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Maharana J, Hwang SK, Singha DL, Panda D, Singh S, Okita TW, Modi MK. Exploring the structural assembly of rice ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunits using MD simulation. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108761. [PMID: 38552302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase plays a pivotal role as an allosteric enzyme, essential for starch biosynthesis in plants. The higher plant AGPase comparises of a pair of large and a pair of small subunits to form a heterotetrameric complex. Growing evidence indicates that each subunit plays a distinct role in regulating the underlying mechanism of starch biosynthesis. In the rice genome, there are four large subunit genes (OsL1-L4) and three small subunit genes (OsS1, OsS2a, and OsS2b). While the structural assembly of cytosolic rice AGPase subunits (OsL2:OsS2b) has been elucidated, there is currently no such documented research available for plastidial rice AGPases (OsL1:OsS1). In this study, we employed protein modeling and MD simulation approaches to gain insights into the structural association of plastidial rice AGPase subunits. Our results demonstrate that the heterotetrameric association of OsL1:OsS1 is very similar to that of cytosolic OsL2:OsS2b and potato AGPase heterotetramer (StLS:StSS). Moreover, the yeast-two-hybrid results on OsL1:OsS1, which resemble StLS:StSS, suggest a differential protein assembly for OsL2:OsS2b. Thus, the regulatory and catalytic mechanisms for plastidial AGPases (OsL1:OsS1) could be different in rice culm and developing endosperm compared to those of OsL2:OsS2b, which are predominantly found in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India.
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Dhanawantari L Singha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India; Department of Botany, Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai, Assam, 782435, India
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Salvinder Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahendra Kumar Modi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India.
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2
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Wu H, Ren Y, Dong H, Xie C, Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang F, Zhang B, Jiang X, Huang Y, Jing R, Wang J, Miao R, Bao X, Yu M, Nguyen T, Mou C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lei C, Cheng Z, Jiang L, Wan J. FLOURY ENDOSPERM24, a heat shock protein 101 (HSP101), is required for starch biosynthesis and endosperm development in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2635-2651. [PMID: 38634187 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Endosperm is the main storage organ in cereal grain and determines grain yield and quality. The molecular mechanisms of heat shock proteins in regulating starch biosynthesis and endosperm development remain obscure. Here, we report a rice floury endosperm mutant flo24 that develops abnormal starch grains in the central starchy endosperm cells. Map-based cloning and complementation test showed that FLO24 encodes a heat shock protein HSP101, which is localized in plastids. The mutated protein FLO24T296I dramatically lost its ability to hydrolyze ATP and to rescue the thermotolerance defects of the yeast hsp104 mutant. The flo24 mutant develops more severe floury endosperm when grown under high-temperature conditions than normal conditions. And the FLO24 protein was dramatically induced at high temperature. FLO24 physically interacts with several key enzymes required for starch biosynthesis, including AGPL1, AGPL3 and PHO1. Combined biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that FLO24 acts cooperatively with HSP70cp-2 to regulate starch biosynthesis and endosperm development in rice. Our results reveal that FLO24 acts as an important regulator of endosperm development, which might function in maintaining the activities of enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fulin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Binglei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaokang Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunshuai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rong Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiuhao Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingzhou Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Thanhliem Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changling Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, China
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3
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Durbha SR, Siromani N, Jaldhani V, Krishnakanth T, Thuraga V, Neeraja CN, Subrahmanyam D, Sundaram RM. Dynamics of starch formation and gene expression during grain filling and its possible influence on grain quality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6743. [PMID: 38509120 PMCID: PMC10954615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In rice, grain filling is a crucial stage where asynchronous filling of the pollinated spikelet's of the panicle occurs. It can influence both grain quality and yield. In rice grain, starch is the dominant component and contains amylose and amylopectin. Amylose content is the chief cooking quality parameter, however, rice varieties having similar amylose content varied in other parameters. Hence, in this study, a set of varieties varying in yield (04) and another set (12) of varieties that are similar in amylose content with variation in gel consistency and alkali spreading value were used. Panicles were collected at various intervals and analysed for individual grain weight and quantities of amylose and amylopectin. Gas exchange parameters were measured in varieties varying in yield. Upper branches of the panicles were collected from rice varieties having similar amylose content and were subjected to gene expression analysis with fourteen gene specific primers of starch synthesis. Results indicate that grain filling was initiated simultaneously in multiple branches. Amylose and amylopectin quantities increased with the increase in individual grain weight. However, the pattern of regression lines of amylose and amylopectin percentages with increase in individual grain weight varied among the varieties. Gas exchange parameters like photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 and transpiration rate decreased with the increase in grain filling period in both good and poor yielding varieties. However, they decreased more in poor yielders. Expression of fourteen genes varied among the varieties and absence of SBE2b can be responsible for medium or soft gel consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeva Rao Durbha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India.
| | - N Siromani
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - V Jaldhani
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - T Krishnakanth
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - Vishnukiran Thuraga
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - C N Neeraja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - D Subrahmanyam
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - R M Sundaram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
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4
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Yan M, Jiao G, Shao G, Chen Y, Zhu M, Yang L, Xie L, Hu P, Tang S. Chalkiness and premature controlled by energy homeostasis in OsNAC02 Ko-mutant during vegetative endosperm development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:196. [PMID: 38494545 PMCID: PMC10946104 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chalkiness is a common phenotype induced by various reasons, such as abiotic stress or the imbalance of starch synthesis and metabolism during the development period. However, the reason mainly for one gene losing its function such as NAC (TFs has a large family in rice) which may cause premature is rarely known to us. RESULTS The Ko-Osnac02 mutant demonstrated an obviously early maturation stage compared to the wild type (WT) with 15 days earlier. The result showed that the mature endosperm of Ko-Osnac02 mutant exhibited chalkiness, characterized by white-core and white-belly in mature endosperm. As grain filling rate is a crucial factor in determining the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa, ssp. japonica), it's significant that mutant has a lower amylose content (AC) and higher soluble sugar content in the mature endosperm. Interestingly among the top DEGs in the RNA sequencing of N2 (3DAP) and WT seeds revealed that the OsBAM2 (LOC_Os10g32810) expressed significantly high in N2 mutant, which involved in Maltose up-regulated by the starch degradation. As Prediction of Protein interaction showed in the chalky endosperm formation in N2 seeds (3 DAP), seven genes were expressed at a lower-level which should be verified by a heatmap diagrams based on DEGs of N2 versus WT. The Tubulin genes controlling cell cycle are downregulated together with the MCM family genes MCM4 ( ↓), MCM7 ( ↑), which may cause white-core in the early endosperm development. In conclusion, the developing period drastically decreased in the Ko-Osnac02 mutants, which might cause the chalkiness in seeds during the early endosperm development. CONCLUSIONS The gene OsNAC02 which controls a great genetic co-network for cell cycle regulation in early development, and KO-Osnac02 mutant shows prematurity and white-core in endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Maodi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Lingwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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5
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Ma B, Cao X, Li X, Bian Z, Zhang QQ, Fang Z, Liu J, Li Q, Liu Q, Zhang L, He Z. Two ABCI family transporters, OsABCI15 and OsABCI16, are involved in grain-filling in rice. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00224-2. [PMID: 37913986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed development is critical for plant reproduction and crop yield, with panicle seed-setting rate, grain-filling, and grain weight being key seed characteristics for yield improvement. However, few genes are known to regulate grain filling. Here, we identify two adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC)I-type transporter genes, OsABCI15 and OsABCI16, involved in rice grain-filling. Both genes are highly expressed in developing seeds, and their proteins are localized to the plasma membrane and cytosol. Interestingly, knockout of OsABCI15 and OsABCI16 results in a significant reduction in seed-setting rate, caused predominantly by the severe empty pericarp phenotype, which differs from the previously reported low seed-setting phenotype resulting from failed pollination. Further analysis indicates that OsABCI15 and OsABCI16 participate in ion homeostasis and likely export ions between filial tissues and maternal tissues during grain filling. Importantly, overexpression of OsABCI15 and OsABCI16 enhances seed-setting rate and grain yield in transgenic plants and decreases ion accumulation in brown rice. Moreover, the OsABCI15/16 orthologues in maize exhibit a similar role in kernel development, as demonstrated by their disruption in transgenic maize. Therefore, our findings reveal the important roles of two ABC transporters in cereal grain filling, highlighting their value in crop yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiubiao Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Zhong Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qi-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zijun Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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6
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Liu B, Li L, Fu C, Zhang Y, Bai B, Du J, Zeng J, Bian Y, Liu S, Song J, Luo X, Xie L, Sun M, Xu X, Xia X, Cao S. Genetic dissection of grain morphology and yield components in a wheat line with defective grain filling. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:165. [PMID: 37392240 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We identified stable QTL for grain morphology and yield component traits in a wheat defective grain filling line and validated genetic effects in a panel of cultivars using breeding-relevant markers. Grain filling capacity is essential for grain yield and appearance quality in cereal crops. Identification of genetic loci for grain filling is important for wheat improvement. However, there are few genetic studies on grain filling in wheat. Here, a defective grain filling (DGF) line wdgf1 characterized by shrunken grains was identified in a population derived from multi-round crosses involving nine parents and a recombinant inbreed line (RIL) population was generated from the cross between wdgf1 and a sister line with normal grains. We constructed a genetic map of the RIL population using the wheat 15K single nucleotide polymorphism chip and detected 25 stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain morphology and yield components, including three for DGF, eleven for grain size, six for thousand grain weight, three for grain number per spike and two for spike number per m2. Among them, QDGF.caas-7A is co-located with QTGW.caas-7A and can explain 39.4-64.6% of the phenotypic variances, indicating that this QTL is a major locus controlling DGF. Sequencing and linkage mapping showed that TaSus2-2B and Rht-B1 were candidate genes for QTGW.caas-2B and the QTL cluster (QTGW.caas-4B, QGNS.caas-4B, and QSN.caas-4B), respectively. We developed kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers tightly linked to the stable QTL without corresponding to known yield-related genes, and validated their genetic effects in a diverse panel of wheat cultivars. These findings not only lay a solid foundation for genetic dissection underlying grain filling and yield formation, but also provide useful tools for marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Bai
- Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiuyuan Du
- Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianqi Zeng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Bian
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xumei Luo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lina Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Mengjing Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowan Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuanghe Cao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China.
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7
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Wang A, Jing Y, Cheng Q, Zhou H, Wang L, Gong W, Kou L, Liu G, Meng X, Chen M, Ma H, Shu X, Yu H, Wu D, Li J. Loss of function of SSIIIa and SSIIIb coordinately confers high RS content in cooked rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220622120. [PMID: 37126676 PMCID: PMC10175802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220622120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The sedentary lifestyle and refined food consumption significantly lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related complications, which have become one of the major threats to global health. This incidence could be potentially reduced by daily foods rich in resistant starch (RS). However, it remains a challenge to breed high-RS rice varieties. Here, we reported a high-RS mutant rs4 with an RS content of ~10.8% in cooked rice. The genetic study revealed that the loss-of-function SSIIIb and SSIIIa together with a strong Wx allele in the background collaboratively contributed to the high-RS phenotype of the rs4 mutant. The increased RS contents in ssIIIa and ssIIIa ssIIIb mutants were associated with the increased amylose and lipid contents. SSIIIb and SSIIIa proteins were functionally redundant, whereas SSIIIb mainly functioned in leaves and SSIIIa largely in endosperm owing to their divergent tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, we found that SSIII experienced duplication in different cereals, of which one SSIII paralog was mainly expressed in leaves and another in the endosperm. SSII but not SSIV showed a similar evolutionary pattern to SSIII. The copies of endosperm-expressed SSIII and SSII were associated with high total starch contents and low RS levels in the seeds of tested cereals, compared with low starch contents and high RS levels in tested dicots. These results provided critical genetic resources for breeding high-RS rice cultivars, and the evolutionary features of these genes may facilitate to generate high-RS varieties in different cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yanhui Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Qiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Wanxin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310029, China
| | - Liquan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Guifu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Mingjiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310029, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Dianxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310029, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- Yazhou Bay Laboratory, Sanya572025, China
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8
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Wang Y, Shi D, Zhu H, Yin H, Wang G, Yang A, Song Z, Jing Q, Shuai B, Xu N, Yang J, Chen H, Wang G. Revisiting maize Brittle endosperm-2 reveals new insights in BETL development and starchy endosperm filling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111727. [PMID: 37149228 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rerouting the starch biosynthesis pathway in maize can generate specialty types, like sweet corn and waxy corn, with a drastically increasing global demand. Hence, a fine-tuning of starch metabolism is relevant to create diverse maize cultivars for end-use applications. Here, we characterized a new maize brittle endosperm mutant, referred to as bt1774, which exhibited decreased starch content but a dramatic increase of soluble sugars at maturity. Both endosperm and embryo development was impaired in bt1774 relative to the wild-type (WT), with a prominently arrested basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL). Map-based cloning revealed that BRITTLE ENDOSPERM2 (Bt2), which encodes a small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), is the causal gene for bt1774. A MuA2 element was found to be inserted into intron 2 of Bt2, leading to a severe decrease of its expression, in bt1774. This is in line with the irregular and loosely packed starch granules in the mutant. Transcriptome of endosperm at grain filling stage identified 1, 013 differentially expressed genes in bt1774, which were notably enriched in the BETL compartment, including ZmMRP1, Miniature1, MEG1, and BETLs. Gene expression of the canonical starch biosynthesis pathway was marginally disturbed in Bt1774. Combined with the residual 60% of starch in this nearly null mutant of Bt2, this data strongly suggests that an AGPase-independent pathway compensates for starch synthesis in the endosperm. Consistent with the BETL defects, zein accumulation was impaired in bt1774. Co-expression network analysis revealed that Bt2 probably has a role in intracellular signal transduction, besides starch synthesis. Altogether, we propose that Bt2 is likely involved in carbohydrate flux and balance, thus regulating both the BETL development and the starchy endosperm filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongsheng Shi
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hanxue Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhixuan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingquan Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bilian Shuai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ningkun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guifeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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9
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Tiozon RJN, Fettke J, Sreenivasulu N, Fernie AR. More than the main structural genes: Regulation of resistant starch formation in rice endosperm and its potential application. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 285:153980. [PMID: 37086697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, research on resistant starch has evoked interest due to the prevention and inhibition of chronic human diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity. Increasing the amylose content (AC) and resistant starch (RS) has been pivotal in improving the nutritional benefit of rice. However, the exact mechanism of RS formation is complex due to interconnected genetic factors regulating amylose-amylopectin variation. In this review, we discussed the regulatory factors influencing the RS formation centered on the transcription, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. Furthermore, we described the developments in RS and AC levels in rice compared with other high RS cereals. Briefly, we enumerated potential applications of high RS mutants in health, medical, and other industries. We contest that the information captured herein can be deployed for marker-assisted breeding and precision breeding techniques through genome editing to improve rice varieties with enhanced RS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhowell Jr N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines; Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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10
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Wu M, Cai M, Zhai R, Ye J, Zhu G, Yu F, Ye S, Zhang X. A mitochondrion-associated PPR protein, WBG1, regulates grain chalkiness in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1136849. [PMID: 36968383 PMCID: PMC10033517 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice kernel quality has vital commercial value. Grain chalkiness deteriorates rice's appearance and palatability. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern grain chalkiness remain unclear and may be regulated by many factors. In this study, we identified a stable hereditary mutant, white belly grain 1 (wbg1), which has a white belly in its mature grains. The grain filling rate of wbg1 was lower than that of the wild type across the whole filling period, and the starch granules in the chalky part were oval or round and loosely arranged. Map-based cloning showed that wbg1 was an allelic mutant of FLO10, which encodes a mitochondrion-targeted P-type pentatricopeptide repeat protein. Amino acid sequence analysis found that two PPR motifs present in the C-terminal of WBG1 were lost in wbg1. This deletion reduced the splicing efficiency of nad1 intron 1 to approximately 50% in wbg1, thereby partially reducing the activity of complex I and affecting ATP production in wbg1 grains. Furthermore, haplotype analysis showed that WBG1 was associated with grain width between indica and japonica rice varieties. These results suggested that WBG1 influences rice grain chalkiness and grain width by regulating the splicing efficiency of nad1 intron 1. This deepens understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing rice grain quality and provides theoretical support for molecular breeding to improve rice quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maohong Cai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Zhai
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Zhu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Faming Yu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenghai Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Kumari A, Sharma D, Sharma P, Wang C, Verma V, Patil A, Imran M, Singh MP, Kumar K, Paritosh K, Caragea D, Kapoor S, Chandel G, Grover A, Jagadish SVK, Katiyar-Agarwal S, Agarwal M. Meta-QTL and haplo-pheno analysis reveal superior haplotype combinations associated with low grain chalkiness under high temperature in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133115. [PMID: 36968399 PMCID: PMC10031497 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chalk, an undesirable grain quality trait in rice, is primarily formed due to high temperatures during the grain-filling process. Owing to the disordered starch granule structure, air spaces and low amylose content, chalky grains are easily breakable during milling thereby lowering head rice recovery and its market price. Availability of multiple QTLs associated with grain chalkiness and associated attributes, provided us an opportunity to perform a meta-analysis and identify candidate genes and their alleles contributing to enhanced grain quality. From the 403 previously reported QTLs, 64 Meta-QTLs encompassing 5262 non-redundant genes were identified. MQTL analysis reduced the genetic and physical intervals and nearly 73% meta-QTLs were narrower than 5cM and 2Mb, revealing the hotspot genomic regions. By investigating expression profiles of 5262 genes in previously published datasets, 49 candidate genes were shortlisted on the basis of their differential regulation in at least two of the datasets. We identified non-synonymous allelic variations and haplotypes in 39 candidate genes across the 3K rice genome panel. Further, we phenotyped a subset panel of 60 rice accessions by exposing them to high temperature stress under natural field conditions over two Rabi cropping seasons. Haplo-pheno analysis uncovered haplotype combinations of two starch synthesis genes, GBSSI and SSIIa, significantly contributing towards the formation of grain chalk in rice. We, therefore, report not only markers and pre-breeding material, but also propose superior haplotype combinations which can be introduced using either marker-assisted breeding or CRISPR-Cas based prime editing to generate elite rice varieties with low grain chalkiness and high HRY traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priya Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sahil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Chaoxin Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Vibha Verma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Patil
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Md Imran
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madan Pal Singh
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Kumar Paritosh
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, New Delhi, India
| | - Doina Caragea
- Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Girish Chandel
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Anil Grover
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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12
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Ma B, Zhang L, He Z. Understanding the regulation of cereal grain filling: The way forward. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:526-547. [PMID: 36648157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During grain filling, starch and other nutrients accumulate in the endosperm; this directly determines grain yield and grain quality in crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Grain filling is a complex trait affected by both intrinsic and environmental factors, making it difficult to explore the underlying genetics, molecular regulation, and the application of these genes for breeding. With the development of powerful genetic and molecular techniques, much has been learned about the genes and molecular networks related to grain filling over the past decades. In this review, we highlight the key factors affecting grain filling, including both biological and abiotic factors. We then summarize the key genes controlling grain filling and their roles in this event, including regulators of sugar translocation and starch biosynthesis, phytohormone-related regulators, and other factors. Finally, we discuss how the current knowledge of valuable grain filling genes could be integrated with strategies for breeding cereal varieties with improved grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Tan J, Chen Y, Sun Z, Yan X, Ouyang J, Li S, Wang X. New Fructokinase, OsFRK3, Regulates Starch Accumulation and Grain Filling in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1056-1066. [PMID: 36595531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant fructokinase (FRK) guarantees the growth and development of higher plants by participating in carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, a new fructokinase, OsFRK3, was identified using bioinformatics analysis, enzyme assay, bacterial growth assay, and yeast complementation test. Then, we created OsFRK3 knockout transgenic lines (osfrk3-1 and osfrk3-2) by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We found that the 1000-grain weight decreased notably (approximately -3.6% and -6.1%, respectively) in osfrk3-1 and osfrk3-2. Evidently decreased grain width, grain thickness, and endosperm filling rate were detected in the osfrk3 mutants (osfrk3-1 and osfrk3-2) compared with those of the WT. In addition, the content of seed total starch was significantly decreased by 3.42 and 4.80% in osfrk3 lines, compared with that in the WT. The level of maltose was significantly reduced in the mutants, while that of sucrose and fructose was obviously increased in the mutants. The transcript levels of OsGBSS1, OsBEIIb, OsPFP1β, and OsAGPL1 were significantly decreased in the osfrk3 mutants. These results suggest that OsFRK3 may positively regulate the accumulation of starch through influencing the sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiaxin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhangyuqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiexiu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering of Jiangxi Province, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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14
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Chen L, Dong X, Yang H, Chai Y, Xia Y, Tian L, Qu LQ. Cytosolic disproportionating enzyme2 is essential for pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:96-109. [PMID: 36282529 PMCID: PMC9806659 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of starch accumulated in pollen provides energy and cellular materials for pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. Little is known about the function of cytosolic disproportionating enzyme2 (DPE2) in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we obtained several DPE2 knockout mutant (dpe2) lines via genomic editing and found that the mutants grew and developed normally but with greatly reduced seed-setting rates. Reciprocal crosses between dpe2 and wild-type plants demonstrated that the mutant was male sterile. In vitro and in vivo examinations revealed that the pollen of the dpe2 mutant developed and matured normally but was defective in germination and elongation. DPE2 deficiency increased maltose content in pollen, whereas it reduced the levels of starch, glucose, fructose, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Exogenous supply of glucose or ATP to the germination medium partially rescued the pollen germination defects of dpe2. The expression of cytosolic phosphorylase2 (Pho2) increased significantly in dpe2 pollen. Knockout of Pho2 resulted in a semi-sterile phenotype. We failed to obtain homozygous dpe2 pho2 double mutant lines. Our results demonstrate that maltose catalyzed by DPE2 to glucose is the main energy source for pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, while Pho2 might partially compensate for deficiency of DPE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangbai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Le Qing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Lee SK, Lee J, Jo M, Jeon JS. Exploration of Sugar and Starch Metabolic Pathway Crucial for Pollen Fertility in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214091. [PMID: 36430574 PMCID: PMC9695277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the primary storage carbohydrate in mature pollen grains in many crop plants, including rice. Impaired starch accumulation causes male sterility because of the shortage of energy and building blocks for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Thus, starch-defective pollen is applicable for inducing male sterility and hybrid rice production. Despite the importance of pollen starch, the details of the starch biosynthesis and breakdown pathway in pollen are still largely unknown. As pollen is isolated from the maternal tissue, photoassimilate transported from leaves must pass through the apoplastic space from the anther to the filial pollen, where it is stored as starch. Several sugar transporters and enzymes are involved in this process, but many are still unknown. Thus, the current review provides possible scenarios for sucrose transport and metabolic pathways that lead to starch biosynthesis and breakdown in rice pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
| | - Juho Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Jo
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
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16
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Ma X, Ouyang X, Liu D, Zhang A. The 218th amino acid change of Ser to Ala in TaAGPS-7A increases enzyme activity and grain weight in bread wheat. THE CROP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Xu H, Li S, Kazeem BB, Ajadi AA, Luo J, Yin M, Liu X, Chen L, Ying J, Tong X, Wang Y, Niu B, Chen C, Zeng X, Zhang J. Five Rice Seed-Specific NF-YC Genes Redundantly Regulate Grain Quality and Seed Germination via Interfering Gibberellin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158382. [PMID: 35955515 PMCID: PMC9368926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-YCs are important transcription factors with diverse functions in the plant kingdoms including seed development. NF-YC8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are close homologs with similar seed-specific expression patterns. Despite the fact that some of the NF-YCs are functionally known; their biological roles have not been systematically explored yet, given the potential functional redundancy. In this study, we generated pentuple mutant pnfyc of NF-YC8-12 and revealed their functions in the regulation of grain quality and seed germination. pnfyc grains displayed significantly more chalkiness with abnormal starch granule packaging. pnfyc seed germination and post-germination growth are much slower than the wild-type NIP, largely owing to the GA-deficiency as exogenous GA was able to fully recover the germination phenotype. The RNA-seq experiment identified a total of 469 differentially expressed genes, and several GA-, ABA- and grain quality control-related genes might be transcriptionally regulated by the five NF-YCs, as revealed by qRT-PCR analysis. The results demonstrated the redundant functions of NF-YC8-12 in regulating GA pathways that underpin rice grain quality and seed germination, and shed a novel light on the functions of the seed-specific NF-YCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Xu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shufan Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Bello Babatunde Kazeem
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Abolore Adijat Ajadi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinjin Luo
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Man Yin
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xinyong Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Baixiao Niu
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (B.N.); (C.C.)
| | - Xiaoshan Zeng
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-86491768 (X.Z.); +86-571-63370277 (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (H.X.); (S.L.); (B.B.K.); (A.A.A.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (X.L.); (L.C.); (J.Y.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-86491768 (X.Z.); +86-571-63370277 (J.Z.)
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Moderate Soil Drying-Induced Alternative Splicing Provides a Potential Novel Approach for the Regulation of Grain Filling in Rice Inferior Spikelets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147770. [PMID: 35887118 PMCID: PMC9318316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor grain filling of inferior spikelets, especially in some large-panicle rice varieties, is becoming a major limitation in breaking the ceiling of rice production. In our previous studies, we proved that post-anthesis moderate soil drying (MD) was an effective way to promote starch synthesis and inferior grain filling. As one of the most important regulatory processes in response to environmental cues and at different developmental stages, the function of alternative splicing (AS) has not yet been revealed in regulating grain filling under MD conditions. In this study, AS events at the most active grain-filling stage were identified in inferior spikelets under well-watered control (CK) and MD treatments. Of 16,089 AS events, 1840 AS events involving 1392 genes occurred differentially between the CK and MD treatments, many of which function on spliceosome, ncRNA metabolic process, starch, and sucrose metabolism, and other functions. Some of the splicing factors and starch synthesis-related genes, such as SR protein, hnRNP protein, OsAGPL2, OsAPS2, OsSSIVa, OsSSIVb, OsGBSSII, and OsISA1 showed differential AS changes under MD treatment. The expression of miR439f and miR444b was reduced due to an AS event which occurred in the intron where miRNAs were located in the MD-treated inferior spikelets. On the contrary, OsAGPL2, an AGPase encoding gene, was alternatively spliced, resulting in different transcripts with or without the miR393b binding site, suggesting a potential mechanism for miRNA-mediated gene regulation on grain filling of inferior spikelets in response to MD treatment. This study provides some new insights into the function of AS on the MD-promoted grain filling of inferior spikelets, and potential application in agriculture to increase rice yields by genetic approaches.
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Liang G, Li Y, Wang P, Jiao S, Wang H, Mao J, Chen B. VaAPL1 Promotes Starch Synthesis to Constantly Contribute to Soluble Sugar Accumulation, Improving Low Temperature Tolerance in Arabidopsis and Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:920424. [PMID: 35812933 PMCID: PMC9257282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.920424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key rate-limiting enzyme involved in starch synthesis. APL1, an AGPase large subunit, plays an important role in the growth and development of grapes; however, its function in withstanding low temperature (LT) remains elusive. Hence, VaAPL1 was cloned from Vitis amurensis (Zuoshan I), and its function was characterized. The gene was highly expressed in the phloem of V. amurensis during winter dormancy (0, -5, and - 10°C). Phylogenetic relationships demonstrated that VaAPL1 was closely genetic related to SlAPL1 (from Solanum lycopersicum), and clustered into I group. Further, VaAPL1 was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Columbia, Col) and tomato ("Micro-Tom" tomato) to characterize its function under LT. Compared with Col, the average survival rate of VaAPL1-overexpressing A. thaliana exceeded 75.47% after freezing treatment. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content decreased in VaAPL1-overexpressing A. thaliana and tomato plants under LT stress. The activities of AGPase, and starch contents in VaAPL1-overexpressing A. thaliana were higher than in Col after LT stress. The contents of sucrose and glucose were accumulated in overexpressing plants compared with wild-type at 0 h and 24 h after LT stress. Transcriptome sequencing of overexpressing tomato plants revealed involvement in sugar metabolism and the hormone signal pathway, and Ca2+ signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated. Hence, these results suggest that overexpression of VaAPL1 not only ensured sufficient starch converting into soluble sugars to maintain cell osmotic potential and provided energy, but also indirectly activated signal pathways involved in LT to enhance plant tolerance.
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Liu Z, Jiang S, Jiang L, Li W, Tang Y, He W, Wang M, Xing J, Cui Y, Lin Q, Yu F, Wang L. Transcription factor OsSGL is a regulator of starch synthesis and grain quality in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3417-3430. [PMID: 35182423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis during rice endosperm development is important for grain quality, as it influences grain size and physico-chemical properties, which together determine rice eating quality. Cereal starch biosynthetic pathways have been comprehensively investigated; however, their regulation, especially by transcriptional repressors remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a DUF1645 domain-containing protein, STRESS_tolerance and GRAIN_LENGTH (OsSGL), that participates in regulating rice starch biosynthesis. Overexpression of OsSGL reduced total starch and amylose content in the endosperm compared with the wild type. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA-seq analyses indicated that OsSGL targets the transcriptional activity of several starch and sucrose metabolism genes. In addition, ChIP-qPCR, yeast one-hybrid, EMSA and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that OsSGL directly inhibits the expression of SUCROSE SYNTHASE 1 (OsSUS1) in the endosperm. Furthermore, OsSUS1 interacts with OsSGL to release its transcriptional repression ability. Unexpectedly, our results also show that knock down and mutation of OsSGL disrupts the starch biosynthetic pathway, causing lower starch and amylose content. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that accurate control of OsSGL homeostasis is essential for starch synthesis and grain quality. In addition, we revealed the molecular mechanism of OsSGL in regulating starch biosynthesis-related genes, which are required for grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Liu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Wanjing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Manling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, P.R. China
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21
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Beyene G, Chauhan RD, Gehan J, Siritunga D, Taylor N. Cassava shrunken-2 homolog MeAPL3 determines storage root starch and dry matter content and modulates storage root postharvest physiological deterioration. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:283-299. [PMID: 32270429 PMCID: PMC9163024 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the five cassava isoforms (MeAPL1-MeAPL5), MeAPL3 is responsible for determining storage root starch content. Degree of storage root postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is directly correlated with starch content. AGPase is heterotetramer composed of two small and two large subunits each coded by small gene families in higher plants. Studies in cassava (Manihot esculenta) identified and characterized five isoforms of Manihot esculenta ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit (MeAPL1-MeAPL5) and employed virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) to show that MeAPL3 is the key isoform responsible for starch and dry matter accumulation in cassava storage roots. Silencing of MeAPL3 in cassava through stable transgenic lines resulted in plants displaying significant reduction in storage root starch and dry matter content (DMC) and induced a distinct phenotype associated with increased petiole/stem angle, resulting in a droopy leaf phenotype. Plants with reduced starch and DMC also displayed significantly reduced or no postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) compared to controls and lines with high DMC and starch content. This provides strong evidence for direct relationships between starch/dry matter content and its role in PPD and canopy architecture traits in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Beyene
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Jackson Gehan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Nigel Taylor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Sreenivasulu N, Zhang C, Tiozon RN, Liu Q. Post-genomics revolution in the design of premium quality rice in a high-yielding background to meet consumer demands in the 21st century. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100271. [PMID: 35576153 PMCID: PMC9251384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rhowell N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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23
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Fünfgeld MMFF, Wang W, Ishihara H, Arrivault S, Feil R, Smith AM, Stitt M, Lunn JE, Niittylä T. Sucrose synthases are not involved in starch synthesis in Arabidopsis leaves. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:574-582. [PMID: 35484201 PMCID: PMC9122829 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plants accumulate transitory starch reserves in their leaves during the day to buffer their carbohydrate supply against fluctuating light conditions, and to provide carbon and energy for survival at night. It is universally accepted that transitory starch is synthesized from ADP-glucose (ADPG) in the chloroplasts. However, the consensus that ADPG is made in the chloroplasts by ADPG pyrophosphorylase has been challenged by a controversial proposal that ADPG is made primarily in the cytosol, probably by sucrose synthase (SUS), and then imported into the chloroplasts. To resolve this long-standing controversy, we critically re-examined the experimental evidence that appears to conflict with the consensus pathway. We show that when precautions are taken to avoid artefactual changes during leaf sampling, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that lack SUS activity in mesophyll cells (quadruple sus1234) or have no SUS activity (sextuple sus123456) have wild-type levels of ADPG and starch, while ADPG is 20 times lower in the pgm and adg1 mutants that are blocked in the consensus chloroplastic pathway of starch synthesis. We conclude that the ADPG needed for starch synthesis in leaves is synthesized primarily by ADPG pyrophosphorylase in the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M F F Fünfgeld
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
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Feng T, Wang L, Li L, Liu Y, Chong K, Theißen G, Meng Z. OsMADS14 and NF-YB1 cooperate in the direct activation of OsAGPL2 and Waxy during starch synthesis in rice endosperm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:77-92. [PMID: 35067957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthesis makes a dramatic contribution to the yield and nutritional value of cereal crops. Although several starch synthesis enzymes and related regulators have been reported, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of starch synthesis remain largely unknown. OsMADS14 is a FRUITFULL (FUL)-like MADS-box gene in rice (Oryza sativa). Here we show that two null mutations of OsMADS14 result in a shrunken and chalky grain phenotype. It is caused by obviously defective compound starch granules and a significantly reduced content of both total starch and amylose in the endosperm. Transcriptomic profiling analyses revealed that the loss-of-function of OsMADS14 leads to significantly downregulated expression of many core starch synthesis genes, including OsAGPL2 and Waxy. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate that the OsMADS14 protein directly binds to stretches of DNA with a CArG-box consensus in the putative regulatory regions of OsAGPL2 and Waxy. Protein-protein interaction experiments also suggest that OsMADS14 interacts with nuclear factor NF-YB1 to promote the transcription of OsAGPL2 and Waxy. Our study thus demonstrates that OsMADS14 plays an essential role in the synthesis of storage starch and provides novel insights into the underlying molecular mechanism that may be used to improve rice cultivars by molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Laiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Günter Theißen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute/Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Zheng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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25
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Figueroa CM, Asencion Diez MD, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA. Structure, function, and evolution of plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:307-323. [PMID: 35006475 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines research performed in the last two decades on the structural, kinetic, regulatory and evolutionary aspects of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, the regulatory enzyme for starch biosynthesis. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway of glycogen and starch synthesis in bacteria and plants, respectively. Plant ADP-Glc PPase is a heterotetramer allosterically regulated by metabolites and post-translational modifications. In this review, we focus on the three-dimensional structure of the plant enzyme, the amino acids that bind the regulatory molecules, and the regions involved in transmitting the allosteric signal to the catalytic site. We provide a model for the evolution of the small and large subunits, which produce heterotetramers with distinct catalytic and regulatory properties. Additionally, we review the various post-translational modifications observed in ADP-Glc PPases from different species and tissues. Finally, we discuss the subcellular localization of the enzyme found in grain endosperm from grasses, such as maize and rice. Overall, this work brings together research performed in the last two decades to better understand the multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of ADP-Glc PPase. The rational modification of this enzyme could improve the yield and resilience of economically important crops, which is particularly important in the current scenario of climate change and food shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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26
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Zhang L, Li N, Zhang J, Zhao L, Qiu J, Wei C. The CBM48 domain-containing protein FLO6 regulates starch synthesis by interacting with SSIVb and GBSS in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:343-361. [PMID: 34387795 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
FLO6 is involved in starch synthesis by interacting with SSIVb and GBSS in rice. Starch synthesized and stored in plastids including chloroplasts and amyloplasts plays a vital role in plant growth and provides the major energy for human diet. However, the molecular mechanisms by which regulate starch synthesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized a rice floury endosperm mutant M39, which exhibited defective starch granule formation in pericarp and endosperm, accompanied by the decreased starch content and amylose content. The abnormal starch accumulation in M39 pollen grains caused a significant decrease in plant fertility. Chloroplasts in M39 leaves contained no or only one large starch granule. Positional cloning combined with complementary experiment demonstrated that the mutant phenotypes were restored by the FLOURY ENDOSPERM6 (FLO6). FLO6 was generally expressed in various tissues, including leaf, anther and developing endosperm. FLO6 is a chloroplast and amyloplast-localized protein that is able to bind to starch by its carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) domain. Interestingly, we found that FLO6 interacted with starch synthase IVb (SSIVb) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI and GBSSII). Together, our results suggested that FLO6 plays a critical role in starch synthesis through cooperating with several starch synthesis enzymes throughout plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Linglong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiajing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Cunxu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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27
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Lei J, Teng X, Wang Y, Jiang X, Zhao H, Zheng X, Ren Y, Dong H, Wang Y, Duan E, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Yang H, Chen X, Chen R, Zhang Y, Yu M, Xu S, Bao X, Zhang P, Liu S, Liu X, Tian Y, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wan J. Plastidic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 component subunit Alpha1 is involved in galactolipid biosynthesis required for amyloplast development in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:437-453. [PMID: 34655511 PMCID: PMC8882802 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch accounts for over 80% of the total dry weight in cereal endosperm and determines the kernel texture and nutritional quality. Amyloplasts, terminally differentiated plastids, are responsible for starch biosynthesis and storage. We screened a series of rice mutants with floury endosperm to clarify the mechanism underlying amyloplast development and starch synthesis. We identified the floury endosperm19 (flo19) mutant which shows opaque of the interior endosperm. Abnormal compound starch grains (SGs) were present in the endosperm cells of the mutant. Molecular cloning revealed that the FLO19 allele encodes a plastid-localized pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 component subunit α1 (ptPDC-E1-α1) that is expressed in all rice tissues. In vivo enzyme assays demonstrated that the flo19 mutant showed decreased activity of the plastidic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In addition, the amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) were much lower in the developing flo19 mutant endosperm, suggesting that FLO19 participates in fatty acid supply for galactolipid biosynthesis in amyloplasts. FLO19 overexpression significantly increased seed size and weight, but did not affect other important agronomic traits, such as panicle length, tiller number and seed setting rate. An analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism data from a panel of rice accessions identified that the pFLO19L haplotype was positively associated with grain length, implying a potential application in rice breeding. In summary, our study demonstrates that FLO19 is involved in galactolipid biosynthesis which is essential for amyloplast development and starch biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaokang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mingzhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shanbin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiuhao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop ProductionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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28
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David LC, Lee SK, Bruderer E, Abt MR, Fischer-Stettler M, Tschopp MA, Solhaug EM, Sanchez K, Zeeman SC. BETA-AMYLASE9 is a plastidial nonenzymatic regulator of leaf starch degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:191-207. [PMID: 34662400 PMCID: PMC8774843 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Amylases (BAMs) are key enzymes of transitory starch degradation in chloroplasts, a process that buffers the availability of photosynthetically fixed carbon over the diel cycle to maintain energy levels and plant growth at night. However, during vascular plant evolution, the BAM gene family diversified, giving rise to isoforms with different compartmentation and biological activities. Here, we characterized BETA-AMYLASE 9 (BAM9) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among the BAMs, BAM9 is most closely related to BAM4 but is more widely conserved in plants. BAM9 and BAM4 share features including their plastidial localization and lack of measurable α-1,4-glucan hydrolyzing capacity. BAM4 is a regulator of starch degradation, and bam4 mutants display a starch-excess phenotype. Although bam9 single mutants resemble the wild-type (WT), genetic experiments reveal that the loss of BAM9 markedly enhances the starch-excess phenotypes of mutants already impaired in starch degradation. Thus, BAM9 also regulates starch breakdown, but in a different way. Interestingly, BAM9 gene expression is responsive to several environmental changes, while that of BAM4 is not. Furthermore, overexpression of BAM9 in the WT reduced leaf starch content, but overexpression in bam4 failed to complement fully that mutant's starch-excess phenotype, suggesting that BAM9 and BAM4 are not redundant. We propose that BAM9 activates starch degradation, helping to manage carbohydrate availability in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. As such, BAM9 represents an interesting gene target to explore in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure C David
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Eduard Bruderer
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Fischer-Stettler
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Aude Tschopp
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Erik M Solhaug
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Sanchez
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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29
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Li R, Zheng W, Jiang M, Zhang H. A review of starch biosynthesis in cereal crops and its potential breeding applications in rice ( Oryza Sativa L.). PeerJ 2022; 9:e12678. [PMID: 35036154 PMCID: PMC8710062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch provides primary storage of carbohydrates, accounting for approximately 85% of the dry weight of cereal endosperm. Cereal seeds contribute to maximum annual starch production and provide the primary food for humans and livestock worldwide. However, the growing demand for starch in food and industry and the increasing loss of arable land with urbanization emphasizes the urgency to understand starch biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we first summarized the regulatory signaling pathways about leaf starch biosynthesis. Subsequently, we paid more attention to how transcriptional factors (TFs) systematically respond to various stimulants via the regulation of the enzymes during starch biosynthesis. Finally, some strategies to improve cereal yield and quality were put forward based on the previous reports. This review would collectively help to design future studies on starch biosynthesis in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.,College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyin Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Xia L, Kong X, Song H, Han Q, Zhang S. Advances in proteome-wide analysis of plant lysine acetylation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100266. [PMID: 35059632 PMCID: PMC8760137 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation (LysAc) is a conserved and important post-translational modification (PTM) that plays a key role in plant physiological and metabolic processes. Based on advances in Lys-acetylated protein immunoenrichment and mass-spectrometric technology, LysAc proteomics studies have been performed in many species. Such studies have made substantial contributions to our understanding of plant LysAc, revealing that Lys-acetylated histones and nonhistones are involved in a broad spectrum of plant cellular processes. Here, we present an extensive overview of recent research on plant Lys-acetylproteomes. We provide in-depth insights into the characteristics of plant LysAc modifications and the mechanisms by which LysAc participates in cellular processes and regulates metabolism and physiology during plant growth and development. First, we summarize the characteristics of LysAc, including the properties of Lys-acetylated sites, the motifs that flank Lys-acetylated lysines, and the dynamic alterations in LysAc among different tissues and developmental stages. We also outline a map of Lys-acetylated proteins in the Calvin-Benson cycle and central carbon metabolism-related pathways. We then introduce some examples of the regulation of plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses by LysAc. We discuss the interaction between LysAc and Nα-terminal acetylation and the crosstalk between LysAc and other PTMs, including phosphorylation and succinylation. Finally, we propose recommendations for future studies in the field. We conclude that LysAc of proteins plays an important role in the regulation of the plant life cycle.
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31
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Wakabayashi Y, Morita R, Aoki N. Metabolic factors restricting sink strength in superior and inferior spikelets in high-yielding rice cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153536. [PMID: 34619558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many high-yielding rice cultivars with large sink size (total number of spikelet per unit area × mean grain weight) have been developed, but some japonica cultivars developed in Japan often fail to attain the expected high yield due to low sink strength of spikelets. Although there is natural variation in sink strength of spikelets among high-yielding cultivars, metabolic factors involved in the natural variation and relationships of sink strength in spikelets with final percentage of filled spikelets are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined cultivar differences in sink strength for superior and inferior spikelets (i.e. earlier fertilizing spikelets with faster growth and later fertilizing ones with slower growth, respectively) in a panicle, using each spikelet at 10 d after the onset of development (10 DAD) when starch accumulation in endosperm was actively proceeding. Nine high-yielding cultivars were used: five japonica-dominant and four indica-dominant cultivars. Cultivar differences were observed in starch contents at 10 DAD in each spikelet type, and indica cultivars had higher starch contents than japonica cultivars in both superior and inferior spikelets. In addition, starch contents at 10 DAD were closely related to percentage of filled grains at maturity in both spikelet types. The activities of sucrose synthase (SUS) and uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), and the protein levels of phosphorylase 1 (Pho1), were higher in indica than japonica cultivars, and were positively correlated with starch contents at 10 DAD for both superior and inferior spikelets; although metabolic states, revealed from relations between intermediate metabolites and starch contents, differed among spikelet types. Consequently, it was considered that SUS and UGP at the step from sucrose cleavage to adenosine diphosphoglucose synthesis, and Pho1 at the starch biosynthesis step, were key metabolic factors involved in cultivar differences of sink strength (ability to synthesize starch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Morita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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32
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Kim KH, Kim JY. Understanding Wheat Starch Metabolism in Properties, Environmental Stress Condition, and Molecular Approaches for Value-Added Utilization. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112282. [PMID: 34834645 PMCID: PMC8624758 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wheat starch is one of the most important components in wheat grain and is extensively used as the main source in bread, noodles, and cookies. The wheat endosperm is composed of about 70% starch, so differences in the quality and quantity of starch affect the flour processing characteristics. Investigations on starch composition, structure, morphology, molecular markers, and transformations are providing new and efficient techniques that can improve the quality of bread wheat. Additionally, wheat starch composition and quality are varied due to genetics and environmental factors. Starch is more sensitive to heat and drought stress compared to storage proteins. These stresses also have a great influence on the grain filling period and anthesis, and, consequently, a negative effect on starch synthesis. Sucrose metabolizing and starch synthesis enzymes are suppressed under heat and drought stress during the grain filling period. Therefore, it is important to illustrate starch and sucrose mechanisms during plant responses in the grain filling period. In recent years, most of these quality traits have been investigated through genetic modification studies. This is an attractive approach to improve functional properties in wheat starch. The new information collected from hybrid and transgenic plants is expected to help develop novel starch for understanding wheat starch biosynthesis and commercial use. Wheat transformation research using plant genetic engineering technology is the main purpose of continuously controlling and analyzing the properties of wheat starch. The aim of this paper is to review the structure, biosynthesis mechanism, quality, and response to heat and drought stress of wheat starch. Additionally, molecular markers and transformation studies are reviewed to elucidate starch quality in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Jae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-330-1203
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Genome-Wide Association Study of QTLs Conferring Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102039. [PMID: 34685848 PMCID: PMC8541590 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a devastating rice disease caused by the bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which can result in severe damage to rice production worldwide. Based on a total of 510 rice accessions, trialed in two seasons and using six different multi-locus GWAS methods (mrMLM, ISIS EM-BLASSO, pLARmEB, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA and pKWmEB), 79 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) reflecting 69 QTLs for BLS resistance were identified (LOD > 3). The QTNs were distributed on all chromosomes, with the most distributed on chromosome 11, followed by chromosomes 1 and 5. Each QTN had an additive effect of 0.20 (cm) and explained, on average, 2.44% of the phenotypic variance, varying from 0.00–0.92 (cm) and from 0.00–9.86%, respectively. Twenty-five QTNs were detected by at least two methods. Among them, qnBLS11.17 was detected by as many as five methods. Most of the QTNs showed a significant interaction with their environment, but no QTNs were detected in both seasons. By defining the QTL range for each QTN according to the LD half-decay distance, a total of 848 candidate genes were found for nine top QTNs. Among them, more than 10% were annotated to be related to biotic stress resistance, and five showed a significant response to Xoc infection. Our results could facilitate the in-depth study and marker-assisted improvement of rice resistance to BLS.
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Takafuji Y, Shimizu-Sato S, Ta KN, Suzuki T, Nosaka-Takahashi M, Oiwa T, Kimura W, Katoh H, Fukai M, Takeda S, Sato Y, Hattori T. High-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptome analyses during cellularization of rice endosperm unveil the earliest gene regulation critical for aleurone and starchy endosperm cell fate specification. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1061-1081. [PMID: 34279738 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The major tissues of the cereal endosperm are the starchy endosperm (SE) in the inner and the aleurone layer (AL) at the outer periphery. The fates of the cells that comprise these tissues are determined according to positional information; however, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remains limited. Here, we conducted a high-resolution spatiotemporal analysis of the rice endosperm transcriptome during early cellularization. In rice, endosperm cellularization proceeds in a concentric pattern from a primary alveolus cell layer, such that developmental progression can be defined by the number of cell layers. Using laser-capture microdissection to obtain precise tissue sections, transcriptomic changes were followed through five histologically defined stages of cellularization from the syncytial to 3-cell layer (3 L) stage. In addition, transcriptomes were compared between the inner and the outermost peripheral cell layers. Large differences in the transcriptomes between stages and between the inner and the peripheral cells were found. SE attributes were expressed at the alveolus-cell-layer stage but were preferentially activated in the inner cell layers that resulted from periclinal division of the alveolus cell layer. Similarly, AL attributes started to be expressed only after the 2 L stage and were localized to the outermost peripheral cell layer. These results indicate that the first periclinal division of the alveolus cell layer is asymmetric at the transcriptome level, and that the cell-fate-specifying positional cues and their perception system are already operating before the first periclinal division. Several genes related to epidermal identity (i.e., type IV homeodomain-leucine zipper genes and wax biosynthetic genes) were also found to be expressed at the syncytial stage, but their expression was localized to the outermost peripheral cell layer from the 2 L stage onward. We believe that our findings significantly enhance our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying cell fate specification in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Takafuji
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sae Shimizu-Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kim Nhung Ta
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Toshiya Suzuki
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Misuzu Nosaka-Takahashi
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oiwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wakana Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Katoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mao Fukai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shin Takeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Tsukaho Hattori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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35
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Hong WJ, Jiang X, Choi SH, Kim YJ, Kim ST, Jeon JS, Jung KH. A Systemic View of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Rice to Facilitate Productivity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081690. [PMID: 34451735 PMCID: PMC8401045 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism is an important biochemical process related to developmental growth and yield-related traits. Due to global climate change and rapid population growth, increasing rice yield has become vital. To understand whole carbohydrate metabolism pathways and find related clues for enhancing yield, genes in whole carbohydrate metabolism pathways were systemically dissected using meta-transcriptome data. This study identified 866 carbohydrate genes from the MapMan toolkit and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database split into 11 clusters of different anatomical expression profiles. Analysis of functionally characterized carbohydrate genes revealed that source activity and eating quality are the most well-known functions, and they each have a strong correlation with tissue-preferred clusters. To verify the transcriptomic dissection, three pollen-preferred cluster genes were used and found downregulated in the gori mutant. Finally, we summarized carbohydrate metabolism as a conceptual model in gene clusters associated with morphological traits. This systemic analysis not only provided new insights to improve rice yield but also proposed novel tissue-preferred carbohydrate genes for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Xu Jiang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Sun-Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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36
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Gann PJ, Esguerra M, Counce PA, Srivastava V. Genotype-dependent and heat-induced grain chalkiness in rice correlates with the expression patterns of starch biosynthesis genes. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:165-176. [PMID: 37283703 PMCID: PMC10168090 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis is a complex process underlying grain chalkiness in rice in a genotype-dependent manner. Coordinated expression of starch biosynthesis genes is important for producing translucent rice grains, while disruption in this process leads to opaque or chalky grains. To better understand the dynamics of starch biosynthesis genes in grain chalkiness, six rice genotypes showing variable chalk levels were subjected to gene expression analysis during reproductive stages. In the chalky genotypes, peak expression of the large subunit genes of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), encoding the first key step in starch biosynthesis, occurred in the stages before grain filling commenced, creating a gap with the upregulation of starch synthase genes, granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) and starch synthase IIA (SSIIA). Whereas, in low-chalk genotypes, AGPase large subunit genes expressed at later stages, generally following the expression patterns of GBSSI and SSIIA. However, heat treatment altered the expression in a genotype-dependent manner that was accompanied by transformed grain morphology and increased chalkiness. The suppression of AGPase subunit genes during early grain filling stages was observed in the chalky genotypes or upon heat treatment, which could result in a limited pool of ADP-Glucose for synthesizing amylose and amylopectin, the major components of the starch. This suboptimal starch biosynthesis process could subsequently lead to inefficient grain filling and air pockets that contribute to chalkiness. In summary, this study suggests a mechanism of grain chalkiness based on the expression patterns of the starch biosynthesis genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James Gann
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
| | | | - Paul Allen Counce
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Rice Research and Extension CenterStuttgartARUSA
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of HorticultureUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
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Song K, Lee DW, Kim J, Kim J, Guim H, Kim K, Jeon JS, Choi G. EARLY STARVATION 1 Is a Functionally Conserved Protein Promoting Gravitropic Responses in Plants by Forming Starch Granules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628948. [PMID: 34367195 PMCID: PMC8343138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules in the endodermis of plant hypocotyls act as statoliths that promote hypocotyl negative gravitropism-the directional growth of hypocotyls against gravity-in the dark. To identify the molecular components that regulate hypocotyl negative gravitropism, we performed a mutagenesis screen and isolated reduced gravitropic 1 (rgv1) mutants that lack starch granules in their hypocotyl endodermis and show reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism in the dark. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified three different rgv1 mutants that are allelic to the previously reported early starvation 1 mutant, which is rapidly depleted of starch just before the dawn. ESV1 orthologs are present in starch-producing green organisms, suggesting ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein necessary for the formation of starch granules. Consistent with this, we found that liverwort and rice ESV1 can complement the Arabidopsis ESV1 mutant phenotype for both starch granules and hypocotyl negative gravitropism. To further investigate the function of ESV1 in other plants, we isolated rice ESV1 mutants and found that they show reduced levels of starch in their leaves and loosely packed starch granules in their grains. Both Arabidopsis and rice ESV1 mutants also lack starch granules in root columella and show reduced root gravitropism. Together, these results indicate ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein that promotes gravitropic responses in plants via its role in starch granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijong Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jeongheon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwanuk Guim
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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38
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Wu J, Qiu S, Wang M, Xu C, Deng XW, Tang X. Construction of a weight-based seed sorting system for the third-generation hybrid rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:66. [PMID: 34255233 PMCID: PMC8276899 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The third-generation hybrid rice technology can be constructed by transforming a recessive nuclear male sterile (NMS) mutant with a transgenic cassette containing three functional modules: the wild type male fertility gene to restore the fertility of the mutant, the pollen killer gene that specifically kills the pollen grains carrying the transgene, and the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene to mark the transgenic seed (maintainer). The transgenic plant produces 1:1 NMS seeds and maintainer seeds that can be distinguished by the RFP signal. However, the RFP signals in the partially filled or pathogen-infected maintainer seeds are often too weak to be detected by RFP-based seed sorting machine, resulting in intermingling of the maintainer seeds with NMS seeds. RESULTS Here we constructed a weight-based seed sorting system for the third-generation hybrid rice technology by silencing the genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) essential for endosperm starch biosynthesis via endosperm-specific expression of artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). In this system, the NMS seeds have normal endosperm and are heavy, but the maintainer seeds have shrunken endosperms and are light-weighted. The maintainer seeds can be easily and accurately sorted out from the NMS seeds by weight-sorting machines, so pure and fully filled NMS seeds are available. CONCLUSIONS The weight-based seed sorting system shows obvious advantages over the RFP-based seed sorting system in accuracy, efficiency, and cost for propagation of pure male sterile seeds. These characteristics will significantly increase the value and transgenic safety of the third-generation hybrid rice technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunjue Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, 518107 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, 518107 Shenzhen, China
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39
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Niu B, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Chen C. The rice LEC1-like transcription factor OsNF-YB9 interacts with SPK, an endosperm-specific sucrose synthase protein kinase, and functions in seed development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1233-1246. [PMID: 33721364 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), a NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y) family member, plays a critical role in embryogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis. Previous studies have shown that rice OsNF-YB9 and OsNF-YB7 are homologous to Arabidopsis LEC1. However, the functions of LEC1-like genes in rice remain unclear. Here we report that OsNF-YB9 and OsNF-YB7 display sub-functionalization in rice. We demonstrate that OsNF-YB7 is expressed mainly in the embryo, whereas OsNF-YB9 is preferentially expressed in the developing endosperm. Heterologous expression of either OsNF-YB9 or OsNF-YB7 in Arabidopsis lec1-1 was able to complement the lec1-1 defects. We failed to generate osnf-yb7 homozygous mutants due to lethality caused by OsNF-YB7 defects. Loss of OsNF-YB9 function caused abnormal seed development: seeds were longer, narrower and thinner and exhibited a higher chalkiness ratio. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to starch synthesis was deregulated in osnf-yb9. OsNF-YB9 could interact with SPK, a sucrose synthase protein kinase that is predominantly expressed in rice endosperm. Knockout of SPK resulted in chalky seeds similar to those observed in the osnf-yb9 mutants. Ectopic expression of OsNF-YB9 in both rice and Arabidopsis resulted in unhealthy plants with small seeds. Taken together, these results suggest a critical role for OsNF-YB9 in rice seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixiao Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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40
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Ma B, Zhang L, Gao Q, Wang J, Li X, Wang H, Liu Y, Lin H, Liu J, Wang X, Li Q, Deng Y, Tang W, Luan S, He Z. A plasma membrane transporter coordinates phosphate reallocation and grain filling in cereals. Nat Genet 2021; 53:906-915. [PMID: 33927398 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) is essential to plant growth and crop yield. However, it remains unknown how Pi homeostasis is maintained during cereal grain filling. Here, we identified a rice grain-filling-controlling PHO1-type Pi transporter, OsPHO1;2, through map-based cloning. Pi efflux activity and its localization to the plasma membrane of seed tissues implicated a specific role for OsPHO1;2 in Pi reallocation during grain filling. Indeed, Pi over-accumulated in developing seeds of the Ospho1;2 mutant, which inhibited the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), important for starch synthesis, and the grain-filling defect was alleviated by overexpression of AGPase in Ospho1;2-mutant plants. A conserved function was recognized for the maize transporter ZmPHO1;2. Importantly, ectopic overexpression of OsPHO1;2 enhanced grain yield, especially under low-Pi conditions. Collectively, we discovered a mechanism underlying Pi transport, grain filling and P-use efficiency, providing an efficient strategy for improving grain yield with minimal P-fertilizer input in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifei Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Zuhua He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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41
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Wang R, Ren Y, Yan H, Teng X, Zhu X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Guo X, Lin Q, Cheng Z, Lei C, Wang J, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wan J. ENLARGED STARCH GRAIN1 affects amyloplast development and starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110831. [PMID: 33691965 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crops accumulate large amounts of starch which is synthesized and stored in amyloplasts in the form of starch grains (SGs). Despite significant progress in deciphering starch biosynthesis, our understanding of amyloplast development in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm remains largely unknown. Here, we report a novel rice floury mutant named enlarged starch grain1 (esg1). The mutant has decreased starch content, altered starch physicochemical properties, slower grain-filling rate and reduced 1000-grain weight. A distinctive feature in esg1 endosperm is that SGs are much larger, mainly due to an increased number of starch granules per SG. Spherical and loosely assembled granules, together with those weakly stained SGs may account for decreased starch content in esg1. Map-based cloning revealed that ESG1 encodes a putative permease subunit of a bacterial-type ABC (ATP-binding cassette) lipid transporter. ESG1 is constitutively expressed in various tissues. It encodes a protein localized to the chloroplast and amyloplast membranes. Mutation of ESG1 causes defective galactolipid synthesis. The overall study indicates that ESG1 is a newly identified protein affecting SG development and subsequent starch biosynthesis, which provides novel insights into amyloplast development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haigang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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42
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He Z, Zou T, Xiao Q, Yuan G, Liu M, Tao Y, Zhou D, Zhang X, Deng Q, Wang S, Zheng A, Zhu J, Liang Y, Yu X, Wang A, Liu H, Wang L, Li P, Li S. An L-type lectin receptor-like kinase promotes starch accumulation during rice pollen maturation. Development 2021; 148:dev.196378. [PMID: 33658224 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Starch accumulation is key for the maturity of rice pollen grains; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. Here, we have isolated a male-sterile rice mutant, abnormal pollen 1 (ap1), which produces nonviable pollen grains with defective starch accumulation. Functional analysis revealed that AP1 encodes an active L-type lectin receptor-like kinase (L-LecRLK). AP1 is localized to the plasma membrane and its transcript is highly accumulated in pollen during the starch synthesis phase. RNA-seq and phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that the expression/phosphorylation levels of numerous genes/proteins involved in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway were significantly altered in the mutant pollen, including a known rice UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (OsUGP2). We further found that AP1 physically interacts with OsUGP2 to elevate its enzymatic activity, likely through targeted phosphorylation. These findings revealed a novel role of L-LecRLK in controlling pollen maturity via modulating sucrose and starch metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ting Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huainian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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43
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Zhao H, Li Z, Amjad H, Zhong G, Khan MU, Zhang Z, Lin W. Proteomic analysis reveals a role of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the asynchronous filling of rice superior and inferior spikelets. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 183:105875. [PMID: 33741528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The poor grain filling of inferior spikelets (IS) situated on the lower secondary rachis branch leads to a remarkable decrease in rice yield and quality. The AGPase small subunit 2 (AGPS2) encodes a small subunit of adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) enzyme, which plays an important role in sucrose-starch conversion and starch biosynthesis in the grain filling of rice. In the present study, qPCR analysis showed low expression abundance of AGPS2 in IS, compared to the superior spikelets (SS), which was consistent with the lower grain weight of IS. To evaluate the molecular mechanism of AGPS2, we first identified the AGPS2 interaction network through Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). In total, 29 proteins of AGPS2 interaction network were characterized by LC-MS/MS. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that, the characterized proteins in the interaction network are likely to be related to starch synthesis, sugar conversion, energy pathway, and folding/modification, and most of them were involved in the grain filling of rice. The sequent Co-IP analysis showed that AGPS2 can bind to starch branching enzyme (SBE), pullulanase (PUL) and starch debranching enzyme (DBE) and assemble into starch synthesizing protein complex (SSPC). In addition, the 14-3-3 protein GF14e was also found to interact with AGPS2. Further analysis by qPCR showed that the expression of GF14e was much higher on IS than on SS. The qPCR results also showed that the expression of GF14e was relatively stable in SS, but changed significantly in IS under alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (WMD), which is consistent with the AGPS2 expression pattern. Our present work provides direct molecular evidence for the different expression patterns of AGPS2 in SS and IS, which could be greatly helpful for the molecular amelioration of the poor grain filling of IS in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Subtropical Agriculture Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hira Amjad
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guopei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Khan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhixing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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44
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Identification of SNPs in crucial starch biosynthesis genes in rice. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-01251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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A comprehensive study on core enzymes involved in starch metabolism in the model nutricereal, foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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V P, Tyagi A. Correlation between expression and activity of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase and their role in starch accumulation during grain filling under drought stress in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:239-243. [PMID: 33130401 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.27) and starch synthase (SS, EC 2.4.1.21) are key regulatory enzymes involved in the starch biosynthesis. Comprehensive analysis of transcription levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase genes was performed in leaves, roots, and developing grains of drought susceptible (IR64) and drought-tolerant (N22) cultivars under applied water deficit stress (WDS). AGPase and SS genes are differentially regulated in leaves, roots, and grains under the drought stress. The expression pattern of SS and AGPase genes was correlated with the activity of both AGPase, SS, and starch content of developing grains under the drought. Drought stress reduced transitory starch in leaves and enhanced storage starch in developing grains. An increase in the activity of AGPase in developing grains was due to induced expression of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 3 (AGPL3) in N22 and both ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 2 (AGPS2) & ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 3 (AGPL3) in IR64 and a positive correlation was established with starch content. Similarly, an increase in the SS activity in developing grains was due to induced expression of soluble starch synthase (SSIIB, SSIVA, and SSIVB) in N22 and SSIVB in IR64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap V
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Tyagi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Meng Q, Zhang W, Hu X, Shi X, Chen L, Dai X, Qu H, Xia Y, Liu W, Gu M, Xu G. Two ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunits, OsAGPL1 and OsAGPS1, modulate phosphorus homeostasis in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1269-1284. [PMID: 32996185 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant acclimatory responses to phosphate (Pi) starvation stress include the accumulation of carbohydrates, namely sugar and starch. However, whether altered endogenous carbohydrate profile could in turn affect plant Pi starvation responses remains widely unexplored. Here, two genes encoding the large and small subunits of an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) in rice (Oryza sativa), AGP Large Subunit 1 (AGPL1) and AGP Small Subunit 1 (AGPS1), were functionally characterized with regard to maintenance of phosphorus (P) homeostasis and regulation of Pi starvation signaling. AGPL1 and AGPS1 were both positively responsive to nitrogen (N) or Pi deprivation, and expressed in almost all the tissues except in the meristem and mature zones of root. AGPL1 and AGPS1 physically interacted in chloroplast, and catalyzed the rate-limiting step of starch biosynthesis. Low-N- (LN) and low-Pi (LP)-triggered starch accumulation in leaves was impaired in agpl1, agps1 and apgl1 agps1 mutants compared with the wild-type plants. By contrast, mutation of AGPL1 and/or AGPS1 led to an increase in the content of the major sugar, sucrose, in leaf sheath and root under control and LN conditions. Moreover, the Pi accumulation was enhanced in the mutants under control and LN conditions, but not LP conditions. Notably, the LN-induced suppression of Pi accumulation was compromised attributed to the mutation of AGPL1 and/or AGPS1. Furthermore, the increased Pi accumulation was accompanied by the specific suppression of OsSPX2 and activation of several Pi transporter genes. These results indicate that a balanced level of carbohydrates is vital for maintaining plant P homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuwei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
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48
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Shi HD, Zhang WQ, Lu HY, Zhang WQ, Ye H, Liu DD. Functional characterization of a starch synthesis-related gene AmAGP in Amorphophallus muelleri. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1805903. [PMID: 32799608 PMCID: PMC7588197 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1805903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
has attracted tremendous interest because of its high contents of glucomannan and starch. Very few genes regulating glucomannan and starch were reported in Amorphophallus. In this study, an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) gene that plays a significant role in plant starch synthesis was cloned from Amorphophallus muelleri. It was shown that it encoded a predicted protein containing a conserved plant ADP-Glucose-PP repeat domain and seven potential ligand-binding sites. The real-time quantitative PCR showed that AmAGP was most abundant in tubers, and it was positively correlated with starch content. Additionally, its influencers about temperature and exogenous plant hormone were also discussed, showing that AmAGP expressed highly in tubers under treatments using 25°C and IAA. Furthermore, starch content was closely related to AmAGP expression level, suggesting that AmAGP was involved in the regulation of starch synthesis in A. muelleri. Therefore, identifying the sequence of AmAGP and its expression pattern during tuber enlarging and the changes of its transcript levels in response to temperature and plant hormones would contribute to a better understanding of starch synthesis, and also providing a reference information for future preferable breeding for obtaining more starch or more glucomannan in Amorphophallus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Di Shi
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wan-Qiao Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Ye Lu
- School of International Education, Baise University, Baise, China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Xintai Modern Agricultural Development Service Center, Xintai, China
| | - Hui Ye
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Xi M, Wu W, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Chen G, Ji Y, Sun X. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the metabolic pathways of grain chalkiness in response to nitrogen topdressing in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:622-635. [PMID: 32717594 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grain chalkiness is a highly undesirable trait that adversely affects rice quality. This chalkiness is easily influenced by the application of chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the late growth stage. However, on the molecular mechanism underlying grain chalkiness caused by late N fertilization is not fully clear. In this study, proteomic differences in expression were determined in developing grains exposed to N topdressing (108 kg N ha-1, N+) and a control (0 kg N ha-1, N0), using the rice variety OM052, which has a high level of chalkiness. A total of 198 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected between the N+ and N0 treatments, including 9 up-regulated proteins and 189 down-regulated proteins. Of these DEPs, approximately half were associated with carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, fermentation and starch metabolism) and N metabolism (protein synthesis, folding, degradation and storage, amino acid synthesis and catabolism). A detailed pathway dissection revealed that multiple metabolic pathways during the grain filling stage were involved in the N-induced grain chalkiness. Reduced abundances of proteins associated with respiratory metabolism and energy metabolism drastically impaired the biosynthesis and deposition of starch in the developmental endosperms, which might be a crucial trigger for the increase in grain chalkiness. The disturbed N metabolism and differential expression of storage proteins up-regulated during the grain filling stage are able to partially explain the occurrence of grain chalkiness in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xi
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Wenge Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China.
| | - Youzun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Yongjin Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Yalan Ji
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Sun
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, PR China
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50
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Mathew IE, Priyadarshini R, Mahto A, Jaiswal P, Parida SK, Agarwal P. SUPER STARCHY1/ONAC025 participates in rice grain filling. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00249. [PMID: 32995698 PMCID: PMC7507516 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
NAC transcription factors (TFs) are known for their role in development and stress. This article attempts to functionally validate the role of rice SS1/ ONAC025 (LOC_Os11g31330) during seed development. The gene is seed-specific and its promoter directs reporter expression in the developing endosperm and embryo in rice transgenic plants. Furthermore, rice transgenic plants ectopically expressing SS1/ ONAC025 have a plantlet lethal phenotype with hampered vegetative growth, but increased tillers and an altered shoot apical meristem structure. The vegetative cells of these plantlets are filled with distinct starch granules. RNAseq analysis of two independent plantlets reveals the differential expression of reproductive and photosynthetic genes. A comparison with seed development transcriptome indicates differential regulation of many seed-related genes by SS1/ ONAC025. Genes involved in starch biosynthesis, especially amylopectin and those encoding seed storage proteins, and regulating seed size are also differentially expressed. In conjunction, SS1/ ONAC025 shows highest expression in japonica rice. As a TF, SS1/ ONAC025 is a transcriptional repressor localized to endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. The article shows that SS1/ ONAC025 is a seed-specific gene promoting grain filling in rice, and negatively affecting vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arunima Mahto
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Priya Jaiswal
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
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