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Bohley M, Leroux JC. Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancers Beyond Sodium Caprate and SNAC - What is Coming Next? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400843. [PMID: 38884149 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oral peptide delivery is trending again. Among the possible reasons are the recent approvals of two oral peptide formulations, which represent a huge stride in the field. For the first time, gastrointestinal (GI) permeation enhancers (PEs) are leveraged to overcome the main limitation of oral peptide delivery-low permeability through the intestinal epithelium. Despite some success, the application of current PEs, such as salcaprozate sodium (SNAC), sodium caprylate (C8), and sodium caprate (C10), is generally resulting in relatively low oral bioavailabilities (BAs)-even for carefully selected therapeutics. With several hundred peptide-based drugs presently in the pipeline, there is a huge unmet need for more effective PEs. Aiming to provide useful insights for the development of novel PEs, this review summarizes the biological hurdles to oral peptide delivery with special emphasis on the epithelial barrier. It describes the concepts and action modes of PEs and mentions possible new targets. It further states the benchmark that is set by current PEs, while critically assessing and evaluating emerging PEs regarding translatability, safety, and efficacy. Additionally, examples of novel PEs under preclinical and clinical evaluation and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bohley
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Ramirez-Velez I, Belardi B. Storming the gate: New approaches for targeting the dynamic tight junction for improved drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114905. [PMID: 37271282 PMCID: PMC10999255 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As biologics used in the clinic outpace the number of new small molecule drugs, an important challenge for their efficacy and widespread use has emerged, namely tissue penetrance. Macromolecular drugs - bulky, high-molecular weight, hydrophilic agents - exhibit low permeability across biological barriers. Epithelial and endothelial layers, for example within the gastrointestinal tract or at the blood-brain barrier, present the most significant obstacle to drug transport. Within epithelium, two subcellular structures are responsible for limiting absorption: cell membranes and intercellular tight junctions. Previously considered impenetrable to macromolecular drugs, tight junctions control paracellular flux and dictate drug transport between cells. Recent work, however, has shown tight junctions to be dynamic, anisotropic structures that can be targeted for delivery. This review aims to summarize new approaches for targeting tight junctions, both directly and indirectly, and to highlight how manipulation of tight junction interactions may help usher in a new era of precision drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Ramirez-Velez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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3
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Core-shell nanosystems designed for effective oral delivery of polypeptide drugs. J Control Release 2022; 352:540-555. [PMID: 36323363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The stomach acid degradation, mucus clearance and intestinal epithelial impermeability severely limit the oral delivery of polypeptide drugs. To simultaneously address the three major barriers, novel self-assembled core-shell nanosystems (CA-NPs) were designed. The fabricated shell of citric acid cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose (CA-CMC) wrapped on core nanoparticles (HA-NPs) maintained the integrity of CA-NPs in the stomach. When CA-NPs passed through the stomach, the CA-CMC shell was gradually degraded to release the core HA-NPs in the intestine. HA-NPs with numerous hydrophilic groups and mannose side chains rapidly penetrated through the mucus layer and efficiently transcellular transported via the glucose transporter (GLUT)-mediated and paracellular transport through reversible opening of tight junctions (TJs) by CA-CMC. The oral bioavailability and therapeutic effects of CA-NPs-loaded polypeptide colistin against Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteremia in mice were significantly increased compared with the native colistin, respectively. Good safety was observed following oral daily delivery for 14 consecutive days. Thus, CA-NPs may offer a promising strategy for the oral delivery of polypeptide drugs.
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4
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Fein KC, Gleeson JP, Newby AN, Whitehead KA. Intestinal permeation enhancers enable oral delivery of macromolecules up to 70 kDa in size. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 170:70-76. [PMID: 34879228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The decades-long effort to deliver peptide drugs orally has resulted in several clinically successful formulations. These formulations are enabled by the inclusion of permeation enhancers that facilitate the intestinal absorption of peptides. Thus far, these oral peptide drugs have been limited to peptides less than 5 kDa, and it is unclear whether there is an upper bound of protein size that can be delivered with permeation enhancers. In this work, we examined two permeation enhancers, 1-phenylpiperazine (PPZ) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC), for their ability to increase intestinal transport of a model macromolecule (FITC-Dextran) as a function of its size. Specifically, the permeability of dextrans with molecular weights of 4, 10, 40, and 70 kDa was assessed in an in vitro and in vivo model of the intestine. In Caco-2 monolayers, both PPZ and SDC significantly increased the permeability of only FD4 and FD10. However, in mice, PPZ and SDC behaved differently. While SDC improved the absorption of all tested sizes of dextrans, PPZ was effective only for FD4 and FD10. This work is the first report of PPZ as a permeation enhancer in vivo, and it highlights the ability of permeation enhancers to improve the absorption of macromolecules across a broad range of sizes relevant for protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - John P Gleeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Alexandra N Newby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
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5
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McCartney F, Perinelli DR, Tiboni M, Cavanagh R, Lucarini S, Filippo Palmieri G, Casettari L, Brayden DJ. Permeability-enhancing effects of three laurate-disaccharide monoesters across isolated rat intestinal mucosae. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120593. [PMID: 33857587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Laurate (C12)-sucrose esters are established intestinal epithelial permeation enhancers (PEs) with potential for use in oral delivery. Most studies have examined blends of ester rather than specific monoesters, with little variation on the sugar moiety. To investigate the influence of varying the sugar moiety on monoester performance, we compared three monoesters: C12-sucrose, C12-lactose, and C12-trehalose. The assays were: critical micellar concentration (CMC) in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, MTS and lactate dehydrogenase assays in Caco-2 cells, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of [14C] mannitol across isolated rat intestinal mucosae, and tissue histology. For CMC, the rank order was C12-trehalose (0.21 mM) < C12-sucrose (0.34 mM) < C12-lactose (0.43 mM). Exposure to Caco-2 cells for 120 min produced TC50 values in the MTS assay from 0.1 to 0.4 mM. Each ester produced a concentration-dependent decrease in TEER across rat mucosae with 80% reduction seen with 8 mM in 5 min, but C12-trehalose was less potent. C12-sucrose and C12-lactose increased the Papp of [14C] mannitol across mucosae with similar potency and efficacy, whereas C12-trehalose was not as potent or efficacious, even though it still increased flux. In the presence of the three esters, gross intestinal histology was unaffected except at 8 mM for C12-sucrose and C12-lactose. In conclusion, the three esters enhanced permeability likely via tight junction modulation in rat intestinal tissue. C12-trehalose was not quite as efficacious, but neither did it damage tissue to the same extent. All three can be considered as potential PEs to be included in oral formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McCartney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Diego R Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Robert Cavanagh
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | | | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Brunner J, Ragupathy S, Borchard G. Target specific tight junction modulators. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:266-288. [PMID: 33617902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular tight junctions represent a formidable barrier against paracellular drug absorption at epithelia (e.g., nasal, intestinal) and the endothelium (e.g., blood-brain barrier). In order to enhance paracellular transport of drugs and increase their bioavailability and organ deposition, active excipients modulating tight junctions have been applied. First-generation of permeation enhancers (PEs) acted by unspecific interactions, while recently developed PEs address specific physiological mechanisms. Such target specific tight junction modulators (TJMs) have the advantage of a defined specific mechanism of action. To date, merely a few of these novel active excipients has entered into clinical trials, as their lack in safety and efficiency in vivo often impedes their commercialisation. A stronger focus on the development of such active excipients would result in an economic and therapeutic improvement of current and future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sakthikumar Ragupathy
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Comparison of the effects of the intestinal permeation enhancers, SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10): Isolated rat intestinal mucosae and sacs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105685. [PMID: 33359131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SNAC and C10 are intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) used in formulations of peptides for oral delivery in clinical trials. Our aims were to compare their: (i) mechanism of action in isolated rat intestinal mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers and in non-everted gut sacs, (ii) effects on mucosa integrity in those models and also in in situ intra-jejunal instillations and (iii) interactions with intestinal mucus. SNAC increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the paracellular marker, FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4), across isolated rat gastric mucosae in concentration-dependent fashion, whereas C10 did not, while both reduced the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In isolated jejunal and colonic mucosae, both agents increased the Papp of [14C]-mannitol and FD4 whereas C10 but not SNAC reduced TEER. 20 mM SNAC was required to achieve the efficacy of 10 mM C10 in jejunal and colonic mucosae. In isolated non-everted jejunal and colonics sacs, FD4 flux increases were observed in the presence of both PEs. Histology of mucosae revealed that both PEs induced minor epithelial damage to the mucosa at concentrations that increased fluxes. Jejunal tissue withstood epithelial damage in the following order: intra jejunal in situ instillations > jejunal sacs > isolated jejunal mucosae. Both PEs modulated viscoelastic properties of porcine jejunal mucus without altering rheological properties. In conclusion, SNAC and C10 are reasonably efficacious PEs in rat intestinal tissue with common overall mechanistic features. Their potency and toxic potential are low, in agreement with clinical trial data.
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Baumgarten HD, Wright CM, Rossidis AC, Lawrence KM, Kim AG, Mejaddam AY, McGovern PE, Orr MN, Coons BE, Butt Z, Li H, Hwang G, Radu A, Brown LJ, Rubenstein RC, Peranteau WH, Davey M, Heuckeroth RO, Flake AW. The EXTrauterine Environment for Neonatal Development Supports Normal Intestinal Maturation and Development. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:623-637. [PMID: 32474164 PMCID: PMC7408362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Extra-Uterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND) aims to avoid the complications of prematurity, such as NEC. Our goal was to determine if bowel development occurs normally in EXTEND-supported lambs, with specific emphasis on markers of immaturity associated with NEC. METHODS We compared terminal ileum from 17 pre-term lambs supported on EXTEND for 2- 4 weeks to bowel from age-matched fetal lambs that developed in utero. We evaluated morphology, markers of epithelial integrity and maturation, enteric nervous system structure, and bowel motility. RESULTS EXTEND-supported lamb ileum had normal villus height, crypt depth, density of mucin-containing goblet cells, and enteric neuron density. Expression patterns for I-FABP, activated caspase-3 and EGFR were normal in bowel epithelium. Transmural resistance assessed in Ussing chambers was normal. Bowel motility was also normal as assessed by ex vivo organ bath and video imaging. However, Peyer's patch organization did not occur normally in EXTEND ileum, resulting in fewer circulating B cells in experimental animals. CONCLUSION EXTEND supports normal ileal epithelial and enteric nervous system maturation in pre-term lambs. The classic morphologic changes and cellular expression profiles associated with NEC are not seen. However, immune development within the EXTEND supported lamb bowel does not progress normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heron D Baumgarten
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina M Wright
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avery C Rossidis
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kendall M Lawrence
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aimee G Kim
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Y Mejaddam
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick E McGovern
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa N Orr
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Barbara E Coons
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zoya Butt
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Haiying Li
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Grace Hwang
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Antoneta Radu
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren J Brown
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronald C Rubenstein
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William H Peranteau
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcus Davey
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan W Flake
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Stuettgen V, Brayden DJ. Investigations of Piperazine Derivatives as Intestinal Permeation Enhancers in Isolated Rat Intestinal Tissue Mucosae. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:33. [PMID: 31989362 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A limiting factor for oral delivery of macromolecules is low intestinal epithelial permeability. 1-Phenylpiperazine (PPZ), 1-(4-methylphenyl) piperazine (1-4-MPPZ) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperazine (1-M-4-PPZ) have emerged as potential permeation enhancers (PEs) from a screen carried out by others in Caco-2 monolayers. Here, their efficacy, mechanism of action and potential for epithelial toxicity were further examined in Caco-2 cells and isolated rat intestinal mucosae. Using high-content analysis, PPZ and 1-4-MPPZ decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased plasma membrane potential in Caco-2 cells to a greater extent than 1-M-4-PPZ. The Papp of the paracellular marker, [14C]-mannitol, and of the peptide, [3H]-octreotide, was measured across rat colonic mucosae following apical addition of the three piperazines. PPZ and 1-4-MPPZ induced a concentration-dependent decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an increase in the Papp of [14C]-mannitol without causing histological damage. 1-M-4-PPZ was without effect. The piperazines caused the Krebs-Henseleit buffer pH to become alkaline, which partially attenuated the increase in Papp of [14C]-mannitol caused by PPZ and 1-4-MPPZ. Only addition of 1-4-MPPZ increased the Papp of [3H]-octreotide. Pre-incubation of mucosae with two 5-HT4 receptor antagonists, a loop diuretic and a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, reduced the permeation enhancement capacity of PPZ and 1-4-MPP for [14C]-mannitol. 1-4-MPPZ holds most promise as a PE, but intestinal physiology may also be impacted due to multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stuettgen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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10
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Lamson NG, Berger A, Fein KC, Whitehead KA. Anionic nanoparticles enable the oral delivery of proteins by enhancing intestinal permeability. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:84-96. [PMID: 31686002 PMCID: PMC7461704 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oral delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins is prevented by the intestinal epithelial barrier, in which intercellular tight junction complexes block the uptake of macromolecules. Here we show that anionic nanoparticles induce tight junction relaxation, increasing intestinal permeability and enabling the oral delivery of proteins. This permeation-enhancing effect is a function of nanoparticle size and charge, with smaller (≤ 200 nm) and more negative particles (such as silica) conferring enhanced permeability. In healthy mice, silica nanoparticles enabled the oral delivery of insulin and exenatide, with 10 U kg-1 orally delivered insulin sustaining hypoglycaemia for a few hours longer than a 1 U kg-1 dose of subcutaneously injected insulin. In healthy, hyperglycaemic and diabetic mice, the oral delivery of 10 U kg-1 insulin led to a dose-adjusted bioactivity of, respectively, 35%, 29% and 23% that of the subcutaneous injection of 1 U kg-1 insulin. The permeation-enhancing effect of the nanoparticles was reversible, non-toxic, and attributable to the binding to integrins on the surface of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Lamson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian Berger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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Zheng S, Lavrenyuk K, Lamson NG, Fein KC, Whitehead KA, Dahl KN. Piperazine Derivatives Enhance Epithelial Cell Monolayer Permeability by Increased Cell Force Generation and Loss of Cadherin Structures. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:367-374. [PMID: 33463243 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle for topical and enteral drug delivery is the poor transport of macromolecular drugs through the epithelium. One potential solution is the use of permeation enhancers that alter epithelial structures. Piperazine derivatives are known permeation enhancers that modulate epithelial structures, reduce transepithelial electrical resistance, and augment the absorption of macromolecular drugs. The mechanism by which piperazine derivatives disrupt the structures of epithelial monolayers is not well understood. Here, the effects of 1-phenylpiperazine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperazine are modeled in the epithelial cell line NRK-52E. Live-cell imaging reveals a dose-dependent gross reorganization of monolayers at high concentrations, but reorganization differs based on the piperazine molecule. Results show that low concentrations of piperazine derivatives increase myosin force generation within the cells and do not disrupt the cytoskeletal structure. Also, cytoskeletally attached cadherin junctions are disrupted before tight junctions. In summary, piperazines appear to increase myosin-mediated contraction followed by disruption of cell-cell contacts. These results provide new mechanistic insight into how transient epithelial permeation enhancers act and will inform of the development of future generations of transepithelial delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Lavrenyuk
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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12
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Labrasol® is an efficacious intestinal permeation enhancer across rat intestine: Ex vivo and in vivo rat studies. J Control Release 2019; 310:115-126. [PMID: 31401199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Labrasol® ALF (Labrasol®), is a non-ionic surfactant excipient primarily used as a solubilising agent. It was investigated here as an intestinal permeation enhancer in isolated rat colonic mucosae in Ussing chamber and in rat in situ intestinal instillations. Labrasol® comprises mono-, di- and triglycerides and mono- and di- fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 and free PEG-8, with caprylic (C8)- and capric acid (C10) as the main fatty acids. Source components of Labrasol® as well as Labrasol® modified with either C8 or C10 as the sole fatty acid components were also tested to determine which element of Labrasol® was responsible for its permeability-enhancing properties. Labrasol® (4, 8 mg/mL) enhanced the transport of the paracellular markers, [14C] mannitol, FITC-dextran 4000, and FITC-insulin across colonic mucosae. The enhancement was non-damaging, transient, and molecular weight-dependent. The PEG ester fraction of Labrasol® also had enhancing properties. When insulin was administered with Labrasol® in instillations, it had a relative bioavailability of 7% in jejunum and 12% in colon. C8- and C10 versions of Labrasol® and the PEG ester fraction also induced similar bioavailability values in jejunal instillations: 6, 5 and 7% respectively. Inhibition of lipases in instillations did not reduce the efficacy of Labrasol®, suggesting that its mechanism as a PE is not simply due to liberated medium chain fatty acids. Labrasol® acts as an efficacious intestinal permeation enhancer and has potential for use in oral formulations of macromolecules and BCS Class III molecules.
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13
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ATRP-grown protein-polymer conjugates containing phenylpiperazine selectively enhance transepithelial protein transport. J Control Release 2017; 255:270-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Fein KC, Lamson NG, Whitehead KA. Structure-Function Analysis of Phenylpiperazine Derivatives as Intestinal Permeation Enhancers. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1320-1329. [PMID: 28374339 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major obstacle preventing oral administration of macromolecular therapeutics is poor absorption across the intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream. One strategy to improve transport across this barrier is the use of chemical permeation enhancers. Several molecular families with permeation enhancing potential have been identified previously, including piperazines. In particular, 1-phenylpiperazine has been shown to enhance transepithelial transport with minimal cytotoxicity compared to similarly effective molecules. To better understand how the chemistry of 1-phenylpiperazine affects its utility as an intestinal permeation enhancer, this study examined a small library of 13 derivatives of 1-phenylpiperazine. METHODS The efficacy and cytotoxicity of 13 phenylpiperazine compounds were assessed in a Caco-2 model of the intestinal epithelium. Efficacy was measured using the paracellular diffusion marker calcein as well as by immunostaining and confocal imaging of Caco-2 monolayers. RESULTS Of the 13 derivatives, two enhanced the permeability of the fluorescent marker calcein over 100-fold. It was found that hydroxyl or primary amine substitutions on the phenyl ring significantly increased toxicity, while aliphatic substitutions resulted in efficacy and toxicity profiles comparable to 1-phenylpiperazine. CONCLUSIONS Several potent derivatives, including 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperazine and 1-(4-methylphenyl)piperazine, displayed lower toxicity than 1-phenylpiperazine, suggesting promise in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas G Lamson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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