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Schmey T, Tominello-Ramirez CS, Brune C, Stam R. Alternaria diseases on potato and tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13435. [PMID: 38476108 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria spp. cause different diseases in potato and tomato crops. Early blight caused by Alternaria solani and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata are most common, but the disease complex is far more diverse. We first provide an overview of the Alternaria species infecting the two host plants to alleviate some of the confusion that arises from the taxonomic rearrangements in this fungal genus. Highlighting the diversity of Alternaria fungi on both solanaceous hosts, we review studies investigating the genetic diversity and genomes, before we present recent advances from studies elucidating host-pathogen interactions and fungicide resistances. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Pleosporales, Family Pleosporaceae, Genus Alternaria. BIOLOGY AND HOST RANGE Alternaria spp. adopt diverse lifestyles. We specifically review Alternaria spp. that cause disease in the two solanaceous crops potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). They are necrotrophic pathogens with no known sexual stage, despite some signatures of recombination. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Symptoms of the early blight/brown spot disease complex include foliar lesions that first present as brown spots, depending on the species with characteristic concentric rings, which eventually lead to severe defoliation and considerable yield loss. CONTROL Good field hygiene can keep the disease pressure low. Some potato and tomato cultivars show differences in susceptibility, but there are no fully resistant varieties known. Therefore, the main control mechanism is treatment with fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Schmey
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher S Tominello-Ramirez
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Brune
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Department of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Song J, Chen F, Lv B, Guo C, Yang J, Guo J, Huang L, Ning G, Yang Y, Xiang F. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed diversity in the response of resistant and susceptible rose ( Rosa hybrida) varieties to Marssonina rosae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1362287. [PMID: 38455733 PMCID: PMC10917926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1362287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Rose black spot disease caused by Marssonina rosae is among the most destructive diseases that affects the outdoor cultivation and production of roses; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive response of roses to M. rosae have not been clarified. To investigate the diversity of response to M. rosae in resistant and susceptible rose varieties, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses of resistant (KT) and susceptible (FG) rose varieties and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in response to M. rosae at different time points. In response to M. rosae, DEGs and DAMs were mainly upregulated compared to the control and transcription factors were concentrated in the WRKY and AP2/ERF families. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the DEGs of FG were mainly enriched in biological processes, such as the abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway, cell wall, and defense response, whereas the DEGs of KT were mainly enriched in Golgi-mediated vesicle transport processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the DEGs of both varieties were concentrated in plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, with the greatest number of DEGs associated with brassinosteroid (BR) in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. The reliability of the transcriptome results was verified by qRT-PCR. DAMs of KT were significantly enriched in the butanoate metabolism pathway, whereas DAMs of FG were significantly enriched in BR biosynthesis, glucosinolate biosynthesis, and tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, the DAMs in these pathways were significantly positively correlated with the DEGs. Disease symptoms were aggravated when FG leaves were inoculated with M. rosae after 24-epibrassinolide treatment, indicating that the response of FG to M. rosae involves the BR signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying rose response to M. rosae and lay a theoretical foundation for formulating rose black spot prevention and control strategies and cultivating resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurong Song
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Guo
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Huang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guogui Ning
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fayun Xiang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Hou L, Li G, Chen Q, Zhao J, Pan J, Lin R, Zhu X, Wang P, Wang X. De novo full length transcriptome analysis and gene expression profiling to identify genes involved in phenylethanol glycosides biosynthesis in Cistanche tubulosa. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:698. [PMID: 36209069 PMCID: PMC9548140 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dried stem of Cistanche, is a famous Chinese traditional medicine. The main active pharmacodynamic components are phenylethanol glycosides (PhGs). Cistanche tubulosa produces higher level of PhGs in its stems than that of Cistanche deserticola. However, the key genes in the PhGs biosynthesis pathway is not clear in C. tubulosa. Results In this study, we performed the full-length transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling of C. tubulosa using PacBio combined with BGISEQ-500 RNA-seq technology. Totally, 237,772 unique transcripts were obtained, ranging from 199 bp to 31,857 bp. Among the unique transcripts, 188,135 (79.12%) transcripts were annotated. Interestingly, 1080 transcripts were annotated as 22 enzymes related to PhGs biosynthesis. We measured the content of echinacoside, acteoside and total PhGs at two development stages, and found that the content of PhGs was 46.74% of dry matter in young fleshy stem (YS1) and then decreased to 31.22% at the harvest stage (HS2). To compare with YS1, 13,631 genes were up-regulated, and 15,521 genes were down regulated in HS2. Many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to be involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, phenylalanine metabolism pathway, and tyrosine metabolism pathway. Conclusions This is the first report of transcriptome study of C. tubulosa which provided the foundation for understanding of PhGs biosynthesis. Based on these results, we proposed a potential model for PhGs biosynthesis in C. tubulosa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08921-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qingliang Chen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - JinJin Zhao
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Grape Cultivation and Deep-Processing, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ruxia Lin
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiujin Zhu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Ninkuu V, Yan J, Zhang L, Fu Z, Yang T, Li S, Li B, Duan J, Ren J, Li G, Yang X, Zeng H. Hrip1 mediates rice cell wall fortification and phytoalexins elicitation to confer immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980821. [PMID: 36212323 PMCID: PMC9546723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a potent fungus that adversely affects rice yield. Combinatorial techniques of prevention, toxic chemicals, and fungicide are used to remedy rice blast infection. We reported the role of Hrip1 in cell death elicitation and expression of systematic acquired resistance that could potentially stifle M. oryzae infection. In this study, transcriptome and metabolomic techniques were used to investigate the mechanism by which Hrip1 reprogramed the transcriptome of rice seedlings to confer immunity against M. oryzae. Our results showed that Hrip1 induces cell wall thickening and phytoalexin elicitation to confer immunity against M. oryzae infection. Hrip1 activates key lignin biosynthetic genes and myeloblastosis transcription factors that act as molecular switches for lignin production. Lignin content was increased by 68.46% and more after 48 h onwards in Hrip1-treated seedlings compared to the control treatment. Further analysis of cell wall morphology using the transmission electron microscopy technique revealed over 100% cell wall robustness. Hrip1 also induced the expression of 24 diterpene synthases. These include class I and II terpene synthases, cytochrome P450 subfamilies (OsCYP76M and OsCYP71Z), and momilactones synthases. The relationship between the expression of these genes and metabolic elicitation was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Enhanced amounts of momilactones A and B, oryzalactone, and phytocassane A and G were detected in the Hrip1-treated leaves. We also identified seven benzoxazinoid genes (BX1-BX7) that could improve rice immunity. Our findings show that Hrip1 confers dual immunity by leveraging lignin and phytoalexins for physical and chemical resistance. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying Hrip1-treated plant immunity.
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Meng X, Bai H, Ma Q, Zhang P, Ma H, Deng Y. Screening of small molecular biomarker candidates using untargeted metabolomics strategy in peripheral blood from rats with neuroinflammatory injury induced by whole-brain irradiation. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5464. [PMID: 35899750 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory injury is one of the typical brain injuries after the body is exposed to radiation. It is mainly characterized by the release of inflammatory factors by activated microglia and peripherally invading lymphocytes. To provide early warning for nerve injury and early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, it is of great significance to explore the biomarker candidates of neuroinflammatory injury. This study focused on the screening of small molecular biomarker candidates in peripheral blood from rats with neuroinflammatory injury induced by whole-brain irradiation. Rats were exposed to 0, 10, 10×3 and 30 Gy of cobalt-60 γ rays. Serum was collected on the 30th day after exposure and analyzed using RPLC and HILIC coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry based upon untargeted metabolomics. Biomarker candidates were investigated by comparing the 0 Gy group and three irradiation groups using univariate statistical analysis, PCA and OPLS-DA. Eleven biomarker candidates were putatively identified and four major altered metabolic pathways were found. The screened small molecular biomarker candidates could be used as a useful supplement to traditional biomacromolecule markers, and may be valuable for radiation protection, target therapy of inflammatory injury, and discovery of new target drugs for the prevention and cure of related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Meng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Fiesel PD, Parks HM, Last RL, Barry CS. Fruity, sticky, stinky, spicy, bitter, addictive, and deadly: evolutionary signatures of metabolic complexity in the Solanaceae. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1438-1464. [PMID: 35332352 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000-2022Plants collectively synthesize a huge repertoire of metabolites. General metabolites, also referred to as primary metabolites, are conserved across the plant kingdom and are required for processes essential to growth and development. These include amino acids, sugars, lipids, and organic acids. In contrast, specialized metabolites, historically termed secondary metabolites, are structurally diverse, exhibit lineage-specific distribution and provide selective advantage to host species to facilitate reproduction and environmental adaptation. Due to their potent bioactivities, plant specialized metabolites attract considerable attention for use as flavorings, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and bio-pesticides. The Solanaceae (Nightshade family) consists of approximately 2700 species and includes crops of significant economic, cultural, and scientific importance: these include potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, and petunia. The Solanaceae has emerged as a model family for studying the biochemical evolution of plant specialized metabolism and multiple examples exist of lineage-specific metabolites that influence the senses and physiology of commensal and harmful organisms, including humans. These include, alcohols, phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids that contribute to fruit aroma and color in tomato (fruity), glandular trichome-derived terpenoids and acylsugars that contribute to plant defense (stinky & sticky, respectively), capsaicinoids in chilli-peppers that influence seed dispersal (spicy), and steroidal glycoalkaloids (bitter) from Solanum, nicotine (addictive) from tobacco, as well as tropane alkaloids (deadly) from Deadly Nightshade that deter herbivory. Advances in genomics and metabolomics, coupled with the adoption of comparative phylogenetic approaches, resulted in deeper knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of these metabolites. This review highlights recent progress in this area and outlines opportunities for - and challenges of-developing a more comprehensive understanding of Solanaceae metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hannah M Parks
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Kallure GS, Shinde BA, Barvkar VT, Kumari A, Giri AP. Dietary influence on modulation of Helicoverpa armigera oral secretion composition leading to differential regulation of tomato plant defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111120. [PMID: 34895549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how different plant-based diets influence the insect herbivores' oral secretion (OS) composition and eventually the plant defense responses. We analyzed the OS composition of the generalist Lepidopteran insect, Helicoverpa armigera feeding on the host plant tomato (OSH), non-host plant capsicum (OSNH), and artificial diet (OSAD) using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Higher numbers and levels of alkaloids and terpenoids were observed in OSH and OSNH, respectively while OSAD was rich in phospholipids. Interestingly, treatment of H. armigera OSAD, OSH and OSNH on wounded tomato leaves showed differential expression of (i) genes involved in JA and SA biosynthesis and their responsive genes, and (ii) biosynthetic pathway genes of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and trehalose, which exhibited increased accumulation along with several other plant defensive metabolites. Specifically, high levels of CGA were detected after OSH and OSNH treatments in tomato leaves. There was higher expression of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which may lead to the increased accumulation of CGA and related metabolites. In the insect bioassay, CGA significantly inhibited H. armigera larval growth. Our results underline the differential accumulation of plant and insect OS metabolites and identified potential plant metabolite(s) affecting insect growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Jindo K, Evenhuis A, Kempenaar C, Pombo Sudré C, Zhan X, Goitom Teklu M, Kessel G. Review: Holistic pest management against early blight disease towards sustainable agriculture. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3871-3880. [PMID: 33538396 PMCID: PMC8451811 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria species are well-known aggressive pathogens that are widespread globally and warmer temperatures caused by climate change might increase their abundance more drastically. Early blight (EB) disease, caused mainly by Alternaria solani, and brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata, are major concerns in potato, tomato and eggplant production. The development of EB is strongly linked to varieties, crop development stages, environmental factors, cultivation and field management. Several forecasting models for pesticide application to control EB were created in the last century and more recent scientific advances have included modern breeding technology to detect resistant genes and precision agriculture with hyperspectral sensors to pinpoint damage locations on plants. This paper presents an overview of the EB disease and provides an evaluation of recent scientific advances to control the disease. First of all, we describe the outline of this disease, encompassing biological cycles of the Alternaria genus, favorite climate and soil conditions as well as resistant plant species. Second, versatile management practices to minimize the effect of this pathogen at field level are discussed, covering their limitations and pitfalls. A better understanding of the underlying factors of this disease and the potential of novel research can contribute to implementing integrated pest management systems for an ecofriendly farming system. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Jindo
- Agrosystems ResearchWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Corné Kempenaar
- Agrosystems ResearchWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Cláudia Pombo Sudré
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético VegetalUniversidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENFCampos dos GoytacazesBrazil
| | - Xiaoxiu Zhan
- Department of Crop Cultivation and Farming SystemCollege of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | | | - Geert Kessel
- Field CropsWageningen University & ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
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You Y, van Kan JA. Bitter and sweet make tomato hard to (b)eat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:90-100. [PMID: 33220068 PMCID: PMC8126962 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The glycoalkaloid saponin α-tomatine is a tomato-specific secondary metabolite that accumulates to millimolar levels in vegetative tissues and has antimicrobial and antinutritional activity that kills microbial pathogens and deters herbivorous insects. We describe recent insights into the biosynthetic pathway of α-tomatine synthesis and its regulation. We discuss the mode of action of α-tomatine by physically interacting with sterols, thereby disrupting membranes, and how tomato protects itself from its toxic action. Tomato pathogenic microbes can enzymatically hydrolyze, and thereby inactivate, α-tomatine using either of three distinct types of glycosyl hydrolases. We also describe findings that extend well beyond the simple concept of plants producing toxins and pathogens inactivating them. There are reports that toxicity of α-tomatine is modulated by external pH, that α-tomatine can trigger programmed cell death in fungi, that cellular localization matters for the impact of α-tomatine on invading microbes, and that α-tomatine breakdown products generated by microbial hydrolytic enzymes can modulate plant immune responses. Finally, we address a number of outstanding questions that deserve attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua You
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Jan A.L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
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Jin JF, He QY, Li PF, Lou HQ, Chen WW, Yang JL. Genome-Wide Identification and Gene Expression Analysis of Acyl-Activating Enzymes Superfamily in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Under Aluminum Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754147. [PMID: 34925406 PMCID: PMC8674732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In response to changing environments, plants regulate gene expression and subsequent metabolism to acclimate and survive. A superfamily of acyl-activating enzymes (AAEs) has been observed in every class of creatures on planet. Some of plant AAE genes have been identified and functionally characterized to be involved in growth, development, biotic, and abiotic stresses via mediating diverse metabolic pathways. However, less information is available about AAEs superfamily in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the highest value fruit and vegetable crop globally. In this study, we aimed to identify tomato AAEs superfamily and investigate potential functions with respect to aluminum (Al) stress that represents one of the major factors limiting crop productivity on acid soils worldwide. Fifty-three AAE genes of tomato were identified and named on the basis of phylogenetic relationships between Arabidopsis and tomato. The phylogenetic analysis showed that AAEs could be classified into six clades; however, clade III contains no AAE genes of tomato. Synteny analyses revealed tomato vegetable paralogs and Arabidopsis orthologs. The RNA-seq and quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that 9 out of 53 AAEs genes were significantly up- or downregulated by Al stress. Numerous cis-acting elements implicated in biotic and abiotic stresses were detected in the promoter regions of SlAAEs. As the most abundantly expressed gene in root apex and highly induced by Al, there are many potential STOP1 cis-acting elements present in the promoter of SlAAE3-1, and its expression in root apex was specific to Al. Finally, transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing SlAAE3-1 displayed increased tolerance to Al. Altogether, our results pave the way for further studies on the functional characterization of SlAAE genes in tomato with a wish of improvement in tomato crop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Qiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wei Chen,
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jian Li Yang,
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Zhang X, Hu X, Chen R, Sun B, Gao Y, Duan S, Liu L, Han S. Perturbations of Metabolomic Profiling of Spleen From Rats Infected With Clonorchis sinensis Determined by LC-MS/MS Method. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:561641. [PMID: 33134312 PMCID: PMC7574862 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.561641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. In view of the fact that parasite infection affects host metabolism, and there is an intricate relationship between metabolism and immunity. Metabolic analysis of the spleen could be helpful for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in clonorchiasis. A non-targeted ultra high performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS) approach was employed to investigate the metabolic profiles of spleen in rats at 4 and 8 weeks post infection with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis). Then a targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MRM-MS/MS) approach was used to further quantify amino acid metabolism. Multivariate data analysis methods, such as principal components analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, were used to identify differential metabolites. Finally, a total of 396 and 242 significant differential metabolites were identified in ESI+ and ESI− modes, respectively. These metabolites included amino acids, nucleotides, carboxylic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. There were 38 significantly different metabolites shared in the two infected groups compared with the control group through the Venn diagram. The metabolic pathways analysis revealed that pyrimidine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis were significantly enriched in differential metabolites, which was speculated to be related to the disease progression of clonorchiasis. Furthermore, 15 amino acids screened using untargeted profiling can be accurately quantified and identifed by targeted metabolomics during clonrochiasis. These results preliminarily revealed the perturbations of spleen metabolism in clonorchiasis. Meanwhile, this present study supplied new insights into the molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yannan Gao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Duan
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Su Han
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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12
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Xu L, Zong X, Wang J, Wei H, Chen X, Liu Q. Transcriptomic analysis reveals insights into the response to Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) fruits. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10005. [PMID: 33005494 PMCID: PMC7513744 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is a member of the genus Hostuviroid of the family Pospiviroidae and has been found in a wide range of herbaceous and woody hosts. It causes serious dapple fruit symptoms on infected sweet cherry, notably inducing cherry tree decay. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms of HSVd infection in sweet cherry fruit, transcriptome analysis of HSVd-infected and healthy sweet cherry fruits was carried out. A total of 1,572 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, involving 961 upregulated DEGs and 611 downregulated DEGs. Functional analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interactions, secondary metabolism, and the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, C2H2 zinc finger, MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF, C2C2-dof, NAC and WRKY transcription factors can respond to HSVd infection. In order to confirm the high-throughput sequencing results, 16 DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR analysis. The results provided insight into the pathways and genes of sweet cherry fruit in response to HSVd infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Zong
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wei
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Biotechnology Breeding of Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Analysis of wild tomato introgression lines elucidates the genetic basis of transcriptome and metabolome variation underlying fruit traits and pathogen response. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1111-1121. [PMID: 32989321 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wild tomato species represent a rich gene pool for numerous desirable traits lost during domestication. Here, we exploited an introgression population representing wild desert-adapted species and a domesticated cultivar to establish the genetic basis of gene expression and chemical variation accompanying the transfer of wild-species-associated fruit traits. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of 580 lines coupled to pathogen sensitivity assays resulted in the identification of genomic loci associated with levels of hundreds of transcripts and metabolites. These associations occurred in hotspots representing coordinated perturbation of metabolic pathways and ripening-related processes. Here, we identify components of the Solanum alkaloid pathway, as well as genes and metabolites involved in pathogen defense and linking fungal resistance with changes in the fruit ripening regulatory network. Our results outline a framework for understanding metabolism and pathogen resistance during tomato fruit ripening and provide insights into key fruit quality traits.
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Ziv C, Kumar D, Sela N, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Schaffer AA, Prusky DB. Sugar-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Colletotrichum and Penicillium requires differential mechanisms of pathogenicity and fruit responses. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2870-2891. [PMID: 32323444 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Penicillium expansum cause postharvest diseases in tropical and deciduous fruit. During colonization, C. gloeosporioides and P. expansum secrete ammonia in hosts with low sugar content (LowSC) and gluconic acid in hosts with high sugar content (HighSC), respectively, as a mechanism to modulate enhanced pathogenicity. We studied the pathogens interactions with tomato lines of similar genetic background but differing in their sugar content. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides showed enhanced colonization of the LowSC line with differential expression response of 15% of its genes including enhanced relative expression of glycosyl hydrolases, glucanase and MFS-transporter genes. Enhanced colonization of P. expansum occurred in the HighSC line, accompanied by an increase in carbohydrate metabolic processes mainly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and only 4% of differentially expressed genes. Gene response of the two host lines strongly differed depending on the sugar level. Limited colonization of HighSC line by C. gloeosporioides was accompanied by a marked alteration of gene expression compared the LowSC response to the same pathogen; while colonization by P. expansum resulted in a similar response of the two different hosts. We suggest that this differential pattern of fungal/host responses may be the basis for the differential of host range of both pathogens in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Arthur A Schaffer
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dov B Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
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15
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Min D, Li F, Cui X, Zhou J, Li J, Ai W, Shu P, Zhang X, Li X, Meng D, Guo Y, Li J. SlMYC2 are required for methyl jasmonate-induced tomato fruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Food Chem 2020; 310:125901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Sun SC, Xiong XP, Zhang XL, Feng HJ, Zhu QH, Sun J, Li YJ. Characterization of the Gh4CL gene family reveals a role of Gh4CL7 in drought tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:125. [PMID: 32293290 PMCID: PMC7092558 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of 4-coumarate-CoA ligases (4CL) under abiotic stresses has been studied in plants, however, limited is known about the 4CL genes in cotton (G. hirsutum L.) and their roles in response to drought stress. RESULTS We performed genome-wide identification of the 4CL genes in G. hirsutum and investigated the expression profiles of the identified genes in various cotton tissues and in response to stress conditions with an aim to identify 4CL gene(s) associated with drought tolerance. We identified 34 putative 4CL genes in G. hirsutum that were clustered into three classes. Genes of the same class usually share a similar gene structure and motif composition. Many cis-elements related to stress and phytohormone responses were found in the promoters of the Gh4CL genes. Of the 34 Gh4CL genes, 26 were induced by at least one abiotic stress and 10 (including Gh4CL7) were up-regulated under the polyethylene glycol (PEG) simulated drought stress conditions. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cotton and overexpression (OE) in Arabidopsis thaliana were applied to investigate the biological function of Gh4CL7 in drought tolerance. The Gh4CL7-silencing cotton plants showed more sensitive to drought stress, probably due to decreased relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activity, increased stomatal aperture, and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Arabidopsis lines overexpressing Gh4CL7, however, were more tolerant to drought treatment, which was associated with improved antioxidative enzyme activity, reduced accumulation of MDA and H2O2 and up-regulated stress-related genes under the drought stress conditions. In addition, compared to their respective controls, the Gh4CL7-silencing cotton plants and the Gh4CL7-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines had a ~ 20% reduction and a ~ 10% increase in lignin content, respectively. The expression levels of genes related to lignin biosynthesis, including PAL, CCoAOMT, COMT, CCR and CAD, were lower in Gh4CL7-silencing plants than in controls. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Gh4CL7 could positively respond to drought stress and therefore might be a candidate gene for improvement of drought tolerance in cotton. CONCLUSION We characterized the 4CL gene family in upland cotton and revealed a role of Gh4CL7 in lignin biosynthesis and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xian-Peng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong-Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
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Omics applications: towards a sustainable protection of tomato. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4185-4195. [PMID: 32185431 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome data and gene expression analysis have a huge potential in the study of multiple relationships involving plants, pathogens, and pests, including the interactions with beneficial microorganisms such as endophytes or other functional groups. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and other recent long-read-based sequencing approaches (i.e., nanopore and others) provide unprecedented tools allowing the fast identification of plant information processing systems, in situ and in real time, fundamental for crop management and pest regulation. Other -omics approaches such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow high-resolution insights on the rhizosphere ecology. They may highlight key factors affecting belowground biodiversity or processes, modulating the expression of stress-responsive pathways. The application of miRNAs and other small RNAs is a relatively new field of application, with enormous potential for the selective activation of defense pathways. However, limitations concerning the stability of the RNA molecules and their effective delivery must be overcome.
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Gharat SA, Shinde BA, Mule RD, Punekar SA, Dholakia BB, Jayaramaiah RH, Ramaswamy G, Giri AP. High-throughput metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses vet the potential route of cerpegin biosynthesis in two varieties of Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. PLANTA 2019; 251:28. [PMID: 31802261 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploration with high-throughput transcriptomics and metabolomics of two varieties of Ceropegia bulbosa identifies candidate genes, crucial metabolites and a potential cerpegin biosynthetic pathway. Ceropegia bulbosa is an important medicinal plant, used in the treatment of various ailments including diarrhea, dysentery, and syphilis. This is primarily attributed to the presence of pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites, especially cerpegin. As this plant belongs to an endemic threatened category, genomic resources are not available hampering exploration on the molecular basis of cerpegin accumulation till now. Therefore, we undertook high-throughput metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses using different tissues from two varieties namely, C. bulbosa var. bulbosa and C. bulbosa var. lushii. Metabolomic analysis revealed spatial and differential accumulation of various metabolites. We chemically synthesized and characterized the cerpegin and its derivatives by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Importantly, these comparisons suggested the presence of cerpegin and 5-allyl cerpegin in all C. bulbosa tissues. Further, de novo transcriptome analysis indicated the presence of significant transcripts for secondary metabolic pathways through the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes database. Tissue-specific profiling of transcripts and metabolites showed a significant correlation, suggesting the intricate mechanism of cerpegin biosynthesis. The expression of potential candidate genes from the proposed cerpegin biosynthetic pathway was further validated by qRT-PCR and NanoString nCounter. Overall, our findings propose a potential route of cerpegin biosynthesis. Identified transcripts and metabolites have built a foundation as new molecular resources that could facilitate future research on biosynthesis, regulation, and engineering of cerpegin or other important metabolites in such non-model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin A Gharat
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidyanagar, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Ravindra D Mule
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sachin A Punekar
- Biospheres, Eshwari, 52/403, Lakshmi nagar, Parvati, Pune, 411009, India
| | - Bhushan B Dholakia
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Ramesha H Jayaramaiah
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Theracues Innovations Private Limited, Sahakar nagar, Bangalore, 560092, India
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | | | - Ashok P Giri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
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19
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Zhang W, Zuo C, Chen Z, Kang Y, Qin S. RNA Sequencing Reveals That Both Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Responsive Genes are Induced during Expression of Steroidal Glycoalkaloid in Potato Tuber Subjected to Light Exposure. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E920. [PMID: 31718041 PMCID: PMC6896166 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which are widely produced by potato, even in other Solanaceae plants, are a class of potentially toxic compounds, but are beneficial to host resistance. However, changes of the other metabolic process along with SGA accumulation are still poorly understood and researched. Based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis, the global gene expression profiles of potato variety Helan 15 (Favorita) was investigated at four-time points during light exposure. The data was further verified by using quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). When compared to the control group, 1288, 1592, 1737, and 1870 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 8 d, respectively. The results of both RNAseq and qRT-PCR showed that SGA biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in the potato tuber under light exposure. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to PS light reaction and Protein degradation were significantly enriched in most time points of light exposure. Additionally, enriched Bins included Receptor kinases, Secondary metabolic process in flavonoids, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress in the early stage of light exposure, but PS Calvin cycle, RNA regulation of transcription, and UDP glucosyl and glucoronyl transferases in the later stage. Most of the DEGs involved in PS light reaction and Abiotic stress were up-regulated at all four time points, whereas DEGs that participated in biotic stresses were mainly up-regulated at the later stage (48 h and 8 d). Cis-element prediction and co-expression assay were used to confirm the expressional correlation between genes that are responsible for SGA biosynthesis and disease resistance. In conclusion, the expressions of genes involved in PS light reaction, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress were obviously aroused during the accumulation of SGAs induced by light exposure. Moreover, an increased defense response might contribute to the potato resistance to the infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yichen Kang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
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Mahatma MK, Thawait LK, Jadon KS, Rathod KJ, Sodha KH, Bishi SK, Thirumalaisamy PP, Golakiya BA. Distinguish metabolic profiles and defense enzymes in Alternaria leaf blight resistant and susceptible genotypes of groundnut. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1395-1405. [PMID: 31736543 PMCID: PMC6825051 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf blight is major fungal disease of summer groundnut, causes significant loss of haulm and pod yield. Aims of this study were to understand the role of metabolites and phenylpropanoid related enzymes in Alternaria leaf blight resistance and to find out metabolic marker for disease resistance. Alternaria leaf blight resistant (GPBD4 and CS186) and susceptible genotypes (GG2 and TPG41) of groundnut were grown in pots during rabi-summer 2015. Groundnut plants were infected with Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler at 40 days after sowing. 5 days after infection, upper second leaves were collected from both control and infected plants for analysis. A total of 67 metabolites comprising sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, sterols and phenolic were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (non-targeted metabolomics). Constitutive levels of alpha-d-galactoside, d-mannitol, d-erythropentitol, glycine, and hexadecanoic acid were observed higher in resistant genotypes compared to susceptible genotypes. Moreover, arabinofuranose, cinnamic acid, 2-butendioic acid, and linoleic acid were observed only in resistant genotypes at both control and infected stage. In susceptible genotypes myo-inositol, glucose and fructose content was increased after infection with pathogen while decreased in resistant genotypes. Resistant genotypes had higher constitutive level of cinnamic and salicylic acid compared to susceptible genotypes. Non-infected leaves of resistant genotypes also had higher activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activities. Our results suggest that metabolites specifically present in resistant genotypes impart defense mechanism against Alternaria pathogen and can be used as bio-marker for screening of germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Mahatma
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No. 5, Junagadh, 362 001 India
| | - L. K. Thawait
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No. 5, Junagadh, 362 001 India
| | - K. S. Jadon
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No. 5, Junagadh, 362 001 India
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
| | - K. J. Rathod
- Food Testing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, 362 001 India
| | - K. H. Sodha
- Food Testing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, 362 001 India
| | - S. K. Bishi
- ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Post Box No. 5, Junagadh, 362 001 India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, India
| | | | - B. A. Golakiya
- Food Testing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, 362 001 India
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Lu L, Ji L, Shi R, Li S, Zhang X, Guo Q, Wang C, Qiao L. Dextran as an elicitor of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis in tomato fruit against gray mold infection. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115236. [PMID: 31521274 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1,3-glucan is often synthesized on the surface of pathogenic filamentous fungi cell walls to block pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) generation by host plant enzymes and the subsequent immune system response of the plant. Here, Botrytis cinerea susceptibility was assessed in tomato fruit to determine whether the fruit could recognize this camouflage and mount an immune response to it. The results showed that local mechanical wounds treated with dextran and laminarin, except amylopectin, could locally and then systemically activate disease resistance against B. cinerea infection in tomato fruit. Dextran treatment effectively elicited fruit callose deposition and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis to a greater extent than α-glucanase activity relative to the mock group surface wounds. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this polysaccharide provided some help in improving host disease resistance. Taken together, these results demonstrate that tomato fruit can perceive α-1,3-glucan as a kind of PAMPs but have limited ability to degrade it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Lifeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ruixi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan Province 650500, PR China
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Changlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Chen F, Ma R, Chen XL. Advances of Metabolomics in Fungal Pathogen-Plant Interactions. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080169. [PMID: 31443304 PMCID: PMC6724083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease caused by fungus is one of the major threats to global food security, and understanding fungus-plant interactions is important for plant disease control. Research devoted to revealing the mechanisms of fungal pathogen-plant interactions has been conducted using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of systems biology. In the past decade, the emerging field of metabolomics in plant pathogenic fungi has received wide attention. It not only provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi but also helps to elucidate the defense mechanisms of their host plants. This review focuses on the methods and progress of metabolomics research in fungal pathogen-plant interactions. In addition, the prospects and challenges of metabolomics research in plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ruijing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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23
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Lavhale SG, Kalunke RM, Giri AP. Structural, functional and evolutionary diversity of 4-coumarate-CoA ligase in plants. PLANTA 2018; 248:1063-1078. [PMID: 30078075 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The 4-coumarate-CoA ligases (4CL) contribute in channelizing flux of different phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. Expression of 4CL is optimized at developmental stages and in response to environmental triggers such as biotic and abiotic stresses. The enzyme is valuable in metabolic pathway engineering for curcuminoids, resveratrol, biofuel production and nutritional improvement. Vigorous analysis of regulation at functional and expression level is obligatory to attain efficient commercial production of candidate metabolites using 4CL. Phenylpropanoid pathway provides precursors for numerous secondary metabolites in plants. In this pathway, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.12, 4CL) is the main branch point enzyme which generates activated thioesters. Being the last enzyme of three shared common steps in general phenylpropanoid pathway, it contributes to channelize precursors for different phenylpropanoids. In plants, 4CL enzymes are present in multiple isoforms and encoded by small gene family. It belongs to adenylate-forming enzyme family and catalyzes the reaction that converts hydroxy or methoxy cinnamic acid derivatives to corresponding thioesters. These thioesters are further utilized for biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which are known for having numerous nutritional and medicinal applications. In addition, the 4CL enzymes have been characterized from various plants for their role in plant physiology or in biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, specific isoforms are differentially regulated upon exposure to diverse stimuli leading to flux diversion toward the particular metabolite biosynthesis. Evolutionary studies showed that 4CL separately evolved after monocot and dicot segregation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on 4CL, which includes evolution, function, gene/protein structure, role in metabolite biosynthesis and cellular partition, and their regulation. Based on the available data, we have explored the scope for pathway engineering by utilizing 4CL enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh G Lavhale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Raviraj M Kalunke
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
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Shinde BA, Dholakia BB, Hussain K, Aharoni A, Giri AP, Kamble AC. WRKY1 acts as a key component improving resistance against Alternaria solani in wild tomato, Solanum arcanum Peralta. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1502-1513. [PMID: 29377467 PMCID: PMC6041441 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Early blight (EB), caused by Alternaria solani, is a major threat to global tomato production. In comparison with cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a wild relative, S. arcanum exhibits strong resistance against EB. However, molecular cascades operating during EB resistance in wild or cultivated tomato plants are largely obscure. Here, we provide novel insight into spatio-temporal molecular events in S. arcanum against A. solani. Transcriptome and co-expression analysis presented 33-WRKYs as promising candidates of which 12 SaWRKYs displayed differential expression patterns in resistant and susceptible accessions during EB disease progression. Among these, SaWRKY1 exhibited induced expression with significant modulation in xyloglucan endotrans hydrolase 5 (XTH5) and MYB2 expressions that correlated with the disease phenotypes. Electro-mobility shift assay confirmed physical interaction of recombinant SaWRKY1 to SaXTH5 and SaMYB2 promoters. Comparative WRKY1 promoter analysis between resistant and susceptible plants revealed the presence of crucial motifs for defence mechanism exclusively in resistant accession. Additionally, many defence-related genes displayed significant expression variations in both the accessions. Further, WRKY1 overexpressing transgenic plants exhibited higher levels of EB resistance while RNAi silencing lines had increased susceptibility to A. solani with altered expression of XTH5 and MYB2. Overall, these findings demonstrate the positive influence of WRKY1 in improving EB resistance in wild tomato and this could be further utilized as a potential target through genetic engineering to augment protection against A. solani in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna A. Shinde
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)PuneIndia
- Division of Biochemical SciencesPlant Molecular Biology UnitCSIR‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Bhushan B. Dholakia
- Division of Biochemical SciencesPlant Molecular Biology UnitCSIR‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)PuneIndia
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Division of Biochemical SciencesPlant Molecular Biology UnitCSIR‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
| | - Avinash C. Kamble
- Department of BotanySavitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune)PuneIndia
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