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da Rocha LS, Mendes CB, Silva JS, Alcides RLGF, Mendonça IP, Andrade-da-Costa BLS, Machado SS, Ximenes-da-Silva A. Triheptanoin, an odd-medium-chain triglyceride, impacts brain cognitive function in young and aged mice. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:212-222. [PMID: 36809120 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2178096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe brain aging process triggers cognitive function impairment, such as memory loss and compromised quality of life. Cognitive impairment is based on bioenergetic status, with reduced glucose uptake and metabolism in aged brains. Anaplerotic substrates are reported to promote mitochondrial ATP generation, having been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of neurological disorders and metabolic diseases.Objectives and Methods: To assess whether the improvement in oxidative capacity ameliorates cognitive function in adults (12 weeks), and aged (22-month-old) C57/6BJ mice, they received (1) a ketogenic diet, (2) a ketogenic diet supplemented with the anaplerotic substance, triheptanoin, or (3) a control diet for 12 weeks. Spontaneous alternation and time spent in a previously closed arm in the Y-maze test and time interacting with an unknown object in the novel object recognition test (NORT) were used to evaluate working memory. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the prefrontal lobe, brain left hemisphere, and cerebellum was also evaluated. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) expression in the prefrontal lobe was analyzed by western blotting.Results: The ketogenic diet (KD) reduced spontaneous alternation in aged mice, leading to lower AChE activity in the aged prefrontal lobe and cerebellum, and in the parieto-temporal-occipital lobe of adult mice. Furthermore, KD decreased GLUT3 protein expression in the frontal lobe of the adults.Discussion: Supplementation of KD with triheptanoin prevented memory impairment and showed similar values of AChE activity and GLUT3 expression compared to the controls. Our data suggest that triheptanoin has a potential role in the bioenergetic capacity of the brain, improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S da Rocha
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - C B Mendes
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - J S Silva
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - R L G F Alcides
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - I P Mendonça
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - B L S Andrade-da-Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - S S Machado
- Chemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - A Ximenes-da-Silva
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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2
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Dunn E, Zhang B, Sahota VK, Augustin H. Potential benefits of medium chain fatty acids in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1230467. [PMID: 37680538 PMCID: PMC10481710 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1230467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a large class of neurological disorders characterized by progressive dysfunction and death of neurones. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Aging is the primary risk factor for neurodegeneration; individuals over 65 are more likely to suffer from a neurodegenerative disease, with prevalence increasing with age. As the population ages, the social and economic burden caused by these diseases will increase. Therefore, new therapies that address both aging and neurodegeneration are imperative. Ketogenic diets (KDs) are low carbohydrate, high-fat diets developed initially as an alternative treatment for epilepsy. The classic ketogenic diet provides energy via long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs); naturally occurring medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), on the other hand, are the main components of the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic diet. MCT-based diets are more efficient at generating the ketone bodies that are used as a secondary energy source for neurones and astrocytes. However, ketone levels alone do not closely correlate with improved clinical symptoms. Recent findings suggest an alternative mode of action for the MCFAs, e.g., via improving mitochondrial biogenesis and glutamate receptor inhibition. MCFAs have been linked to the treatment of both aging and neurodegenerative disease via their effects on metabolism. Through action on multiple disease-related pathways, MCFAs are emerging as compounds with notable potential to promote healthy aging and ameliorate neurodegeneration. MCFAs have been shown to stimulate autophagy and restore mitochondrial function, which are found to be disrupted in aging and neurodegeneration. This review aims to provide insight into the metabolic benefits of MCFAs in neurodegenerative disease and healthy aging. We will discuss the use of MCFAs to combat dysregulation of autophagy and mitochondrial function in the context of "normal" aging, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hrvoje Augustin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang H, Qi W, Zou C, Xie Z, Zhang M, Naito MG, Mifflin L, Liu Z, Najafov A, Pan H, Shan B, Li Y, Zhu ZJ, Yuan J. NEK1-mediated retromer trafficking promotes blood-brain barrier integrity by regulating glucose metabolism and RIPK1 activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4826. [PMID: 34376696 PMCID: PMC8355301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in NEK1 gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase, are involved in human developmental disorders and ALS. Here we show that NEK1 regulates retromer-mediated endosomal trafficking by phosphorylating VPS26B. NEK1 deficiency disrupts endosomal trafficking of plasma membrane proteins and cerebral proteome homeostasis to promote mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction and aggregation of α-synuclein. The metabolic and proteomic defects of NEK1 deficiency disrupts the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) by promoting lysosomal degradation of A20, a key modulator of RIPK1, thus sensitizing cerebrovascular endothelial cells to RIPK1-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis. Genetic inactivation of RIPK1 or metabolic rescue with ketogenic diet can prevent postnatal lethality and BBB damage in NEK1 deficient mice. Inhibition of RIPK1 reduces neuroinflammation and aggregation of α-synuclein in the brains of NEK1 deficient mice. Our study identifies a molecular mechanism by which retromer trafficking and metabolism regulates cerebrovascular integrity, cerebral proteome homeostasis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhangdan Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lauren Mifflin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayaz Najafov
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heling Pan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Dai Z, Kalra S, Mah D, Seres P, Sun H, Wu R, Wilman AH. Amide signal intensities may be reduced in the motor cortex and the corticospinal tract of ALS patients. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:1401-1409. [PMID: 32909054 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to assess amide concentration changes in ALS patients compared with healthy controls by using quantitative amide proton transfer (APT) and multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging, and testing its correlation with clinical scores. METHODS Sixteen ALS patients and sixteen healthy controls were recruited as part of the Canadian ALS Neuroimaging Consortium, and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 3 T, including APT and diffusion imaging. Lorentz fitting was used to quantify the amide effect. Clinical disability was evaluated using the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R), and its correlation with image characteristics was assessed. The diagnostic performance of different imaging parameters was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that the amide peak was significantly different between the motor cortex and other gray matter territories within the brain of ALS patients (p < 0.001). Compared with controls, amide signal intensities in ALS were significantly reduced in the motor cortex (p < 0.001) and corticospinal tract (p = 0.046), while abnormalities were not detected using routine imaging methods. There was no significant correlation between amide and ALSFRS-R score. The diagnostic accuracy of the amide peak was superior to that of diffusion imaging. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated changes of amide signal intensities in the motor cortex and corticospinal tract of ALS patients. KEY POINTS • The neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has a lack of objective imaging indicators for diagnosis and assessment. • Analysis of amide proton transfer imaging revealed changes in the motor cortex and corticospinal tract of ALS patients that were not visible on standard magnetic resonance imaging. • The diagnostic accuracy of the amide peak was superior to that of diffusion imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Radiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V2, Canada
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Dennell Mah
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Peter Seres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V2, Canada
| | - Hongfu Sun
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Radiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Alan H Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V2, Canada.
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5
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Tefera TW, Steyn FJ, Ngo ST, Borges K. CNS glucose metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a therapeutic target? Cell Biosci 2021; 11:14. [PMID: 33431046 PMCID: PMC7798275 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by selective degeneration of both the upper motor neurons in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and the spinal cord. The exact mechanism for the selective death of neurons is unknown. A growing body of evidence demonstrates abnormalities in energy metabolism at the cellular and whole-body level in animal models and in people living with ALS. Many patients with ALS exhibit metabolic changes such as hypermetabolism and body weight loss. Despite these whole-body metabolic changes being observed in patients with ALS, the origin of metabolic dysregulation remains to be fully elucidated. A number of pre-clinical studies indicate that underlying bioenergetic impairments at the cellular level may contribute to metabolic dysfunctions in ALS. In particular, defects in CNS glucose transport and metabolism appear to lead to reduced mitochondrial energy generation and increased oxidative stress, which seem to contribute to disease progression in ALS. Here, we review the current knowledge and understanding regarding dysfunctions in CNS glucose metabolism in ALS focusing on metabolic impairments in glucose transport, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. We also summarize disturbances found in glycogen metabolism and neuroglial metabolic interactions. Finally, we discuss options for future investigations into how metabolic impairments can be modified to slow disease progression in ALS. These investigations are imperative for understanding the underlying causes of metabolic dysfunction and subsequent neurodegeneration, and to also reveal new therapeutic strategies in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Center for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Center for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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6
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Blasco H, Lanznaster D, Veyrat-Durebex C, Hergesheimer R, Vourch P, Maillot F, Andres CR, Pradat PF, Corcia P. Understanding and managing metabolic dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:907-919. [PMID: 32583696 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1788389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease that leads to death after a median survival of 36 months. The development of an effective treatment has proven to be extremely difficult due to the inadequate understanding of the pathogenesis of ALS. Energy metabolism is thoroughly involved in the disease based on the discoveries of hypermetabolism, lipid/glucose metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and mitochondrial impairment. AREA COVERED Many perturbed metabolites within these processes have been identified as promising therapeutic targets. However, the therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways have failed to produce clinically significant results. The authors present in this review the metabolic disturbances observed in ALS and the derived-therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION The authors suggest that this is due to the insufficient knowledge of the relationship between the metabolic targets and the type of ALS of the patient, depending on genetic and environmental factors. We must improve our understanding of the pathological mechanisms and pay attention to the subtle hidden effects of changing diet, for example, and to use this strategy in addition to other drugs or to use metabolism status to determine subgroups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Blasco
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Debora Lanznaster
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Charlotte Veyrat-Durebex
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Rudolf Hergesheimer
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourch
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Francois Maillot
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Interne, CHRU de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Christian R Andres
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours , Tours, France
| | - Pierre-François Pradat
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne University , Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Neurology, Paris ALS Center, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital , Paris, France
| | - Phillipe Corcia
- Unité INSERM U1253, équipe, neurogénomique et physiopathologie neuronale, Université de Tours , Tours, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHRU de Tours , Tours, France
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7
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Wehbe Z, Tucci S. Therapeutic potential of triheptanoin in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:385-391. [PMID: 31778232 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 15 years the potential of triheptanoin for the treatment of several human diseases in the area of clinical nutrition has grown considerably. Use of this triglyceride of the odd-chain fatty acid heptanoate has been proposed and applied for the treatment of several conditions in which the energy supply from citric acid cycle intermediates or fatty acid degradation are impaired. Neurological diseases due to disturbed glucose metabolism or metabolic diseases associated with impaired β-oxidation of long chain fatty acid may especially take advantage of alternative substrate sources offered by the secondary metabolites of triheptanoin. Epilepsy due to deficiency of the GLUT1 transporter, as well as diseases associated with dysregulation of neuronal signalling, have been treated with triheptanoin supplementation, and very recently the advantages of this oil in long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders have been reported. The present review summarises the published literature on the metabolism of triheptanoin including clinical reports related to the use of triheptanoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Wehbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Tucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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McDonald T, Hodson MP, Bederman I, Puchowicz M, Borges K. Triheptanoin alters [U- 13C 6]-glucose incorporation into glycolytic intermediates and increases TCA cycling by normalizing the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in a chronic epilepsy mouse model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:678-691. [PMID: 30890077 PMCID: PMC7026856 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19837380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triheptanoin is anticonvulsant in several seizure models. Here, we investigated changes in glucose metabolism by triheptanoin interictally in the chronic stage of the pilocarpine mouse epilepsy model. After injection of [U-13C6]-glucose (i.p.), enrichments of 13C in intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were quantified in hippocampal extracts and maximal activities of enzymes in each pathway were measured. The enrichment of 13C glucose in plasma was similar across all groups. Despite this, we observed reductions in incorporation of 13C in several glycolytic intermediates compared to control mice suggesting glucose utilization may be impaired and/or glycogenolysis increased in the untreated interictal hippocampus. Triheptanoin prevented the interictal reductions of 13C incorporation in most glycolytic intermediates, suggesting it increased glucose utilization or - as an additional astrocytic fuel - it decreased glycogen breakdown. In the TCA cycle metabolites, the incorporation of 13C was reduced in the interictal state. Triheptanoin restored the correlation between 13C enrichments of pyruvate relative to most of the TCA cycle intermediates in "epileptic" mice. Triheptanoin also prevented the reductions of hippocampal pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activities. Decreased glycogen breakdown and increased glucose utilization and metabolism via the TCA cycle in epileptogenic brain areas may contribute to triheptanoin's anticonvulsant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya McDonald
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Metabolomics Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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9
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Tefera TW, Borges K. Neuronal glucose metabolism is impaired while astrocytic TCA cycling is unaffected at symptomatic stages in the hSOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1710-1724. [PMID: 29553298 PMCID: PMC6727138 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18764775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although alterations in energy metabolism are known in ALS, the specific mechanisms leading to energy deficit are not understood. We measured metabolite levels derived from injected [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate (i.p.) in cerebral cortex and spinal cord extracts of wild type and hSOD1G93A mice at onset and mid disease stages using high-pressure liquid chromatography, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Levels of spinal and cortical CNS total lactate, [3-13C]lactate, total alanine and [3-13C]alanine, but not cortical glucose and [1-13C]glucose, were reduced mostly at mid stage indicating impaired glycolysis. The [1-13C]glucose-derived [4-13C]glutamate, [4-13C]glutamine and [2-13C]GABA amounts were diminished at mid stage in cortex and both time points in spinal cord, suggesting decreased [3-13C]pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle. Lack of changes in [1,2-13C]acetate-derived [4,5-13C]glutamate, [4,5-13C]glutamine and [1,2-13C]GABA levels indicate unchanged astrocytic 13C-acetate metabolism. Reduced levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine in CNS suggest compensatory breakdown to refill TCA cycle intermediate levels. Unlabelled, [2-13C] and [4-13C]GABA concentrations were decreased in spinal cord indicating that impaired glucose metabolism contributes to hyperexcitability and supporting the use of treatments which increase GABA amounts. In conclusion, CNS glucose metabolism is compromised, while astrocytic TCA cycling appears to be normal in the hSOD1G93A mouse model at symptomatic disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye W Tefera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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10
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Testa G, Mainardi M, Olimpico F, Pancrazi L, Cattaneo A, Caleo M, Costa M. A triheptanoin-supplemented diet rescues hippocampal hyperexcitability and seizure susceptibility in FoxG1 +/- mice. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:305-310. [PMID: 30639390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead Box G1 (FOXG1) gene encodes a transcription factor with an essential role in mammalian telencephalon development. FOXG1-related disorders, caused by deletions, intragenic mutations or duplications, are usually associated with severe intellectual disability, autistic features, and, in 87% of subjects, epileptiform manifestations. In a subset of patients with FoxG1 mutations, seizures remain intractable, prompting the need for novel therapeutic options. To address this issue, we took advantage of a haploinsufficient animal model, the FoxG1+/- mouse. In vivo electrophysiological analyses of FoxG1+/- mice detected hippocampal hyperexcitability, which turned into overt seizures upon delivery of the proconvulsant kainic acid, as confirmed by behavioral observations. These alterations were associated with decreased expression of the chloride transporter KCC2. Next, we tested whether a triheptanoin-based anaplerotic diet could have an impact on the pathological phenotype of FoxG1+/- mice. This manipulation abated altered neural activity and normalized enhanced susceptibility to proconvulsant-induced seizures, in addition to rescuing altered expression of KCC2 and increasing the levels of the GABA transporter vGAT. In conclusion, our data show that FoxG1 haploinsufficiency causes dysfunction of hippocampal circuits and increases the susceptibility to a proconvulsant insult, and that these alterations are rescued by triheptanoin dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Testa
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Olimpico
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pancrazi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Costa
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen-carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas ; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Tefera TW, Bartlett K, Tran SS, Hodson MP, Borges K. Impaired Pentose Phosphate Pathway in the Spinal Cord of the hSOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5844-5855. [PMID: 30685842 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in energy metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have long been known. However, the changes in the energy-producing pathways in ALS are not comprehensively understood. To investigate specific alterations in glucose metabolism in glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and TCA cycle pathways, we injected uniformly labeled [U-13C]glucose to wild-type and hSOD1G93A mice at symptom onset (80 days). Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), levels of metabolites were determined in extracts of the cortex and spinal cord. In addition, the activities of several enzymes involved in glucose metabolism were quantified. In the spinal cord, the levels of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) intermediate ribose 5-phosphate (p = 0.037) were reduced by 37% in hSOD1G93A mice, while the % 13C enrichments in glucose 6-phosphate were increased threefold. The maximal activities of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were decreased by 24% in the spinal cord (p = 0.005), suggesting perturbations in the PPP. The total amount of pyruvate in the cortex (p = 0.039) was reduced by 20% in hSOD1G93A mice. Also, the activities of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase were reduced in the cortex by 31% (p = 0.002), indicating alterations in glycolysis. No significant differences were seen in the total amounts as well as % 13C enrichments in most TCA cycle intermediates, suggesting largely normal TCA cycle function. On the other hand, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity was decreased in the cortex, which may indicate increased oxidative stress. Overall, this study revealed decreased activity of the PPP in the spinal cord and alterations in glycolysis in hSOD1G93A mouse CNS tissues at the early symptomatic stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- Neurological Disorders and Metabolism Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katherine Bartlett
- Neurological Disorders and Metabolism Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Shirley S Tran
- Neurological Disorders and Metabolism Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- Metabolomics Australia Queensland Node, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Neurological Disorders and Metabolism Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
The current review highlights the evidence supporting the use of ketogenic diet therapies in the management of a growing number of neurological disorders in adults. An overview of the scientific literature supporting posited mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy is presented including effects on neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation. The clinical evidence supporting ketogenic diet use in the management of adult epilepsy, malignant glioma, Alzheimer's disease, migraine headache, motor neuron disease, and other neurologic disorders is highlighted and reviewed. Lastly, common adverse effects of ketogenic therapy in adults, including gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, and transient dyslipidemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J W McDonald
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 2-147, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Mackenzie C Cervenka
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 2-147, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.
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14
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Manzo E, O'Conner AG, Barrows JM, Shreiner DD, Birchak GJ, Zarnescu DC. Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, Beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Genetic Modulation of the Carnitine Shuttle Are Protective in a Drosophila Model of ALS Based on TDP-43. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:182. [PMID: 29904341 PMCID: PMC5990617 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS patients exhibit dyslipidemia, hypermetabolism and weight loss; in addition, cellular energetics deficits have been detected prior to denervation. Although evidence that metabolism is altered in ALS is compelling, the mechanisms underlying metabolic dysregulation and the contribution of altered metabolic pathways to disease remain poorly understood. Here we use a Drosophila model of ALS based on TDP-43 that recapitulates hallmark features of the disease including locomotor dysfunction and reduced lifespan. We performed a global, unbiased metabolomic profiling of larvae expressing TDP-43 (wild-type, TDPWT or disease-associated mutant, TDPG298S) and identified several lipid metabolism associated alterations. Among these, we found a significant increase in carnitine conjugated long-chain fatty acids and a significant decrease in carnitine, acetyl-carnitine and beta-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone precursor. Taken together these data suggest a deficit in the function of the carnitine shuttle and reduced lipid beta oxidation. To test this possibility we used a combined genetic and dietary approach in Drosophila. Our findings indicate that components of the carnitine shuttle are misexpressed in the context of TDP-43 proteinopathy and that genetic modulation of CPT1 or CPT2 expression, two core components of the carnitine shuttle, mitigates TDP-43 dependent locomotor dysfunction, in a variant dependent manner. In addition, feeding medium-chain fatty acids or beta-hydroxybutyrate improves locomotor function, consistent with the notion that bypassing the carnitine shuttle deficit is neuroprotective. Taken together, our findings highlight the potential contribution of the carnitine shuttle and lipid beta oxidation in ALS and suggest strategies for therapeutic intervention based on restoring lipid metabolism in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Manzo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Abigail G O'Conner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jordan M Barrows
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Dakotah D Shreiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gabriel J Birchak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Daniela C Zarnescu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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15
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Thermodynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interplay Between Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway-PPAR Gamma, Energy Metabolism and Circadian Rhythms. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:174-204. [PMID: 29572723 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entropy production rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Irreversible processes are quantified by changes in the entropy production rate. This review is focused on the opposing interactions observed in NDs between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma and their metabolic and thermodynamic implications. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated, whereas PPAR gamma is downregulated. In Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is downregulated while PPAR gamma is upregulated. The dysregulation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway is responsible for the modification of thermodynamics behaviors of metabolic enzymes. Upregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to aerobic glycolysis, named Warburg effect, through activated enzymes, such as glucose transporter (Glut), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1(PDK1), monocarboxylate lactate transporter 1 (MCT-1), lactic dehydrogenase kinase-A (LDH-A) and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Downregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to oxidative stress and cell death through inactivation of Glut, PKM2, PDK1, MCT-1, LDH-A but activation of PDH. In addition, in NDs, PPAR gamma is dysregulated, whereas it contributes to the regulation of several key circadian genes. NDs show many dysregulation in the mediation of circadian clock genes and so of circadian rhythms. Thermodynamics rhythms operate far-from-equilibrium and partly regulate interactions between WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma. In NDs, metabolism, thermodynamics and circadian rhythms are tightly interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
- LMA (Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications) CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, Poitiers, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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Zilberter Y, Zilberter M. The vicious circle of hypometabolism in neurodegenerative diseases: Ways and mechanisms of metabolic correction. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2217-2235. [PMID: 28463438 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypometabolism, characterized by decreased brain glucose consumption, is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Initial hypometabolic brain state, created by characteristic risk factors, may predispose the brain to acquired epilepsy and sporadic Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, which are the focus of this review. Analysis of available data suggests that deficient glucose metabolism is likely a primary initiating factor for these diseases, and that resulting neuronal dysfunction further promotes the metabolic imbalance, establishing an effective positive feedback loop and a downward spiral of disease progression. Therefore, metabolic correction leading to the normalization of abnormalities in glucose metabolism may be an efficient tool to treat the neurological disorders by counteracting their primary pathological mechanisms. Published and preliminary experimental results on this approach for treating Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy models support the efficacy of metabolic correction, confirming the highly promising nature of the strategy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zilberter
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
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Metabolic Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Challenges and Opportunities. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2017; 5:108-114. [PMID: 29057168 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-017-0123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure and treatments are at best palliative. Several genes have been linked to ALS, which highlight defects in multiple cellular processes including RNA processing, proteostasis and metabolism. Clinical observations have identified glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia as key features of ALS however the causes of these metabolic alterations remain elusive. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies reveal that motor neurons and muscle cells may undergo cell type specific metabolic changes that lead to utilization of alternate fuels. For example, ALS patients' muscles exhibit reduced glycolysis and increased reliance on fatty acids. In contrast, ALS motor neurons contain damaged mitochondria and exhibit impaired lipid beta oxidation, potentially leading to increased glycolysis as a compensatory mechanism. SUMMARY These findings highlight the complexities of metabolic alterations in ALS and provide new opportunities for designing therapeutic strategies based on restoring cellular energetics.
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Achanta LB, Rowlands BD, Thomas DS, Housley GD, Rae CD. β-Hydroxybutyrate Boosts Mitochondrial and Neuronal Metabolism but is not Preferred Over Glucose Under Activated Conditions. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1710-1723. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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