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Pereyra EV, Godoy Coto J, Velez Rueda JO, Cavalli FA, González Arbelaez LF, Fantinelli JC, Aranda O, Colman Lerner JE, Portiansky EL, Mosca SM, Ennis IL. Beneficial Consequences of One-Month Oral Treatment with Cannabis Oil on Cardiac Hypertrophy and the Mitochondrial Pool in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2025; 10:e134-e144. [PMID: 39137344 DOI: 10.1089/can.2024.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: It has been demonstrated the dysregulation of the cardiac endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the modulation of this system through the administration of phytocannabinoids present in medicinal cannabis oil (CO) emerges as a promising therapeutic approach. Furthermore, phytocannabinoids exhibit potent antioxidant properties, making them highly desirable in the treatment of cardiac pathologies, such as hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy (CH). Objective: To evaluate the effect of CO treatment on hypertrophy and mitochondrial status in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) hearts. Methods: Three-month-old male SHR were randomly assigned to CO or olive oil (vehicle) oral treatment for 1 month. We evaluated cardiac mass and histology, mitochondrial dynamics, membrane potential, area and density, myocardial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and citrate synthase (CS) activity and expression. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n) and compared by t-test, or two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were used as appropriate. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: CH was reduced by CO treatment, as indicated by the left ventricular weight/tibia length ratio, left ventricular mass index, myocyte cross-sectional area, and left ventricle collagen volume fraction. The ejection fraction was preserved in the CO-treated group despite the persistence of elevated systolic blood pressure and the reduction in CH. Mitochondrial membrane potential was improved and mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, area, and density were all increased by treatment. Moreover, the activity and expression of the CS were enhanced by treatment, whereas ROS production was decreased and the antioxidant activity of SOD increased by CO administration. Conclusion: Based on the mentioned results, we propose that 1-month oral treatment with CO is effective to reduce hypertrophy, improve the mitochondrial pool and increase the antioxidant capacity in SHR hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Vanesa Pereyra
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Joshua Godoy Coto
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge Omar Velez Rueda
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Anabel Cavalli
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luisa Fernanda González Arbelaez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juliana Catalina Fantinelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oswaldo Aranda
- Programa Ambiental de extensión universitaria (PAEU). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Enrique Leo Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Susana Maria Mosca
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Irene Lucia Ennis
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Horacio E. Cingolani", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Maya-López M, Monsalvo-Maraver LA, Delgado-Arzate AL, Olivera-Pérez CI, El-Hafidi M, Silva-Palacios A, Medina-Campos O, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Aschner M, Tinkov AA, Túnez I, Retana-Márquez S, Zazueta C, Santamaría A. Anandamide and WIN 55212-2 Afford Protection in Rat Brain Mitochondria in a Toxic Model Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid: an In Vitro Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6435-6452. [PMID: 38307967 PMCID: PMC11338978 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. In contrast, the regulation of the endocannabinoid system has been shown to promote neuroprotection in different neurotoxic paradigms. The existence of an active form of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in mitochondrial membranes (mitCB1R), which might exert its effects through the same signaling mechanisms as the cell membrane CB1R, has been shown to regulate mitochondrial activity. Although there is evidence suggesting that some cannabinoids may induce protective effects on isolated mitochondria, substantial evidence on the role of cannabinoids in mitochondria remains to be explored. In this work, we developed a toxic model of mitochondrial dysfunction induced by exposure of brain mitochondria to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Mitochondria were also pre-incubated with the endogenous agonist anandamide (AEA) and the synthetic CB1R agonist WIN 55212-2 to evaluate their protective effects. Mitochondrial reduction capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and mitochondrial swelling were assessed as toxic markers. While 3-NP decreased the mitochondrial reduction capacity and augmented mitochondrial ROS formation and swelling, both AEA and WIN 55212-2 ameliorated these toxic effects. To explore the possible involvement of mitCB1R activation on the protective effects of AEA and WIN 55212-2, mitochondria were also pre-incubated in the presence of the selective CB1R antagonist AM281, which completely reverted the protective effects of the cannabinoids to levels similar to those evoked by 3-NP. These results show partial protective effects of cannabinoids, suggesting that mitCB1R activation may be involved in the recovery of compromised mitochondrial activity, related to reduction of ROS formation and further prevention of mitochondrial swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Maya-López
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, SSA, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Silva-Palacios
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, SSA, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Medina-Campos
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Maimónides de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Red Española de Excelencia en Estimulación Cerebral (REDESTIM), 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Socorro Retana-Márquez
- Departamento de Biología de La Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09310, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, SSA, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Paraquat and Diquat: Recent Updates on Their Pretreatment and Analysis Methods since 2010 in Biological Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020684. [PMID: 36677742 PMCID: PMC9866389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) are quaternary ammonium herbicides which have been used worldwide for controlling the growth of weeds on land and in water. However, PQ and DQ are well known to be toxic. PQ is especially toxic to humans. Moreover, there is no specific antidote for PQ poisoning. The main treatment for PQ poisoning is hemoperfusion to reduce the PQ concentration in blood. Therefore, it is essential to be able to detect PQ and DQ concentrations in biological samples. This critical review summarizes the articles published from 2010 to 2022 and can help researchers to understand the development of the sample treatment and analytical methods for the determination of PQ and DQ in various types of biological samples. The sample preparation includes liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction based on different novel materials, microextration methods, and other methods. Analytical methods for quantifying PQ and DQ, such as different chromatography and spectroscopy methods, electrochemical methods, and immunological methods, are illustrated and compared. We focus on the latest advances in PQ and DQ treatment and the application of new technologies for these analyses. In our opinion, tandem mass spectrometry is a good choice for the determination of PQ and DQ, due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, and high accuracy. As far as we are concerned, the best LOD of 4 pg/mL for PQ in serum can be obtained.
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Cherkasova V, Wang B, Gerasymchuk M, Fiselier A, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids for Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5142. [PMID: 36291926 PMCID: PMC9600568 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an ancient homeostasis mechanism operating from embryonic stages to adulthood. It controls the growth and development of many cells and cell lineages. Dysregulation of the components of the ECS may result in uncontrolled proliferation, adhesion, invasion, inhibition of apoptosis and increased vascularization, leading to the development of various malignancies. Cancer is the disease of uncontrolled cell division. In this review, we will discuss whether the changes to the ECS are a cause or a consequence of malignization and whether different tissues react differently to changes in the ECS. We will discuss the potential use of cannabinoids for treatment of cancer, focusing on primary outcome/care-tumor shrinkage and eradication, as well as secondary outcome/palliative care-improvement of life quality, including pain, appetite, sleep, and many more factors. Finally, we will complete this review with the chapter on sex- and gender-specific differences in ECS and response to cannabinoids, and equality of the access to treatments with cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Cherkasova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Marta Gerasymchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Anna Fiselier
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Bajaj S, Zameer S, Jain S, Yadav V, Vohora D. Effect of the MAGL/FAAH Dual Inhibitor JZL-195 on Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-like Sporadic Dementia in Mice with an Emphasis on Aβ, HSP-70, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:920-932. [PMID: 35316021 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is identified by pathological hallmarks such as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid β plaques. Several hypotheses exist to define the neurodegeneration including microglial activation associated with neuroinflammatory processes. Recently, pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid (eCB)-degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), is being investigated to modulate the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. While MAGL inhibitors upregulate 2-acyl glycerol (2-AG) levels and reduce neuroinflammation, FAAH inhibitors elevate anandamide (AEA) levels and prevent the degradation of HSP-70, thereby preventing the phosphorylation of tau protein and formation of NFTs in neural cells. We investigated the possible neuroprotective potential of the dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor JZL-195 (20 mg/kg) against ICV-STZ-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) in Swiss albino mice using donepezil (5 mg/kg) as the standard. The protective effects of JZL-195 were observed by the reversal of altered levels of Aβ1-42, HSP-70, neuroinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers. However, JZL-195 expressed no cognitive improvement when assessed by spontaneous alternation behavior and Morris water maze tests and no effects on the AChE enzyme level in the hippocampal tissues of mice. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicate that although JZL-195 exhibited no improvement in cognitive deficits associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, it displayed significant reversal of the biochemical anomalies, thereby suggesting its therapeutic potential against the sporadic Alzheimer's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanshu Bajaj
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Saima Zameer
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Vaishali Yadav
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacological Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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Correia B, Fernandes J, Botica MJ, Ferreira C, Quintas A. Novel Psychoactive Substances: The Razor's Edge between Therapeutical Potential and Psychoactive Recreational Misuse. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:medicines9030019. [PMID: 35323718 PMCID: PMC8950629 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds of natural and synthetic origin, similar to traditional drugs of abuse. NPS are involved in a contemporary trend whose origin lies in a thinner balance between legitimate therapeutic drug research and legislative control. The contemporary NPS trend resulted from the replacement of MDMA by synthetic cathinones in 'ecstasy' during the 2000s. The most common NPS are synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. Interestingly, during the last 50 years, these two classes of NPS have been the object of scientific research for a set of health conditions. METHODS Searches were conducted in the online database PubMed using boolean equations. RESULTS Synthetic cannabinoids displayed protective and therapeutic effects for inflammatory, neurodegenerative and oncologic pathologies, activating the immune system and reducing inflammation. Synthetic cathinones act similarly to amphetamine-type stimulants and can be used for depression and chronic fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Despite the scientific advances in this field of research, pharmacological application of NPS is being jeopardized by fatalities associated with their recreational use. This review addresses the scientific achievements of these two classes of NPS and the toxicological data, ending with a reflection on Illicit and NPS control frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Correia
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria João Botica
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPO), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carla Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Rua Professor Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal; (B.C.); (J.F.); (C.F.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, 2825-084 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Bajaj S, Jain S, Vyas P, Bawa S, Vohora D. The role of endocannabinoid pathway in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease: Can the inhibitors of MAGL and FAAH prove to be potential therapeutic targets against the cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease? Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:305-322. [PMID: 34217798 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline of cognitive function in combination with neuronal death. Current approved treatment target single dysregulated pathway instead of multiple mechanism, resulting in lack of efficacy in slowing down disease progression. The proclivity of endocannabinoid system to exert neuroprotective action and mitigate symptoms of neurodegeneration condition has received substantial interest. Growing evidence suggest the endocannabinoids (eCB) system, viz. anadamide (AEA) and arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), as potential therapeutic targets with the ability to modify Alzheimer's pathology by targeting the inflammatory, neurodegenerative and cognitive aspects of the disease. In order to modulate endocannabinoid system, number of agents have been reported amongst which are inhibitors of the monoacylglycerol (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzymes that hydrolyses 2-AG and AEA respectively. However, little is known regarding the exact mechanistic signalling and their effects on pathophysiology and cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Both MAGL and FAAH inhibitors possess fascinating properties that may offer a multi-faceted approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease such as potential to protect neurons from deleterious effect of amyloid-β, reducing phosphorylation of tau, reducing amyloid-β induced oxidative stress, stimulating neurotrophin to support brain intrinsic repair mechanism etc. Based on empirical evidence, MAGL and FAAH inhibitors might have potential for therapeutic efficacy against cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the experimental studies demonstrating the polyvalent properties of MAGL or FAAH inhibitor compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and also effect of these on learning and types of memories, which together encourage to study these compounds over other therapeutics targets. Further research in this direction would enhance the molecular mechanisms and development of applicable interventions for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which nevertheless stay as the primary unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanshu Bajaj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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8
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Datta S, Jaiswal M. Mitochondrial calcium at the synapse. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:135-153. [PMID: 33895346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, which serve various purposes, including but not limited to the production of ATP and various metabolites, buffering ions, acting as a signaling hub, etc. In recent years, mitochondria are being seen as the central regulators of cellular growth, development, and death. Since neurons are highly specialized cells with a heavy metabolic demand, it is not surprising that neurons are one of the most mitochondria-rich cells in an animal. At synapses, mitochondrial function and dynamics is tightly regulated by synaptic calcium. Calcium influx during synaptic activity causes increased mitochondrial calcium influx leading to an increased ATP production as well as buffering of synaptic calcium. While increased ATP production is required during synaptic transmission, calcium buffering by mitochondria is crucial to prevent faulty neurotransmission and excitotoxicity. Interestingly, mitochondrial calcium also regulates the mobility of mitochondria within synapses causing mitochondria to halt at the synapse during synaptic transmission. In this review, we summarize the various roles of mitochondrial calcium at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Datta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India.
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Maleki MF, Nadri H, Kianfar M, Edraki N, Eisvand F, Ghodsi R, Mohajeri SA, Hadizadeh F. Design and synthesis of new carbamates as inhibitors for fatty acid amide hydrolase and cholinesterases: Molecular dynamic, in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104684. [PMID: 33607363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) shows neuroprotective effects, the inhibition of its degradative enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has been considered as a hopeful avenue for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memory loss, cognitive impairment and diminution of the cholinergic tone, due to the dying cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, are common hallmarks in patients with AD. By taking advantage of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), the degradation of acetylcholine (ACh) is decreased leading to enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission in the aforementioned region and ultimately improves the clinical condition of AD patients. In this work, new carbamates were designed as inhibitors of FAAH and cholinestrases (ChEs) (acetylcholinestrase (AChE), butyrylcholinestrase (BuChE)) inspired by the structure of the native substrates, structure of active sites and the SARs of the well-known inhibitors of these enzymes. All the designed compounds were synthesized using different reactions. All the target compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against FAAH and ChEs by employing the Cayman assay kit and Elman method respectively. Generally, compounds possessing aminomethyl phenyl linker was more potent compared to their corresponding compounds possessing piperazinyl ethyl linker. The inhibitory potential of the compounds 3a-q extended from 0.83 ± 0.03 μM (3i) to ˃100 μM (3a) for FAAH, 0.39 ± 0.02 μM (3i) to 24% inhibition in 113 ± 4.8 μM (3b) for AChE, and 1.8 ± 3.2 μM (3i) to 23.2 ± 0.2 μM (3b) for BuChE. Compound 3i a heptyl carbamate analog possessing 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin ring and aminomethyl phenyl linker showed the most inhibitory activity against three enzymes. Also, compound 3i was investigated for memory improvement using the Morris water maze test in which the compound showed better memory improvement at 10 mg/kg compared to reference drug rivastigmine at 2.5 mg/kg. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies of compound 3i into the enzymes displayed the possible interactions of key residues of the active sites with compound 3i. Finally, kinetic study indicated that 3i inhibits AChE through the mixed- mode mechanism and non-competitive inhibition mechanism was revealed for BuChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Faal Maleki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Nadri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kianfar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Gargano A, Beins E, Zimmer A, Bilkei-Gorzo A. Lack of Cannabinoid Receptor Type-1 Leads to Enhanced Age-Related Neuronal Loss in the Locus Coeruleus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010005. [PMID: 33374940 PMCID: PMC7792602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory and others have previously shown that cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1r) activity is neuroprotective and a modulator of brain ageing; a genetic disruption of CB1r signaling accelerates brain ageing, whereas the pharmacological stimulation of CB1r activity had the opposite effect. In this study, we have investigated if the lack of CB1r affects noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), which are vulnerable to age-related changes; their numbers are reduced in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and probably also in healthy aged individuals. Thus, we compared LC neuronal numbers between cannabinoid 1 receptor knockout (Cnr1−/−) mice and their wild-type littermates. Our results reveal that old Cnr1−/− mice have less noradrenergic neurons compared to their age-matched wild-type controls. This result was also confirmed by the analysis of the density of noradrenergic terminals which proved that Cnr1−/− mice had less compared to the wild-type controls. Additionally, we assessed pro-inflammatory glial activity in the LC. Although the density of microglia in Cnr1−/− mice was enhanced, they did not show enhanced inflammatory profile. We hypothesize that CB1r activity is necessary for the protection of noradrenergic neurons, but its anti-inflammatory effect probably only plays a minor role in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gargano
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Eva Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andras Bilkei-Gorzo
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.G.); (E.B.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0228-6885-317
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Soto-Mercado V, Mendivil-Perez M, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Multi-Target Effects of the Cannabinoid CP55940 on Familial Alzheimer's Disease PSEN1 E280A Cholinergic-Like Neurons: Role of CB1 Receptor. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S359-S378. [PMID: 33252082 PMCID: PMC8293648 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by structural damage, death, and functional disruption of cholinergic neurons (ChNs) as a result of intracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, extracellular neuritic plaques, and hyperphosphorylation of protein tau (p-Tau) overtime. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CP55940 (CP) on PSEN1 E280A cholinergic-like nerve cells (PSEN1 ChLNs)-a natural model of familial AD. METHODS Wild type (WT) and PSEN1 ChLNs were exposed to CP (1μM) only or in the presence of the CB1 and CB2 receptors (CB1Rs, CB2Rs) inverse agonist SR141716 (1μM) and SR144528 (1μM) respectively, for 24 h. Untreated or treated neurons were assessed for biochemical and functional analysis. RESULTS CP in the presence of both inverse agonists (hereafter SR) almost completely inhibits the aggregation of intracellular sAβPPβf and p-Tau, increases ΔΨm, decreases oxidation of DJ-1Cys106-SH residue, and blocks the activation of c-Jun, p53, PUMA, and caspase-3 independently of CB1Rs signaling in mutant ChLNs. CP also inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species partially dependent on CB1Rs. Although CP reduced extracellular Aβ42, it was unable to reverse the Ca2+ influx dysregulation as a response to acetylcholine stimuli in mutant ChLNs. Exposure to anti-Aβ antibody 6E10 (1:300) in the absence or presence of SR plus CP completely recovered transient [Ca2+]i signal as a response to acetylcholine in mutant ChLNs. CONCLUSION Taken together our findings suggest that the combination of cannabinoids, CB1Rs inverse agonists, and anti-Aβ antibodies might be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Soto-Mercado
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), SIU Medellin, Colombia
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Distinctive Evidence Involved in the Role of Endocannabinoid Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Perspective on Associated Therapeutic Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176235. [PMID: 32872273 PMCID: PMC7504186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) is symptomatic and palliative, with levodopa/carbidopa therapy remaining the prime treatment, and nevertheless, being unable to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration. No available treatment for PD can enhance the patient's life-quality by regressing this diseased state. Various studies have encouraged the enrichment of treatment possibilities by discovering the association of the effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in PD. These reviews delineate the reported evidence from the literature on the neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid system and expression of cannabinoid receptors in symptomatology, cause, and treatment of PD progression, wherein cannabinoid (CB) signalling experiences alterations of biphasic pattern during PD progression. Published papers to date were searched via MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., using specific key words in the topic of our manuscript. Endocannabinoids regulate the basal ganglia neuronal circuit pathways, synaptic plasticity, and motor functions via communication with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signalling systems bidirectionally in PD. Further, gripping preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the context regarding the cannabinoid compounds, which is supported by various evidence (neuroprotection, suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, glial activation, and additional benefits) provided by cannabinoid-like compounds (much research addresses the direct regulation of cannabinoids with dopamine transmission and other signalling pathways in PD). More data related to endocannabinoids efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles need to be explored, providing better insights into their potential to ameliorate or even regress PD.
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Strategies for Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis and the Role of Calcium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051663. [PMID: 32121306 PMCID: PMC7084497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions are vital for maintaining the physiological and biochemical processes inside cells. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly dependent on calcium homeostasis and its dysregulation has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), as well as with multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, the modulation of calcium influx into the cells and the targeting of calcium-mediated signaling pathways may present a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. This review provides an overview on calcium channels in neurons and glial cells. Special emphasis is put on MS, a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS. While the initial relapsing-remitting stage of MS can be treated effectively with immune modulatory and immunosuppressive drugs, the subsequent progressive stage has remained largely untreatable. Here we summarize several approaches that have been and are currently being tested for their neuroprotective capacities in MS and we discuss which role calcium could play in this regard.
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Han QW, Yuan YH, Chen NH. The therapeutic role of cannabinoid receptors and its agonists or antagonists in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109745. [PMID: 31442553 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease and its characteristic is the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra (SN) of the midbrain. There is hardly any clinically proven efficient therapeutics for its cure in several recent preclinical advances proposed to treat PD. Recent studies have found that the endocannabinoid signaling system in particular the comprised two receptors, CB1 and CB2 receptors, has a significant regulatory function in basal ganglia and is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, adding new insights into the biochemical interactions between cannabinoids and other signaling pathways may help develop new pharmacological strategies. Factors of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) are abundantly expressed in the neural circuits of basal ganglia, where they interact interactively with glutamatergic, γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic), and dopaminergic signaling systems. Although preclinical studies on PD are promising, the use of cannabinoids at the clinical level has not been thoroughly studied. In this review, we evaluated the available evidence and reviewed the involvement of ECS in etiologies, symptoms and treatments related to PD. Since CB1 and CB2 receptors are the two main receptors of endocannabinoids, we primarily put the focus on the therapeutic role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in PD. We will try to determine future research clues that will help understand the potential therapeutic benefits of the ECS in the treatment of PD, aiming to open up new strategies and ideas for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica& Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Coccurello R, Bisogno T. The bright side of psychoactive substances: cannabinoid-based drugs in motor diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1351-1362. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1209111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Promising cannabinoid-based therapies for Parkinson's disease: motor symptoms to neuroprotection. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:17. [PMID: 25888232 PMCID: PMC4404240 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a slow insidious neurological disorder characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Although several recent preclinical advances have proposed to treat PD, there is hardly any clinically proved new therapeutic for its cure. Increasing evidence suggests a prominent modulatory function of the cannabinoid signaling system in the basal ganglia. Hence, use of cannabinoids as a new therapeutic target has been recommended as a promising therapy for PD. The elements of the endocannabinoid system are highly expressed in the neural circuit of basal ganglia wherein they bidirectionally interact with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signaling systems. As the cannabinoid signaling system undergoes a biphasic pattern of change during progression of PD, it explains the motor inhibition typically observed in patients with PD. Cannabinoid agonists such as WIN-55,212-2 have been demonstrated experimentally as neuroprotective agents in PD, with respect to their ability to suppress excitotoxicity, glial activation, and oxidative injury that causes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Additional benefits provided by cannabinoid related compounds including CE-178253, oleoylethanolamide, nabilone and HU-210 have been reported to possess efficacy against bradykinesia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD. Despite promising preclinical studies for PD, use of cannabinoids has not been studied extensively at the clinical level. In this review, we reassess the existing evidence suggesting involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the cause, symptomatology, and treatment of PD. We will try to identify future threads of research that will help in the understanding of the potential therapeutic benefits of the cannabinoid system for treating PD.
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Cannabidiol Exposure During Neuronal Differentiation Sensitizes Cells Against Redox-Active Neurotoxins. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:26-37. [PMID: 25108670 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most abundant Cannabis sativa-derived compounds, has been implicated with neuroprotective effect in several human pathologies. Until now, no undesired side effects have been associated with CBD. In this study, we evaluated CBD's neuroprotective effect in terminal differentiation (mature) and during neuronal differentiation (neuronal developmental toxicity model) of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. A dose-response curve was performed to establish a sublethal dose of CBD with antioxidant activity (2.5 μM). In terminally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, incubation with 2.5 μM CBD was unable to protect cells against the neurotoxic effect of glycolaldehyde, methylglyoxal, 6-hydroxydopamine, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, no difference in antioxidant potential and neurite density was observed. When SH-SY5Y cells undergoing neuronal differentiation were exposed to CBD, no differences in antioxidant potential and neurite density were observed. However, CBD potentiated the neurotoxicity induced by all redox-active drugs tested. Our data indicate that 2.5 μM of CBD, the higher dose tolerated by differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, does not provide neuroprotection for terminally differentiated cells and shows, for the first time, that exposure of CBD during neuronal differentiation could sensitize immature cells to future challenges with neurotoxins.
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Wang Z, Ge Y, Bao H, Dworkin L, Peng A, Gong R. Redox-sensitive glycogen synthase kinase 3β-directed control of mitochondrial permeability transition: rheostatic regulation of acute kidney injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:849-858. [PMID: 23973862 PMCID: PMC3859848 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in necroapoptotic cell death and in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Evidence suggests that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β resides at the nexus of multiple signaling pathways implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). In cultured renal tubular epithelial cells, a discrete pool of GSK3β was detected in mitochondria. Coimmunoprecipitation assay confirmed that GSK3β physically interacts with cyclophilin F and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), key MPT regulators that possess multiple GSK3β phosphorylation consensus motifs, suggesting that GSK3β has a direct control of MPT. Upon a strong burst of reactive oxygen species elicited by the pro-oxidant herbicide paraquat, the activity of the redox-sensitive GSK3β was drastically enhanced. This was accompanied by augmented phosphorylation of cyclophilin F and VDAC, associated with MPT and cell death. Inhibition of GSK3β by either the selective inhibitor 4-Benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8) or forced expression of a kinase-dead mutant obliterated paraquat-induced phosphorylation of cyclophilin F and VDAC, prevented MPT, and improved cellular viability. Conversely, ectopic expression of a constitutively active GSK3β amplified the effect of paraquat on cyclophilin F and VDAC phosphorylation and sensitized cells to paraquat-induced MPT and death. In vivo, paraquat injection elicited marked oxidant stress in the kidney and resulted in acute kidney dysfunction and massive tubular apoptosis and necrosis. Consistent with in vitro findings, the activity of GSK3β was augmented in the kidney after paraquat injury, associated with increased phosphorylation of cyclophilin F and VDAC and sensitized MPT. TDZD-8 blocked GSK3β activity in the kidney, intercepted cyclophilin F and VDAC phosphorylation, prevented MPT, attenuated tubular cell death, and ameliorated paraquat-induced AKI. Our data suggest that the redox-sensitive GSK3β regulates renal tubular injury in AKI by controlling the activity of MPT regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Yan Ge
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Hui Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lance Dworkin
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Rujun Gong
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Bilkei-Gorzo A. The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3326-41. [PMID: 23108550 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of endocannabinoids as inhibitory retrograde transmitters is now widely known and intensively studied. However, endocannabinoids also influence neuronal activity by exerting neuroprotective effects and regulating glial responses. This review centres around this less-studied area, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the cannabinoid system in brain ageing. The progression of ageing is largely determined by the balance between detrimental, pro-ageing, largely stochastic processes, and the activity of the homeostatic defence system. Experimental evidence suggests that the cannabinoid system is part of the latter system. Cannabinoids as regulators of mitochondrial activity, as anti-oxidants and as modulators of clearance processes protect neurons on the molecular level. On the cellular level, the cannabinoid system regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis. Neuroinflammatory processes contributing to the progression of normal brain ageing and to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases are suppressed by cannabinoids, suggesting that they may also influence the ageing process on the system level. In good agreement with the hypothesized beneficial role of cannabinoid system activity against brain ageing, it was shown that animals lacking CB1 receptors show early onset of learning deficits associated with age-related histological and molecular changes. In preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders, cannabinoids show beneficial effects, but the clinical evidence regarding their efficacy as therapeutic tools is either inconclusive or still missing.
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Mendivil-Perez M, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Glucose Starvation Induces Apoptosis in a Model of Acute T Leukemia Dependent on Caspase-3 and Apoptosis-Inducing Factor: A Therapeutic Strategy. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:99-109. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.741751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Djukic MM, Jovanovic MD, Ninkovic M, Stevanovic I, Ilic K, Curcic M, Vekic J. Protective role of glutathione reductase in paraquat induced neurotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 199:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The bad, the good, and the ugly about oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:163913. [PMID: 22619696 PMCID: PMC3350994 DOI: 10.1155/2012/163913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and cancer (e.g., leukemia) are the most devastating disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Except for some kind of cancers, no effective and/or definitive therapeutic treatment aimed to reduce or to retard the clinic and pathologic symptoms induced by AD and PD is presently available. Therefore, it is urgently needed to understand the molecular basis of these disorders. Since oxidative stress (OS) is an important etiologic factor of the pathologic process of AD, PD, and cancer, understanding how intracellular signaling pathways respond to OS will have a significant implication in the therapy of these diseases. Here, we propose a model of minimal completeness of cell death signaling induced by OS as a mechanistic explanation of neuronal and cancer cell demise. This mechanism might provide the basis for therapeutic design strategies. Finally, we will attempt to associate PD, cancer, and OS. This paper critically analyzes the evidence that support the “oxidative stress model” in neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Harvey BS, Ohlsson KS, Mååg JLV, Musgrave IF, Smid SD. Contrasting protective effects of cannabinoids against oxidative stress and amyloid-β evoked neurotoxicity in vitro. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:138-46. [PMID: 22233683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been widely reported to have neuroprotective properties in vitro and in vivo. In this study we compared the effects of CB1 and CB2 receptor-selective ligands, the endocannabinoid anandamide and the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol, against oxidative stress and the toxic hallmark Alzheimer's protein, β-amyloid (Aβ) in neuronal cell lines. PC12 or SH-SY5Y cells were selectively exposed to either hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide or Aβ, alone or in the presence of the CB1 specific agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), CB2 specific agonist JWH-015, anandamide or cannabidiol. Cannabidiol improved cell viability in response to tert-butyl hydroperoxide in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells, while hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity was unaffected by cannabidiol pretreatment. Aβ exposure evoked a loss of cell viability in PC12 cells. Of the cannabinoids tested, only anandamide was able to inhibit Aβ-evoked neurotoxicity. ACEA had no effect on Aβ-evoked neurotoxicity, suggesting a CB1 receptor-independent effect of anandamide. JWH-015 pretreatment was also without protective influence on PC12 cells from either pro-oxidant or Aβ exposure. None of the cannabinoids directly inhibited or disrupted preformed Aβ fibrils and aggregates. In conclusion, the endocannabinoid anandamide protects neuronal cells from Aβ exposure via a pathway unrelated to CB1 or CB2 receptor activation. The protective effect of cannabidiol against oxidative stress does not confer protection against Aβ exposure, suggesting divergent pathways for neuroprotection of these two cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Harvey
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Czerniczyniec A, Karadayian AG, Bustamante J, Cutrera RA, Lores-Arnaiz S. Paraquat induces behavioral changes and cortical and striatal mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1428-36. [PMID: 21802509 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat is a highly toxic quaternary nitrogen herbicide capable of increasing superoxide anion production. The aim of this research was to evaluate various behavioral changes and study cortical, hippocampal, and striatal mitochondrial function in an experimental model of paraquat toxicity in rats. Paraquat (10mg/kg ip) was administered weekly for a month. Anxiety-like behavior was evidenced in the paraquat-treated group as shown by a diminished time spent in, and fewer entries into, the open arms of an elevated-plus maze. Also, paraquat treatment induced a deficit in the sense of smell. In biochemical assays, NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity was significantly inhibited by 25 and 34% in cortical and striatal submitochondrial membranes, respectively. Striatal cytochrome oxidase activity was decreased by 24% after paraquat treatment. Also, cortical and striatal mitochondria showed 55 and 74% increased State 4 respiratory rates, respectively. Paraquat treatment decreased striatal State 3 oxygen consumption by 33%. Respiratory controls were markedly decreased in cortical and striatal mitochondria, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction after paraquat treatment, together with mitochondrial depolarization and increased hydrogen peroxide production rates. We demonstrate that paraquat induced alterations in nonmotor symptoms and cortical and striatal mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czerniczyniec
- Laboratory of Free Radical Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bonilla-Porras AR, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Vitamin K3 and vitamin C alone or in combination induced apoptosis in leukemia cells by a similar oxidative stress signalling mechanism. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:19. [PMID: 21663679 PMCID: PMC3127817 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemia might emerge following chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for primary malignancies. Therefore, other alternatives should be pursued to treat leukemia. RESULTS It is shown that vitamin K3- or vitamin C- induced apoptosis in leukemia cells by oxidative stress mechanism involving superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide generation, activation of NF-κB, p53, c-Jun, protease caspase-3 activation and mitochondria depolarization leading to nuclei fragmentation. Cell death was more prominent when Jurkat and K562 cells are exposed to VC and VK3 in a ratio 1000:1 (10 mM: 10 μM) or 100:1 (300 μM: 3 μM), respectively. CONCLUSION We provide for the first time in vitro evidence supporting a causative role for oxidative stress in VK3- and VC-induced apoptosis in Jurkat and K562 cells in a domino-like mechanism. Altogether these data suggest that VK3 and VC should be useful in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica R Bonilla-Porras
- School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412; SIU- Medellin, Colombia.
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