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Cela I, Capone E, Trevisi G, Sala G. Extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma: Biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 101:25-43. [PMID: 38754752 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor among the gliomas and intracranial tumors and to date prognosis for GBM patients remains poor, with a median survival typically measured in months to a few years depending on various factors. Although standardized therapies are routinely employed, it is clear that these strategies are unable to cope with heterogeneity and invasiveness of GBM. Furthermore, diagnosis and monitoring of responses to therapies are directly dependent on tissue biopsies or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. From this point of view, liquid biopsies are arising as key sources of a variety of biomarkers with the advantage of being easily accessible and monitorable. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs), physiologically shed into body fluids by virtually all cells, are gaining increasing interest both as natural carriers of biomarkers and as specific signatures even for GBM. What makes these vesicles particularly attractive is they are also emerging as therapeutical vehicles to treat GBM given their native ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we reviewed recent advances on the use of EVs as biomarker for liquid biopsy and nanocarriers for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cela
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emily Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Trevisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy; Neurosurgical Unit, Santo Spirito Hospital, Pescara 65121, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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2
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Ahirwar K, Kumar A, Srivastava N, Saraf SA, Shukla R. Harnessing the potential of nanoengineered siRNAs carriers for target responsive glioma therapy: Recent progress and future opportunities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131048. [PMID: 38522697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Past scientific testimonials in the field of glioma research, the deadliest tumor among all brain cancer types with the life span of 10-15 months after diagnosis is considered as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Even though the availability of treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, are unable to completely cure GBM due to tumor microenvironment complexity, intrinsic cellular signalling, and genetic mutations which are involved in chemoresistance. The blood-brain barrier is accountable for restricting drugs entry at the tumor location and related biological challenges like endocytic degradation, short systemic circulation, and insufficient cellular penetration lead to tumor aggression and progression. The above stated challenges can be better mitigated by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) by knockdown genes responsible for tumor progression and resistance. However, siRNA encounters with challenges like inefficient cellular transfection, short circulation time, endogenous degradation, and off-target effects. The novel functionalized nanocarrier approach in conjunction with biological and chemical modification offers an intriguing potential to address challenges associated with the naked siRNA and efficiently silence STAT3, coffilin-1, EGFR, VEGF, SMO, MGMT, HAO-1, GPX-4, TfR, LDLR and galectin-1 genes in GBM tumor. This review highlights the nanoengineered siRNA carriers, their recent advancements, future perspectives, and strategies to overcome the systemic siRNA delivery challenges for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Ahirwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P. 226002, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P. 226002, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P. 226002, India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P. 226002, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P. 226002, India.
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Qiu H, Liang J, Yang G, Xie Z, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Nanda HS, Zhou H, Huang Y, Peng X, Lu C, Chen H, Zhou Y. Application of exosomes in tumor immunity: recent progresses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372847. [PMID: 38633106 PMCID: PMC11021734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm. They contain proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other bioactive molecules, which play a crucial role in intercellular communication and material transfer. In tumor immunity, exosomes present various functions while the following two are of great importance: regulating the immune response and serving as delivery carriers. This review starts with the introduction of the formation, compositions, functions, isolation, characterization, and applications of exosomes, and subsequently discusses the current status of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy, and the recent applications of exosome-based tumor immunity regulation and antitumor drug delivery. Finally, current challenge and future prospects are proposed and hope to demonstrate inspiration for targeted readers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junting Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Lab, Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chengyu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huizhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yubin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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4
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Yin W, Ma H, Qu Y, Wang S, Zhao R, Yang Y, Guo ZN. Targeted exosome-based nanoplatform for new-generation therapeutic strategies. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032002. [PMID: 38471163 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, typically 30-150 nm in size, are lipid-bilayered small-membrane vesicles originating in endosomes. Exosome biogenesis is regulated by the coordination of various mechanisms whereby different cargoes (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) are sorted into exosomes. These components endow exosomes with bioregulatory functions related to signal transmission and intercellular communication. Exosomes exhibit substantial potential as drug-delivery nanoplatforms owing to their excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Proteins, miRNA, siRNA, mRNA, and drugs have been successfully loaded into exosomes, and these exosome-based delivery systems show satisfactory therapeutic effects in different disease models. To enable targeted drug delivery, genetic engineering and chemical modification of the lipid bilayer of exosomes are performed. Stimuli-responsive delivery nanoplatforms designed with appropriate modifications based on various stimuli allow precise control of on-demand drug delivery and can be utilized in clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize the general properties, isolation methods, characterization, biological functions, and the potential role of exosomes in therapeutic delivery systems. Moreover, the effective combination of the intrinsic advantages of exosomes and advanced bioengineering, materials science, and clinical translational technologies are required to accelerate the development of exosome-based delivery nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yin
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyin Ma
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Qu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Siji Wang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, People's Republic of China
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Ray R, Chowdhury SG, Karmakar P. A vivid outline demonstrating the benefits of exosome-mediated drug delivery in CNS-associated disease environments. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109906. [PMID: 38272158 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of drug delivery mechanisms has been improvised with time for different therapeutic purposes. In most cases, nano-sized delivery systems have been modeled over decades for the on-target applicability of the drugs. The use of synthetic drug delivery materials has been a common practice, although research has now focussed more on using natural vehicles, to avoid the side effects of synthetic delivery systems and easy acceptance by the body. Exosome is such a natural nano-sized vehicle that exceeds the efficiency of many natural vehicles, for being immune-friendly, due to its origin. Unlike, other natural drug delivery systems, exosomes are originated within the body's cells, and from there, they happen to travel through the extracellular matrices into neighboring cells. This capacity of exosomes has made them an efficient drug delivery system over recent years and now a large number of researches have been carried out to develop exosomes as natural drug delivery vehicles. Several experimental strategies have been practiced in this regard which have shown that exosomes are exclusively capable of carrying drugs and they can also be used in targeted delivery, for which they efficiently can reach and release the drug at their target cells for consecutive effects. One of the most interesting features of exosomes is they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the body and hence, for the disease where other delivery vehicles are incapable of reaching the destination of the drug, exosomes can overcome the hurdle. This review particularly, focuses on the different aspects of using exosomes as a potential nano-sized drug delivery system for some of the severe diseases associated with the central nervous system of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachayeeta Ray
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Wang B, Cheng D, Ma D, Chen R, Li D, Zhao W, Fang C, Ji M. Mutual regulation of PD-L1 immunosuppression between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells: a critical role for exosomes. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:21. [PMID: 38195554 PMCID: PMC10775441 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells primarily employ the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to thwart the anti-tumor capabilities of T lymphocytes, inducing immunosuppression. This occurs through the direct interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 on T lymphocyte surfaces. Recent research focusing on the tumor microenvironment has illuminated the pivotal role of immune cells, particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in facilitating PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression. Exosomes, characterized by their ability to convey information and be engulfed by cells, significantly contribute to promoting TAM involvement in establishing PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. Exosomes, characterized by their ability to convey information and be engulfed by cells, significantly contribute to promoting TAM involvement in establishing PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. In addition to receiving signals from tumor-derived exosomes that promote PD-L1 expression, TAMs also exert control over PD-L1 expression in tumor cells through the release of exosomes. This paper aims to summarize the mechanisms by which exosomes participate in this process, identify crucial factors that influence these mechanisms, and explore innovative strategies for inhibiting or reversing the tumor-promoting effects of TAMs by targeting exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglu Wang
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Daoan Cheng
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Danyu Ma
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Dong Li
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Weiqing Zhao
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Departments of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213003, China.
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Li X, Jing Z, Li X, Liu L, Xiao X, Zhong Y, Ren Z. The role of exosomes in cancer-related programmed cell death. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:169-180. [PMID: 37950410 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises from the growth and division of uncontrolled erroneous cells. Programmed cell death (PCD), or regulated cell death (RCD), includes natural processes that eliminate damaged or abnormal cells. Dysregulation of PCD is a hallmark of cancer, as cancer cells often evade cell death and continue to proliferate. Exosomes nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by different types of cells carrying a variety of molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, to have indispensable role in the communication between cells, and can influence various cellular processes, including PCD. Exosomes have been shown to modulate PCD in cancer cells by transferring pro- or antideath molecules to neighboring cells. Additionally, exosomes can facilitate the spread of PCD to surrounding cancer cells, making them promising in the treatment of various cancers. The exosomes' diagnostic potential in cancer is also an active area of research. Exosomes can be isolated from a wide range of bodily fluids and tissues, such as blood and urine, and can provide a noninvasive way to monitor cancer progression and treatment response. Furthermore, exosomes have also been employed as a delivery system for therapeutic agents. By engineering exosomes to carry drugs or other therapeutic molecules, they can be targeted specifically to cancer cells, reducing toxicity to healthy tissues. Here, we discussed exosomes in the diagnosis and prevention of cancers, tumor immunotherapy, and drug delivery, as well as in different types of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zuoqian Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong provincial People's hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Yifan Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihan Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Lo YC, Lin WJ. Improve BBB Penetration and Cytotoxicity of Palbociclib in U87-MG Glioblastoma Cells Delivered by Dual Peptide Functionalized Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2429. [PMID: 37896189 PMCID: PMC10610156 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Palbociclib (PBC) is an FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitor used for breast cancer treatment. PBC has been demonstrated its ability to suppress the proliferation of glioma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. However, the efflux transporters on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the delivery of PBC to the brain. The nano-delivery strategy with BBB-penetrating and glioma-targeting abilities was designed. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) was functionalized with the potential peptide, T7 targeting peptide and/or R9 penetrating peptide, to prepare PBC-loaded nanoparticles (PBC@NPs). The size of PBC@NPs was in the range of 168.4 ± 4.3-185.8 ± 4.4 nm (PDI < 0.2), and the zeta potential ranged from -17.8 ± 1.4 mV to -14.3 ± 1.0 mV dependent of conjugated peptide. The transport of PBC@NPs across the bEnd.3 cell model was in the order of dual-peptide modified NPs > T7-peptide modified NPs > peptide-free NPs > free PBC, indicating facilitated delivery of PBC by NPs, particularly the T7/R9 dual-peptide modified NPs. Moreover, PBC@NPs significantly enhanced U87-MG glioma cell apoptosis by 2.3-6.5 folds relative to PBC, where the dual-peptide modified NPs was the most effective one. In conclusion, the PBC loaded dual-peptide functionalized NPs improved cellular uptake in bEnd.3 cells followed by targeting to U87-MG glioma cells, leading to effective cytotoxicity and promoting cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Jen Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan;
- Drug Research Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan
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Nehmé R, St-Pierre Y. Targeting intracellular galectins for cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269391. [PMID: 37753083 PMCID: PMC10518623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable attention has been paid to the role of extracellular galectins in modulating, positively or negatively, tumor growth and metastasis, we have witnessed a growing interest in the role of intracellular galectins in response to their environment. This is not surprising as many galectins preferentially exist in cytosolic and nuclear compartments, which is consistent with the fact that they are exported outside the cells via a yet undefined non-classical mechanism. This review summarizes our most recent knowledge of their intracellular functions in cancer cells and provides some directions for future strategies to inhibit their role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
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Xu C, Wang P, Guo H, Shao C, Liao B, Gong S, Zhou Y, Yang B, Jiang H, Zhang G, Wu N. MiR-146a-5p deficiency in extracellular vesicles of glioma-associated macrophages promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:206. [PMID: 37391426 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) are pivotal chains in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). GAMs mostly display M2-like phenotypes with anti-inflammatory features related to the malignancy and progression of cancers. Extracellular vesicles derived from immunosuppressive GAMs (M2-EVs), the essential components of the TIME, greatly impact the malignant behavior of GBM cells. M1- or M2-EVs were isolated in vitro, and human GBM cell invasion and migration were reinforced under M2-EV treatment. Signatures of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were also enhanced by M2-EVs. Compared with M1-EVs, miR-146a-5p, considered the key factor in TIME regulation, was deficient in M2-EVs according to miRNA-sequencing. When the miR-146a-5p mimic was added, EMT signatures and the invasive and migratory abilities of GBM cells were correspondingly weakened. Public databases predicted the miRNA binding targets and interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were screened as miR-146a-5p binding genes. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation and coimmunoprecipitation confirmed interactions between TRAF6 and IRAK1. The correlation between TRAF6 and IRAK1 was evaluated with immunofluorescence (IF)-stained clinical glioma samples. The TRAF6-IRAK1 complex is the switch and the brake that modulates IKK complex phosphorylation and NF-κB pathway activation, as well as the EMT behaviors of GBM cells. Furthermore, a homograft nude mouse model was explored and mice transplanted with TRAF6/IRAK1-overexpressing glioma cells had shorter survival times while mice transplanted with glioma cells with miR-146a-5p overexpression or TRAF6/IRAK1 knockdown lived longer. This work indicated that in the TIME of GBM, the deficiency of miR-146a-5p in M2-EVs enhances tumor EMT through disinhibition of the TRAF6-IRAK1 complex and IKK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway providing a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the TIME of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Shao
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liao
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanghao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingjie Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China.
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