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Hummel R, Dorochow E, Zander S, Ritter K, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Tegeder I, Schäfer MKE. Valproic Acid Treatment after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice Alleviates Neuronal Death and Inflammation in Association with Increased Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines. Cells 2024; 13:734. [PMID: 38727269 PMCID: PMC11083124 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) valproic acid (VPA) has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), which have been partially attributed to the epigenetic disinhibition of the transcription repressor RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (REST/NRSF). Additionally, VPA changes post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) brain metabolism to create a neuroprotective environment. To address the interconnection of neuroprotection, metabolism, inflammation and REST/NRSF after TBI, we subjected C57BL/6N mice to experimental TBI and intraperitoneal VPA administration or vehicle solution at 15 min, 1, 2, and 3 days post-injury (dpi). At 7 dpi, TBI-induced an up-regulation of REST/NRSF gene expression and HDACi function of VPA on histone H3 acetylation were confirmed. Neurological deficits, brain lesion size, blood-brain barrier permeability, or astrogliosis were not affected, and REST/NRSF target genes were only marginally influenced by VPA. However, VPA attenuated structural damage in the hippocampus, microgliosis and expression of the pro-inflammatory marker genes. Analyses of plasma lipidomic and polar metabolomic patterns revealed that VPA treatment increased lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), which were inversely associated with interleukin 1 beta (Il1b) and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) gene expression in the brain. The results show that VPA has mild neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects likely originating from favorable systemic metabolic changes resulting in increased plasma LPCs that are known to be actively taken up by the brain and function as carriers for neuroprotective polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (R.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Erika Dorochow
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.D.); (L.H.); (R.G.)
| | - Sonja Zander
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (R.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Katharina Ritter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (R.H.); (K.R.)
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.D.); (L.H.); (R.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.D.); (L.H.); (R.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (E.D.); (L.H.); (R.G.)
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (R.H.); (K.R.)
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Wiley JW, Higgins GA, Hong S. Chronic psychological stress alters gene expression in rat colon epithelial cells promoting chromatin remodeling, barrier dysfunction and inflammation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13287. [PMID: 35509963 PMCID: PMC9059753 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is commonly associated with enhanced abdominal pain (visceral hypersensitivity), but the cellular mechanisms underlying how chronic stress induces visceral hypersensitivity are poorly understood. In this study, we examined changes in gene expression in colon epithelial cells from a rat model using RNA-sequencing to examine stress-induced changes to the transcriptome. Following chronic stress, the most significantly up-regulated genes included Atg16l1, Coq10b, Dcaf13, Nat2, Ptbp2, Rras2, Spink4 and down-regulated genes including Abat, Cited2, Cnnm2, Dab2ip, Plekhm1, Scd2, and Tab2. The primary altered biological processes revealed by network enrichment analysis were inflammation/immune response, tissue morphogenesis and development, and nucleosome/chromatin assembly. The most significantly down-regulated process was the digestive system development/function, whereas the most significantly up-regulated processes were inflammatory response, organismal injury, and chromatin remodeling mediated by H3K9 methylation. Furthermore, a subpopulation of stressed rats demonstrated very significantly altered gene expression and transcript isoforms, enriched for the differential expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response, including upregulation of cytokine and chemokine receptor gene expression coupled with downregulation of epithelial adherens and tight junction mRNAs. In summary, these findings support that chronic stress is associated with increased levels of cytokines and chemokines, their downstream signaling pathways coupled to dysregulation of intestinal cell development and function. Epigenetic regulation of chromatin remodeling likely plays a prominent role in this process. Results also suggest that super enhancers play a primary role in chronic stress-associated intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Wiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gerald A. Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Shuangsong Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Liu HB, Xu WM, Wang SS, Wei LF, Hong JF, Wang C, Xian L. Analysis of changes in the volume of edema around brain contusions and the influencing factors: A single-center, retrospective, observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27246. [PMID: 34559127 PMCID: PMC8462588 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common neurosurgical condition, has well-known treatment guidelines. However, the mechanisms underlying the varying severity of brain edema secondary to TBI are largely unknown, leading to controversial treatments.This study seeks to measure edema volumes around brain contusions in different regions, analyze factors related to differences in edema volume and provide a theoretical basis for brain edema treatment.Data from 113 brain contusion patients treated at the Department of Neurosurgery of Fuzhou General Hospital from January 2017 to November 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Based on computed tomography (CT) data, the patients were divided into the venous group (brain contusion in regions with large cortical veins, n = 47) and the nonvenous group (brain contusions in other regions, n = 66). Here, 3D Slicer software was used to calculate the brain contusion volume on the first CT obtained after injury and the brain contusion volume and its surrounding edema on the 5th day after injury. The brain contusion volume to surrounding edema volume ratio was calculated, and the number of patients who showed brain contusion progression requiring surgery was determined. Hematocrit (Hct), fibrinogen (Fg), and d-dimer levels within 6 hours and on the 5th day after admission were also compared.Patients in the venous group had a significantly increased percentage of area with edema around the brain contusion compared with patients in the nonvenous group (P < .05), and the 2 groups showed no significant difference in the number of patients with brain contusion progression or surgical treatment (P > .05) or Hct, Fg, or d-dimer (D-D) levels. For all patients, Hct, Fg, and D-D levels within 6 hours after admission were significantly different from those on the 5th day (P < .05 for all).Cortical venous obstruction may be the most important factor influencing edema around brain contusions. The Fg level decreased slightly, and the D-D level increased to its peak rapidly after mild-moderate TBI. This change was followed by a gradual increase in the former and a gradual decrease in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Fuzhou Changle District, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shou-Sen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liang-Feng Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery of the 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing-Fang Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery of the 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liang Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery of the 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Kalinin AA, Hou X, Ade AS, Fon GV, Meixner W, Higgins GA, Sexton JZ, Wan X, Dinov ID, O'Meara MJ, Athey BD. Valproic acid-induced changes of 4D nuclear morphology in astrocyte cells. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1624-1633. [PMID: 33909457 PMCID: PMC8684733 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as valproic acid (VPA), have important clinical therapeutic and cellular reprogramming applications. They induce chromatin reorganization that is associated with altered cellular morphology. However, there is a lack of comprehensive characterization of VPA-induced changes of nuclear size and shape. Here, we quantify 3D nuclear morphology of primary human astrocyte cells treated with VPA over time (hence, 4D). We compared volumetric and surface-based representations and identified seven features that jointly discriminate between normal and treated cells with 85% accuracy on day 7. From day 3, treated nuclei were more elongated and flattened and then continued to morphologically diverge from controls over time, becoming larger and more irregular. On day 7, most of the size and shape descriptors demonstrated significant differences between treated and untreated cells, including a 24% increase in volume and 6% reduction in extent (shape regularity) for treated nuclei. Overall, we show that 4D morphometry can capture how chromatin reorganization modulates the size and shape of the nucleus over time. These nuclear structural alterations may serve as a biomarker for histone (de-)acetylation events and provide insights into mechanisms of astrocytes-to-neurons reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr A Kalinin
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics.,Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR), Health Behavior and Biological Sciences
| | - Xinhai Hou
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China.,School of Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics
| | - Alex S Ade
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy.,Center for Drug Repurposing
| | - Xiang Wan
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Ivo D Dinov
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics.,Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR), Health Behavior and Biological Sciences.,Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), and
| | | | - Brian D Athey
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics.,Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), and.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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5
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Valproic acid treatment rescues injured tissues after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 89:1156-1165. [PMID: 32890344 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No agents that are specifically neuroprotective are currently approved to emergently treat patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The histone deacetylase inhibitor, high-dose valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to have cytoprotective potential in models of combined TBI and hemorrhagic shock, but it has not been tested in an isolated TBI model. We hypothesized that VPA, administered after isolated TBI, will penetrate the injured brain, attenuate the lesion size, and activate prosurvival pathways. METHODS Yorkshire swine were subjected to severe TBI by cortical impact. One hour later, animals were randomized to VPA treatment (150 mg/kg delivered intravenously for 1 hour; n = 4) or control (saline vehicle; n = 4) groups. Seven hours after injury, animals were sacrificed, and brain lesion size was measured. Mass spectrometry imaging was used to visualize and quantitate brain tissue distribution of VPA. Sequential serum samples were assayed for key biomarkers and subjected to proteomic and pathway analysis. RESULTS Brain lesion size was 50% smaller (p = 0.01) in the VPA-treated animals (3,837 ± 948 mm) compared with the controls (1,900 ± 614 mm). Endothelial regions had eightfold higher VPA concentrations than perivascular regions by mass spectrometry imaging, and it readily penetrated the injured brain tissues. Serum glial fibrillary acid protein was significantly lower in the VPA-treated compared with the control animals (p < 0.05). More than 500 proteins were differentially expressed in the brain, and pathway analysis revealed that VPA affected critical modulators of TBI response including calcium signaling pathways, mitochondria metabolism, and biosynthetic machinery. CONCLUSION Valproic acid penetrates injured brain tissues and exerts neuroprotective and prosurvival effects that resulted in a significant reduction in brain lesion size after isolated TBI. Levels of serum biomarkers reflect these changes, which could be useful for monitoring the response of TBI patients during clinical studies.
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Dekker SE, Biesterveld BE, Bambakidis T, Williams AM, Tagett R, Johnson CN, Sillesen M, Liu B, Li Y, Alam HB. Modulation of Brain Transcriptome by Combined Histone Deacetylase Inhibition and Plasma Treatment Following Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock 2021; 55:110-120. [PMID: 32925172 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously showed that the addition of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, to fresh frozen plasma (FFP) resuscitation attenuates brain lesion size and swelling following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS). The goal of this study was to use computational biology tools to investigate the effects of FFP+VPA on the brain transcriptome following TBI+HS. METHODS Swine underwent TBI+HS, kept in shock for 2 h, and resuscitated with FFP or FFP + VPA (n = 5/group). After 6 h of observation, brain RNA was isolated and gene expression was analyzed using a microarray. iPathwayGuide, Gene Ontology (GO), Gene-Set Enrichment Analysis, and Enrichment Mapping were used to identify significantly impacted genes and transcriptomic networks. RESULTS Eight hundred differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified out of a total of 9,118 genes. Upregulated genes were involved in promotion of cell division, proliferation, and survival, while downregulated genes were involved in autophagy, cell motility, neurodegenerative diseases, tumor suppression, and cell cycle arrest. Seven hundred ninety-one GO terms were significantly enriched. A few major transcription factors, such as TP53, NFKB3, and NEUROD1, were responsible for modulating hundreds of other DE genes. Network analysis revealed attenuation of interconnected genes involved in inflammation and tumor suppression, and an upregulation of those involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. CONCLUSION Overall, these results suggest that VPA treatment creates an environment that favors production of new neurons, removal of damaged cells, and attenuation of inflammation, which could explain its previously observed neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E Dekker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Ted Bambakidis
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca Tagett
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig N Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin Sillesen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Surgical Translational and Artificial Intelligence Research (CSTAR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hsu CH, Tiba MH, McCracken BM, Colmenero CI, Pickell Z, Leander DC, Weitzel AM, Raghunayakula S, Liao J, Jinka T, Cummings BC, Pai MP, Alam HB, Ward KR, Sanderson TH, Neumar RW. Dose optimization of early high-dose valproic acid for neuroprotection in a swine cardiac arrest model. Resusc Plus 2020; 1-2:100007. [PMID: 34223294 PMCID: PMC8244526 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim High-dose valproic acid (VPA) improves the survival and neurologic outcomes after asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) in rats. We characterized the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of high-dose VPA in a swine CA model to advance clinical translation. Methods After 8 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation CA, 20 male Yorkshire swine were resuscitated until return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). They were block randomized to receive placebo, 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, or 300 mg/kg VPA as 90-min intravenous infusion (n = 5/group) beginning at ROSC. Animals were monitored for 2 additional hours then euthanized. Experimental operators were blinded to treatments. Results The mean(SD) total CA duration was 14.8(1.2) minutes. 300 mg/kg VPA animals required more adrenaline to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥80 mmHg and had worse lactic acidosis. There was a strong linear correlation between plasma free VPA Cmax and brain total VPA (r2 = 0.9494; p < 0.0001). VPA induced dose-dependent increases in pan- and site-specific histone H3 and H4 acetylation in the brain. Plasma free VPA Cmax is a better predictor than peripheral blood mononuclear cell histone acetylation for brain H3 and H4 acetylation (r2 = 0.7189 for H3K27ac, r2 = 0.7189 for pan-H3ac, and r2 = 0.7554 for pan-H4ac; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Up to 150 mg/kg VPA can be safely tolerated as 90-min intravenous infusion in a swine CA model. High-dose VPA induced dose-dependent increases in brain histone H3 and H4 acetylation, which can be predicted by plasma free VPA Cmax as the pharmacodynamics biomarker for VPA target engagement after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy H Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohamad H Tiba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brendan M McCracken
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carmen I Colmenero
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Pickell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,College of Literature Science and the Arts, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Danielle C Leander
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne M Weitzel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarita Raghunayakula
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jinhui Liao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tulasi Jinka
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brandon C Cummings
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manjunath P Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin R Ward
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert W Neumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Pickell Z, Williams AM, Alam HB, Hsu CH. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: A Novel Strategy for Neuroprotection and Cardioprotection Following Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016349. [PMID: 32441201 PMCID: PMC7428975 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a complex molecular cascade that causes deleterious cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Stroke, sudden cardiac arrest, and acute myocardial infarction are the most common causes of ischemia/reperfusion injury without effective pharmacologic therapies. Existing preclinical evidence suggests that histone deacetylase inhibitors may be an efficacious, affordable, and clinically feasible therapy that can improve neurologic and cardiac outcomes following ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and epigenetic modulations of ischemia/reperfusion injury and focus on the neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors. We also summarize the protective effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors for other vital organs and highlight the key research priorities for their successful translation to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Pickell
- College of Literature Science and the Arts University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Emergency Medicine Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Cindy H Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Surgery Michigan Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
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Higgins GA, Williams AM, Ade AS, Alam HB, Athey BD. Druggable Transcriptional Networks in the Human Neurogenic Epigenome. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:520-538. [PMID: 31530573 PMCID: PMC6750186 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome conformation capture methods have revealed the dynamics of genome architecture which is spatially organized into topologically associated domains, with gene regulation mediated by enhancer-promoter pairs in chromatin space. New evidence shows that endogenous hormones and several xenobiotics act within circumscribed topological domains of the spatial genome, impacting subsets of the chromatin contacts of enhancer-gene promoter pairs in cis and trans Results from the National Institutes of Health-funded PsychENCODE project and the study of chromatin remodeling complexes have converged to provide a clearer understanding of the organization of the neurogenic epigenome in humans. Neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, bipolar spectrum disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other neuropsychiatric disorders are significantly associated with mutations in neurogenic transcriptional networks. In this review, we have reanalyzed the results from publications of the PsychENCODE Consortium using pharmacoinformatics network analysis to better understand druggable targets that control neurogenic transcriptional networks. We found that valproic acid and other psychotropic drugs directly alter these networks, including chromatin remodeling complexes, transcription factors, and other epigenetic modifiers. We envision a new generation of CNS therapeutics targeted at neurogenic transcriptional control networks, including druggable parts of chromatin remodeling complexes and master transcription factor-controlled pharmacogenomic networks. This may provide a route to the modification of interconnected gene pathways impacted by disease in patients with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Direct and indirect therapeutic strategies to modify the master regulators of neurogenic transcriptional control networks may ultimately help extend the life span of CNS neurons impacted by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Higgins
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alex S Ade
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian D Athey
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (G.A.H., A.S.A., B.D.A.), Surgery (A.M.W., H.B.A.), and Psychiatry (B.D.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Huang M, Chen Y, Yang M, Guo A, Xu Y, Xu L, Koeffler HP. dbCoRC: a database of core transcriptional regulatory circuitries modeled by H3K27ac ChIP-seq signals. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D71-D77. [PMID: 28977473 PMCID: PMC5753200 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Core transcription regulatory circuitry (CRC) is comprised of a small group of self-regulated transcription factors (TFs) and their interconnected regulatory loops. Studies from embryonic stem cells and other cellular models have revealed the elementary roles of CRCs in transcriptional control of cell identity and cellular fate. Systematic identification and subsequent archiving of CRCs across diverse cell types and tissues are needed to explore both cell/tissue type-specific and disease-associated transcriptional networks. Here, we present a comprehensive and interactive database (dbCoRC, http://dbcorc.cam-su.org) of CRC models which are computationally inferred from mapping of super-enhancer and prediction of TF binding sites. The current version of dbCoRC contains CRC models for 188 human and 50 murine cell lines/tissue samples. In companion with CRC models, this database also provides: (i) super enhancer, typical enhancer, and H3K27ac landscape for individual samples, (ii) putative binding sites of each core TF across the super-enhancer regions within CRC and (iii) expression of each core TF in normal or cancer cells/tissues. The dbCoRC will serve as a valuable resource for the scientific community to explore transcriptional control and regulatory circuitries in biological processes related to, but not limited to lineage specification, tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moli Huang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Manqiu Yang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Anyuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.,National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore
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11
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Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Valproic Acid in Healthy Subjects: A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:209-219. [PMID: 28497259 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has beneficial effects in the setting of cancer, neurologic diseases, and traumatic injuries. In animal models of traumatic injury, a single dose of valproic acid has been shown to reduce mortality. The purpose of this trial was to determine the maximum tolerated single dose of intravenous valproic acid in healthy humans. METHODS A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial design was used to identify dose-limiting toxicities in healthy subjects who received a single dose of intravenous valproic acid. Patients were monitored for adverse events and data were collected for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiling of valproic acid. RESULTS Fifty-nine healthy subjects (mean 30 ± 12 years) were enrolled. Forty-four subjects received valproic acid in doses from 15 to 150 mg/kg. The most common adverse events were hypoacusis (n = 19), chills (n = 18), and headache (n = 16). The maximum tolerated dose was 140 mg/kg. Dose-limiting toxicities included headache and nausea lasting longer than 12 h. No drug-related abnormalities were seen in other safety measures including laboratory tests, hemodynamic parameters, cardiac rhythm monitoring, and cognitive testing. A two-compartment model was predictive of valproic acid concentration-time profiles, with a strong correlation (R 2 = 0.56) observed between the number of reported adverse events and the dose level. CONCLUSIONS The maximum tolerated dose of intravenous valproic acid in healthy subjects is 140 mg/kg. This is significantly higher than the previously established maximum tolerated dose of 60-75 mg/kg. Next, the safety and tolerability of high-dose valproic acid will be tested in trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01951560.
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12
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Diament A, Tuller T. Modeling three-dimensional genomic organization in evolution and pathogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 90:78-93. [PMID: 30030143 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is mediated via the complex three-dimensional (3D) conformation of the genetic material and its interactions with various intracellular factors. Various experimental and computational approaches have been developed in recent years for understating the relation between the 3D conformation of the genome and the phenotypes of cells in normal condition and diseases. In this review, we will discuss novel approaches for analyzing and modeling the 3D genomic conformation, focusing on deciphering disease-causing mutations that affect gene expression. We conclude that as this is a very challenging mission, an important direction should involve the comparative analysis of various 3D models from various organisms or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Diament
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tamir Tuller
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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13
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Kalinin AA, Higgins GA, Reamaroon N, Soroushmehr S, Allyn-Feuer A, Dinov ID, Najarian K, Athey BD. Deep learning in pharmacogenomics: from gene regulation to patient stratification. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:629-650. [PMID: 29697304 PMCID: PMC6022084 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This Perspective provides examples of current and future applications of deep learning in pharmacogenomics, including: identification of novel regulatory variants located in noncoding domains of the genome and their function as applied to pharmacoepigenomics; patient stratification from medical records; and the mechanistic prediction of drug response, targets and their interactions. Deep learning encapsulates a family of machine learning algorithms that has transformed many important subfields of artificial intelligence over the last decade, and has demonstrated breakthrough performance improvements on a wide range of tasks in biomedicine. We anticipate that in the future, deep learning will be widely used to predict personalized drug response and optimize medication selection and dosing, using knowledge extracted from large and complex molecular, epidemiological, clinical and demographic datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr A Kalinin
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR), University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Narathip Reamaroon
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sayedmohammadreza Soroushmehr
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ari Allyn-Feuer
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ivo D Dinov
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR), University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kayvan Najarian
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian D Athey
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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14
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Georgoff PE, Nikolian VC, Higgins G, Chtraklin K, Eidy H, Ghandour MH, Williams A, Athey B, Alam HB. Valproic acid induces prosurvival transcriptomic changes in swine subjected to traumatic injury and hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84:642-649. [PMID: 29251706 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that improves outcomes in large animal models of trauma. However, its protective mechanism of action is not completely understood. We sought to characterize the genetic changes induced by VPA treatment following traumatic injuries. METHODS Six female Yorkshire swine were subjected to traumatic brain injury (controlled cortical impact), polytrauma (liver and splenic laceration, rib fracture, rectus crush), and hemorrhagic shock (HS, 40% total blood volume). Following 2 hours of HS, animals were randomized to resuscitation with normal saline (NS) or NS + 150 mg/kg of intravenous VPA (n = 3/cohort, 18 samples total). Blood samples were collected for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells at three distinct time points: baseline, 6 hours following injuries, and on postinjury day 1. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sequenced. Differential expression analysis (false discovery rate < 0.001 and p value <0.001) and gene set enrichment (Panther Gene Ontology and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) was used to compare VPA to non-VPA-treated animals. RESULTS A total of 628 differentially expressed RNA transcripts were identified, 412 of which were used for analysis. There was no difference between treatment groups at baseline. The VPA-induced genetic changes were similar at 6 hours and on postinjury day 1. Upregulated genes were associated with gene expression (p 2.13E-34), cellular development (1.19E-33), cellular growth and proliferation (1.25E-30), and glucocorticoid receptor signaling (8.6E-21). Downregulated genes were associated with cell cycle checkpoint regulation (3.64E-22), apoptosis signaling (6.54E-21), acute phase response signaling (5.84E-23), and the inflammasome pathway (1.7E-19). CONCLUSION In injured swine, VPA increases the expression of genes associated with cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation and decreases those associated with cell death and inflammation. These genetic changes could explain the superior clinical outcomes in VPA-treated animals, including smaller brain lesion size and improved neurologic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Georgoff
- From the Department of Surgery (P.E.G., V.C.N., K.C., H.E., M.H.G., A.W., H.B.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics (G.H., B.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Dekker SE, Nikolian VC, Sillesen M, Bambakidis T, Schober P, Alam HB. Different resuscitation strategies and novel pharmacologic treatment with valproic acid in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:711-719. [PMID: 28742231 PMCID: PMC5785554 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in young adults, and effective treatment strategies have the potential to save many lives. TBI results in coagulopathy, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, cell death, and impaired epigenetic homeostasis, ultimately leading to morbidity and/or mortality. Commonly used resuscitation fluids such as crystalloids or colloids have several disadvantages and might even be harmful when administered in large quantities. There is a need for next-generation treatment strategies (especially in the prehospital setting) that minimize cellular damage, improve survival, and enhance neurological recovery. Pharmacologic treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as valproic acid, has shown promising results in animal studies of TBI and may therefore be an excellent example of next-generation therapy. This review briefly describes traditional resuscitation strategies for TBI combined with hemorrhagic shock and describes preclinical studies on valproic acid as a new pharmacologic agent in the treatment of TBI. It finally discusses limitations and future directions on the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone E. Dekker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vahagn C. Nikolian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Martin Sillesen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Inflammation Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ted Bambakidis
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Schober
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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16
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Allyn-Feuer A, Ade A, Luzum JA, Higgins GA, Athey BD. The pharmacoepigenomics informatics pipeline defines a pathway of novel and known warfarin pharmacogenomics variants. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:413-434. [PMID: 29400612 PMCID: PMC6021929 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM 'Pharmacoepigenomics' methods informed by omics datasets and pre-existing knowledge have yielded discoveries in neuropsychiatric pharmacogenomics. Now we evaluate the generality of these methods by discovering an extended warfarin pharmacogenomics pathway. MATERIALS & METHODS We developed the pharmacoepigenomics informatics pipeline, a scalable multi-omics variant screening pipeline for pharmacogenomics, and conducted an experiment in the genomics of warfarin. RESULTS We discovered known and novel pharmacogenomics variants and genes, both coding and regulatory, for warfarin response, including adverse events. Such genes and variants cluster in a warfarin response pathway consolidating known and novel warfarin response variants and genes. CONCLUSION These results can inform a new warfarin test. The pharmacoepigenomics informatics pipeline may be able to discover new pharmacogenomics markers in other drug-disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Allyn-Feuer
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alex Ade
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jasmine A Luzum
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian D Athey
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan Office of Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Korley FK, Nikolian VC, Williams AM, Dennahy IS, Weykamp M, Alam HB. Valproic Acid Treatment Decreases Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Swine Subjected to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1185-1191. [PMID: 29415612 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of valproic acid (VPA) treatment on serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) levels. To achieve this aim, we obtained serum samples from: 1) 10 Yorkshire swine subjected to controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (CCI TBI) + polytrauma and randomized to receive either normal saline (NS) + VPA (n = 5) or NS alone (n = 5) and 2) five additional swine subjected to CCI TBI without polytrauma and treated with VPA. GFAP and NF-L levels were measured in samples obtained from baseline until 10 days post-injury using a digital immunoassay from Quanterix Corporation. We found that elevated GFAP and NF-L levels were first detected at 2 h post-injury; and peaked at 24 h and 72 h respectively. GFAP levels returned to baseline levels by Day 10, while NF-L remained elevated at Day 10. In TBI + polytrauma swine, the magnitude and duration of biomarker elevation, quantified by the area under the biomarker-concentration-versus-time curve during the first 10 days (AUC0-10days), was higher in the NS group, compared with the VPA group. For GFAP, the AUC0-10days was 45,535 (IQR: 35,741-105,711) and 22,837 (IQR: 8,082-46,627) for the NS and NS+VPA groups, respectively. For NF-L, the AUC0-10days was 43,073 (IQR: 18,739-120,794) and 4,475 (2,868-11,157) for the NS and NS+VPA groups, respectively. Twenty-four hour GFAP and NF-L levels had the strongest correlation with lesion size and time to normalization of behavior. Accordingly, we conclude that treatment with VPA results in significantly lower serum GFAP and NF-L levels. The time-point at which GFAP and NF-L levels have the strongest correlation with outcome is 24 h post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick K Korley
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vahagn C Nikolian
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron M Williams
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Isabel S Dennahy
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Hasan B Alam
- 2 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Nikolian VC, Dennahy IS, Higgins GA, Williams AM, Weykamp M, Georgoff PE, Eidy H, Ghandour MH, Chang P, Alam HB. Transcriptomic changes following valproic acid treatment promote neurogenesis and minimize secondary brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84:459-465. [PMID: 29251707 PMCID: PMC5905703 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early treatment with valproic acid (VPA) has demonstrated benefit in preclinical models of traumatic brain injury, including smaller brain lesion size, decreased edema, reduced neurologic disability, and faster recovery. Mechanisms underlying these favorable outcomes are not fully understood. We hypothesized that VPA treatment would upregulate genes involved in cell survival and proliferation and downregulate those associated with cell death and the inflammatory response. METHODS Ten female swine were subjected to a protocol of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. They were assigned to two groups (n = 5): normal saline (NS; 3× volume of shed blood), or NS + VPA (150 mg/kg). Following 6 hours of observation, brain tissue was harvested to evaluate lesion size and edema. Brain tissue was processed for RNA sequencing. Gene set enrichment and pathway analysis was performed to determine the differential gene expression patterns following injury. RESULTS Animals treated with VPA were noted to have a 46% reduction in brain lesion size and a 57% reduction in ipsilateral brain edema. Valproic acid significantly upregulated genes involved in morphology of the nervous system, neuronal development and neuron quantity. The VPA treatment downregulated pathways related to apoptosis, glial cell proliferation, and neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified VPA as the top upstream regulator of activated transcription, supporting it as a direct cause of these transcriptional changes. Master transcriptional regulator NEUROD1 was also significantly upregulated, suggesting that VPA may induce additional transcription factors. CONCLUSION Administration of VPA attenuated brain lesion size, reduced brain edema, and induced significant changes in the transcriptome of injured brain within 6 hours. Patterns of differential expression were consistent with the proposed neurogenic and prosurvival effects of VPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald A. Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Michael Weykamp
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Hassan Eidy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Panpan Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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19
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Abstract
In a Perspective, Hasan Alam discusses emerging treatment approaches in trauma care.
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20
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Higgins GA, Allyn-Feuer A, Georgoff P, Nikolian V, Alam HB, Athey BD. Mining the topography and dynamics of the 4D Nucleome to identify novel CNS drug pathways. Methods 2017; 123:102-118. [PMID: 28385536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacoepigenome can be defined as the active, noncoding province of the genome including canonical spatial and temporal regulatory mechanisms of gene regulation that respond to xenobiotic stimuli. Many psychotropic drugs that have been in clinical use for decades have ill-defined mechanisms of action that are beginning to be resolved as we understand the transcriptional hierarchy and dynamics of the nucleus. In this review, we describe spatial, temporal and biomechanical mechanisms mediated by psychotropic medications. Focus is placed on a bioinformatics pipeline that can be used both for detection of pharmacoepigenomic variants that discretize drug response and adverse events to improve pharmacogenomic testing, and for the discovery of novel CNS therapeutics. This approach integrates the functional topology and dynamics of the transcriptional hierarchy of the pharmacoepigenome, gene variant-driven identification of pharmacogenomic regulatory domains, and mesoscale mapping for the discovery of novel CNS pharmacodynamic pathways in human brain. Examples of the application of this pipeline are provided, including the discovery of valproic acid (VPA) mediated transcriptional reprogramming of neuronal cell fate following injury, and mapping of a CNS pathway glutamatergic pathway for the mood stabilizer lithium. These examples in regulatory pharmacoepigenomics illustrate how ongoing research using the 4D nucleome provides a foundation to further insight into previously unrecognized psychotropic drug pharmacodynamic pathways in the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Higgins
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Ari Allyn-Feuer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Patrick Georgoff
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Vahagn Nikolian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, USA
| | - Brian D Athey
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, USA; Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), USA.
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