania.
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Albernaz DAS, Tai MHH, Luz C. Enhanced ovicidal activity of an oil formulation of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on the mosquito Aedes aegypti. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 23:141-147. [PMID: 19309438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of humidity on the activity of Metarhizium anisopliae IP 46 (Metsch.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) formulated in sunflower oil against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs was examined. After exposure of eggs at 75% relative humidity (RH) for <or= 25 days, ovicidal activity was not increased by oil-in-water formulated conidia, hyphal bodies or pure-oil formulated conidia, compared with conidia or hyphal bodies prepared in water only. At optimal > 98% RH, eclosion was <or= 13.7% after treatment with oil-in-water formulated propagules in <or= 10% oil, and it was completely inhibited when conidia were applied in pure oil. At 86-100% RH, new conidia were found on eggs treated with oil-formulated conidia and incubated down to 91% RH. Ovicidal activity was still detected at 93% RH and was augmented with increasing humidity and time of exposure of eggs. Eclosion of larvae was distinctly reduced by IP 46 pure-oil formulated conidia after a minimal initial exposure of 3 days at > 98% RH, followed by: (a) a 12-day exposure at 75% RH before submersion in water; (b) a minimal 5-day exposure at > 98% RH and direct subsequent transfer of treated eggs to water, or (c) a minimal daily 20-h exposure at > 98% RH alternating with 4 h at 75% RH for 10 days. We demonstrate that oil-based formulations of conidia of M. anisopliae enhance ovicidal activity at high humidities and conclude that these formulations have potential in the integrated control of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A S Albernaz
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Immunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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