1
|
Funk M, Lorenz T. Assessing age discrimination in workplaces: psychometric exploration of the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale (WADS-G). Front Psychol 2024; 15:1345923. [PMID: 38689726 PMCID: PMC11059957 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1345923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In contemporary workplaces characterized by diverse age groups working collaboratively, the assessment of age discrimination as an interpersonal phenomenon has gained heightened significance. This study focuses on adapting and scrutinizing the psychometric properties of the German iteration of the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale (WADS-G). Comprehensive Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results affirm a robust fit for the unidimensional model. Convergent validity is established through correlations between WADS-G scores and related instruments, while discriminant validity is evidenced by its lack of association with extraversion. Noteworthy findings include a positive correlation with turnover intention and negative correlations with job satisfaction, occupational self-efficacy, and organizational affective commitment. Despite its merits, the predictive efficacy of the WADS-G is notably inferior when juxtaposed with the Workplace Incivility Scale. Its explanatory power for turnover intention is constrained when accounting for variables such as job satisfaction, work environment, neuroticism, and core self-evaluation. Although measurement invariance testing across gender groups reveals scalar to strict measurement invariance, the examination across age groups indicates metric invariance. However, Confirmatory Factor Analyses for the 18-30 and 50+ age groups, central to the research emphasis, reveal suboptimal model fit. These outcomes prompt a nuanced discussion on whether the WADS-G aptly captures age-discriminatory experiences across diverse age and gender cohorts among employees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Lorenz
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heiserman N, Simpson B. Discrimination reduces work effort of those who are disadvantaged and those who are advantaged by it. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1890-1898. [PMID: 37735520 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that discrimination is widespread in work organizations, yet we know little about the causal effects of discrimination on employees' work effort. Here we argue that, by decoupling effort from rewards, discrimination reduces the work effort of those who are disadvantaged by discrimination and those advantaged by it. We test these arguments against the results of five experiments designed to model promotion situations in organizations (total N = 1,184). Together, these studies show that when supervised by a manager with a discriminatory preference, both disadvantaged and advantaged workers reduce their work effort relative to a control condition where the manager is not discriminatory. The negative effect of discrimination is larger for those disadvantaged by it. These effects are mediated by employees' beliefs about how strongly work will impact their chances of reward. We then demonstrate that the relatively greater effort of advantaged-versus disadvantaged-workers in discriminatory organizations leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy: when faced with this effort differential, managers (N = 119) who did not have a priori discriminatory attitudes judged the advantaged category as more competent and deserving of workplace advancement than the disadvantaged category. Our results show that even though discrimination reduces all workers' effort, it can ultimately produce outcomes that reify and entrench discriminatory beliefs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Legette KB, Supple A, Harris J, Halberstadt AG. Teachers' racialized anger: Implications for discipline disparities. J Sch Psychol 2023; 99:101221. [PMID: 37507189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of racial bias to teachers' racialized discipline practices is increasingly clear, but the processes by which these biases are activated are less well understood. This study examined teachers' emotional responses to students' misbehaviors by student race as well as whether teachers' emotional responses serve to mediate the association between student race and teachers' discipline practices. Results from a sample of 228 teachers in the United States indicated that teachers were 71% more likely to report feeling anger as compared to concern when they read about a potentially challenging behavior of a Black student as compared to a White student. Additionally, teachers' anger mediated the association between student race and discipline, suggesting teacher anger as a potential point of intervention for change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Supple
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huth-Stöckle N, Schlueter E. Explaining immigrants' social distance towards natives: A multilevel mediation approach across immigrant groups in Germany. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2023; 114:102907. [PMID: 37597923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
What factors underlie immigrants' social distance towards natives? Previous studies found that immigrants who perceive themselves as rejected by natives express more negative intergroup attitudes towards natives. Another line of research found that contingent on their origin country, immigrants face different degrees of social distance from natives. In this study, we employ an intergroup threat approach to integrate these separate research strands. The theoretical model we develop predicts that immigrants from groups that receive greater social distance from natives will perceive more personal discrimination, which, as a mediating mechanism, will be associated with greater social distance towards natives. Empirically, we draw on a cross-sectional probability sample of 1789 immigrants from 38 origin countries living in Germany (i.e., a comparative origin design). The results of multilevel mediation analyses prove consistent with our theoretical expectations, which points to the benefits of examining social distance among immigrants and natives in conjunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Huth-Stöckle
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Elmar Schlueter
- Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simonovits B, Kurdi B, Simonovits G. Disabled and Romani passengers face similar levels of discrimination but different levels of open hostility in the sharing economy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10605. [PMID: 37391437 PMCID: PMC10313893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This multimethod project investigates discrimination against members of two populous minority groups in the European Union: the Roma (numbering 6 million) and the disabled (numbering 100 million) on a leading Hungarian carpooling platform. In a field experiment, 1005 ride requests were sent to drivers, with passenger group membership (control, disabled, Roma) manipulated between participants. Widespread discrimination against both groups was apparent in significantly lower approval rates for disabled (56%) and Roma passengers (52%) relative to control (70%). Mechanisms driving anti-disabled and anti-Roma discrimination were probed using an experimental manipulation, natural language processing analysis of driver-passenger interactions, and an online survey (N = 398). Individuating information in the form of reviews did not mitigate unequal treatment, thus providing evidence against statistical (stereotype-based) discrimination. Militating against taste-based (attitudinal) discrimination, respondents reported negative attitudes toward Roma passengers but positive attitudes toward disabled passengers. Moreover, despite equivalent approval rates, disabled passengers were more likely to receive a response from drivers and received more polite responses than Roma passengers did. Overall, the observed patterns are most readily explained by intergroup emotions: Contempt toward Roma passengers likely engenders both passive and active harm, whereas pity toward disabled passengers likely engenders passive harm and active facilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Simonovits
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1064, Hungary.
| | - Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Gábor Simonovits
- Department of Political Science, Central European University, 1100, Vienna, Austria
- Rajk College for Advanced Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Political Science, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang DF, Donald J, Whitney J, Miao IY, Sahdra B. Does Mindfulness Improve Intergroup Bias, Internalized Bias, and Anti-Bias Outcomes?: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence and Agenda for Future Research. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231178518. [PMID: 37382426 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231178518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Whereas mindfulness has been shown to enhance personal well-being, studies suggest it may also benefit intergroup dynamics. Using an integrative conceptual model, this meta-analysis examined associations between mindfulness and (a) different manifestations of bias (implicit/explicit attitudes, affect, behavior) directed toward (b) different bias targets (outgroup or ingroup, e.g., internalized bias), by (c) intergroup orientation (toward bias or anti-bias). Of 70 samples, 42 (N = 3,229) assessed mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and 30 (N = 6,002) were correlational studies. Results showed a medium-sized negative effect of MBIs on bias outcomes, g = -0.56, 95% confidence interval [-0.72, -0.40]; I(2;3)2: 0.39; 0.48, and a small-to-medium negative effect between mindfulness and bias for correlational studies, r = -0.17 [-0.27, -0.03]; I(2;3)2: 0.11; 0.83. Effects were comparable for intergroup bias and internalized bias. We conclude by identifying gaps in the evidence base to guide future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Donald
- The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Baljinder Sahdra
- Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riebel M, Rohmer O, Charles E, Lefebvre F, Weibel S, Weiner L. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) for the reduction of the self-stigma of mental disorders: the COMpassion for Psychiatric disorders, Autism and Self-Stigma (COMPASS) study protocol for a randomized controlled study. Trials 2023; 24:393. [PMID: 37309006 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with mental disorders face frequent stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors from others. Importantly, they can internalize such negative attitudes and thus self-stigmatize. Self-stigma is involved in diminished coping skills leading to social avoidance and difficulties in adhering to care. Reducing self-stigma and its emotional corollary, shame, is thus crucial to attenuate the negative outcomes associated with mental illness. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) is a third-wave cognitive behavioral therapy that targets shame reduction and hostile self-to-self relationship and allows for symptom improvement while increasing self-compassion. Although shame is a prominent part of the concept of self-stigma, the efficacy of CFT has never been evaluated in individuals with high levels of self-stigma. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of a group-based CFT program on self-stigma, compared to a psychoeducation program for self-stigma (Ending Self-Stigma) and to treatment as usual (TAU). We hypothesize that diminished shame and emotional dysregulation and increased self-compassion will mediate the relationship between self-stigma improvements post-therapy in the experimental group. METHODS This seven-center trial will involve 336 participants diagnosed with a severe mental illness and/or autism spectrum disorder and reporting high levels of self-stigma. Participants will be randomized into one of three treatment arms: 12 week-treatment of compassion-focused therapy (experimental arm), 12 week-treatment of Psychoeducation (active control arm), and TAU (treatment as usual-passive control arm). The primary outcome is the decrease of self-stigma scores on a self-report scale, i.e., ISMI, at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints include sustainability of self-stigma scores (ISMI) and self-reported scores regarding target psychological dimensions, e.g., shame and emotional regulation, social functioning, and psychiatric symptoms. Assessments are scheduled at pretreatment, post-treatment (at 12 weeks), and at 6-month follow-up. Acceptability will be evaluated via (i) the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire at T0, (ii) the Consumer Satisfaction Questionnaire for Psychotherapeutic Services posttreatment and at 6-month follow-up, (iii) attendance, and (iv) dropout rates. DISCUSSION This study will evaluate the potential efficacy and acceptability of a group-based CFT program on the decrease of self-stigma and thereby contribute to the continuing development of evidence-based therapeutic interventions for the internalized stigma of mental and neurodevelopmental disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05698589. Registered on January 26, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Riebel
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions (Unistra), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - O Rohmer
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions (Unistra), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Charles
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Lefebvre
- Groupe Méthode en Recherche Clinique (GMRC), Strasbourg University Hospitals (SUH), Strasbourg, France
| | - S Weibel
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - L Weiner
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions (Unistra), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuadrado I, López-Rodríguez L, Brambilla M, Ordóñez-Carrasco JL. Active and Passive Facilitation Tendencies at Work Towards Sexy and Professional Women: The Role of Stereotypes and Emotions. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:812-834. [PMID: 34881655 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211058149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stereotypes have important social consequences, such as promoting female discrimination in the workplace, which depends on how women are categorized. Extending prior work, here we analyze how two important female subgroups, women who are categorized as professional or sexy women, are evaluated on key dimensions of stereotype content (morality, sociability, and competence), positive and negative emotions, and facilitation behavioral tendencies (active and passive). To this end, we adapted a previous scale of facilitation tendencies to the working environment. Furthermore, we aim to explore the mechanism involved in carrying out helping behaviors towards each subgroup of women in the workplace. In order to fulfill these goals, 201 participants (Mage = 28.88, SD = 12.25; 66.2% women) were randomly assigned to evaluate a woman categorized as either sexy or professional on the mentioned variables. Results show that women categorized as sexy are devalued compared to those categorized as professionals. We also found that competence has a driving role in predicting more active facilitation tendencies towards a woman categorized as professional than a woman categorized as sexy via positive emotions. These findings have implications for the career development of women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology, 16721University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Marco Brambilla
- Department of Psychology, 9305University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tahir H, Safdar S. Cultural similarity predicts social inclusion of Muslims in Canada: A vignette-based experimental survey. Front Psychol 2022; 13:973603. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.973603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on acculturation psychology and intergroup emotions theory, the current experimental study assessed the effects of Muslims’ perceived acculturation strategies by the majority group on social exclusion of Muslims in Canada, and to what extent religious resentment mediated the relationship between Muslims’ perceived acculturation strategies and social exclusion. The experimental study used a vignette-based approach. This model was examined among 190 non-Muslim Canadians. Results showed that when Muslims were viewed as assimilated in Canadian society, social exclusion of Muslims and religious resentment toward Muslims decreased. Furthermore, religious resentment mediated the association between Muslims’ perceived acculturation strategies and social exclusion only when Muslims were perceived as assimilated. Our findings suggest that Canadian majority-group members indicated positive attitude toward Muslims when they were identified as assimilated in Canadian society. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future studies and intergroup relations.
Collapse
|
10
|
An Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) Framework for Teaching Cultural Humility: A Guide for Translating ACT from a Therapeutic Context into a Medical Education Curriculum. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2022:10.1007/s10880-022-09909-1. [PMID: 36053403 PMCID: PMC9437399 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-022-09909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this project was to train future physicians to work effectively and thoughtfully with diverse populations by teaching them to employ Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) skills to increase cultural humility, with the goal of improving attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs about working with diverse patients. We developed ACT for cultural humility online interactive modules as part of an elective course to teach Medical Spanish to 4th-year medical students. Pre- and post-pilot data pertaining to the cultural humility training modules on the Work-Related Acceptance and Action questionnaire, Multidimensional Cultural Humility Scale, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs were analyzed using paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. We also included descriptive data pertaining to overall satisfaction with the cultural humility modules and intent to apply the material learned to patient care. Our data showed a significant increase in the cultural humility of our participants as well as an increase in psychological flexibility, a higher favorability rating toward various ethnicities, improvements in attitude, and positive changes in beliefs and knowledge following completion of the modules. The modules were well received by the medical students, with high social validity ratings. The ACT for cultural humility curriculum has great potential to enhance medical education in diversity, equity, and inclusion by increasing both the understanding and the cultural humility of medical students and future professionals to work with diverse populations. The current paper provides a framework that can be used by other programs to shape the education of the future medical workforce to help promote culturally humble care.
Collapse
|
11
|
Intergroup attitudes and contact between Spanish and immigrant-background adolescents using network analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271376. [PMID: 35930551 PMCID: PMC9355234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the relationship among different evaluative reactions of the intergroup attitudes and contact in Spanish adolescents evaluating different ethnic minorities and in immigrant-background adolescents evaluating Spanish youth. This study was based on psychosocial models of great impact in the study of intergroup relations such as the Stereotype Content Model and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map, and incorporated a new approach to the study of attitudes: psychological networks. In total, 1122 Spanish adolescents and 683 adolescents with an immigrant background (Moroccan, Romanian or Ecuadorian origin) participated in the study, aged from 12 to 19 years. They answered a questionnaire with measures of stereotype dimensions (morality, immorality, sociability and competence), emotions (positives and negative), behavioral tendencies (facilitation and harm) and contact (quantity and quality). The results show similar structural patterns in the six studied groups, with emotions acting as links between stereotypes and behavioral tendencies. Moreover, positive and negative stereotype dimensions appeared as independent dimensions that were part of different processes: sociability and morality, and competence to a lesser extent, were related to facilitation behaviors through positive emotions, while immorality was related to harm behaviors through negative emotions. This could indicate that, to achieve successful intergroup relations involving cooperation and the development of friendly relationships, it would be appropriate to intervene in parallel in these two pathways. Due to the centrality of positive emotions (and sociability and immorality) and, therefore, their capacity to affect the entire network, focusing interventions on these variables could be an appropriate strategy to achieve overall positive attitudes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Beyond stereotypes: Prejudice as an important missing force explaining group disparities. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e74. [PMID: 35550229 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x21000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We comment on Cesario's assertion that social psychological intergroup research focuses solely on stereotypes, neglecting actual differences between groups to explain group disparities. This reasoning, however, misses yet another explaining force: In addition to stereotypes, ample laboratory and field research documents relationships between group disparities, discrimination, and prejudice, which cannot be explained by people's accurate judgments of real-world group differences.
Collapse
|
13
|
Quarles CL, Bozarth L. How the term “white privilege” affects participation, polarization, and content in online communication. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267048. [PMID: 35507537 PMCID: PMC9067660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The language used in online discussions affects who participates in them and how they respond, which can influence perceptions of public opinion. This study examines how the term white privilege affects these dimensions of online communication. In two lab experiments, US residents were given a chance to respond to a post asking their opinions about renaming college buildings. Using the term white privilege in the question decreased the percentage of whites who supported renaming. In addition, those whites who remained supportive when white privilege was mentioned were less likely to create an online post, while opposing whites and non-whites showed no significant difference. The term also led to more low-quality posts among both whites and non-whites. The relationship between question language and the way participants framed their responses was mediated by their support or opposition for renaming buildings. This suggests that the effects of the term white privilege on the content of people’s responses is primarily affective. Overall, mention of white privilege seems to create internet discussions that are less constructive, more polarized, and less supportive of racially progressive policies. The findings have the potential to support meaningful online conversation and reduce online polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Quarles
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lia Bozarth
- School of Information, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ofili MA, Idemudia ES, Olawa BD. Recruitment managers’ emotional intelligence and employment discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS: The mediating role of stigma. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2989/16073614.2021.2017175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Ofili
- Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | | | - Babatola D. Olawa
- Lifestyle Disease Entity, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Mahikeng South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang C, Cocco VM, Vezzali L. Testing the association of positive and negative extended contact with intergroup contact intentions in China: The mediating role of intergroup anger, empathy, and happiness. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Wang
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Veronica Margherita Cocco
- Dipartimento di Discipline Umanistiche, Sociali e delle Imprese Culturali University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blomster Lyshol JK, Seibt B, Oliver MB, Thomsen L. Moving political opponents closer: How kama muta can contribute to reducing the partisan divide in the US. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211067152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dislike of political opponents has increased over the past years in the US. This paper presents a preregistered study investigating the effect of kama muta (being moved by sudden closeness) on increasing warmth, social closeness, and trust toward political opponents through including them in a common American identity. Eight hundred forty-one U.S. Americans watched either a moving or a neutral video about the US or a different theme in a full-factorial design. We found main effects of emotion and theme on the increase of warmth, social closeness, and trust toward political opponents through viewing them as fellow Americans. Accordingly, the linear combination of moving U.S. videos showed the largest increase in warmth, social closeness, and trust. Exploratory analyses showed that moving U.S.-themed videos evoked the most kama muta from suddenly increasing one’s identification with the US. This suggests that kama muta is an important, and heretofore largely overlooked, emotional process promoting common in-group identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beate Seibt
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal
| | | | - Lotte Thomsen
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Aarhus University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Banaji MR, Fiske ST, Massey DS. Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:82. [PMID: 34931287 PMCID: PMC8688641 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic racism is a scientifically tractable phenomenon, urgent for cognitive scientists to address. This tutorial reviews the built-in systems that undermine life opportunities and outcomes by racial category, with a focus on challenges to Black Americans. From American colonial history, explicit practices and policies reinforced disadvantage across all domains of life, beginning with slavery, and continuing with vastly subordinated status. Racially segregated housing creates racial isolation, with disproportionate costs to Black Americans’ opportunities, networks, education, wealth, health, and legal treatment. These institutional and societal systems build-in individual bias and racialized interactions, resulting in systemic racism. Unconscious inferences, empirically established from perceptions onward, demonstrate non-Black Americans’ inbuilt associations: pairing Black Americans with negative valences, criminal stereotypes, and low status, including animal rather than human. Implicit racial biases (improving only slightly over time) imbed within non-Black individuals’ systems of racialized beliefs, judgments, and affect that predict racialized behavior. Interracial interactions likewise convey disrespect and distrust. These systematic individual and interpersonal patterns continue partly due to non-Black people’s inexperience with Black Americans and reliance on societal caricatures. Despite systemic challenges, Black Americans are more diverse now than ever, due to resilience (many succeeding against the odds), immigration (producing varied backgrounds), and intermarriage (increasing the multiracial proportion of the population). Intergroup contact can foreground Black diversity, resisting systemic racism, but White advantages persist in all economic, political, and social domains. Cognitive science has an opportunity: to include in its study of the mind the distortions of reality about individual humans and their social groups.
Collapse
|
18
|
Levy J, Goldstein A, Influs M, Masalha S, Feldman R. Neural Rhythmic Underpinnings of Intergroup Bias: Implications for Peace-Building Attitudes and Dialogue. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 17:408-420. [PMID: 34519338 PMCID: PMC8972238 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intergroup bias is a ubiquitous socio-cognitive phenomenon that, while sustaining human dependence on group living, often leads to prejudice, inequity, and violence; yet, its neural underpinnings remain unclear. Framed within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and targeting youth, this study utilized magnetoencephalography to describe intrinsic neural oscillatory processes that represent the intergroup bias and may link with engagement in peacemaking in order to shed further light on the neural mechanisms underpinning intergroup conflict. Across the oscillatory spectrum, from very low to very high frequency bands, the only rhythm found to underlie the intergroup bias was the alpha rhythm. Alpha was continuously activated across the task and integrated a rapid perceptual component in occipital cortex with a top-down cognitive-control component in medial cingulate cortex. These components were distinctly associated with real-life intergroup dialog style and expressed attitudes that promote active engagement in peacemaking. Our findings suggest that the cortical alpha rhythm plays a crucial role in sustaining intergroup bias and address its impact on concrete intergroup experiences. Results highlight the need to provide opportunities for active peace-building dialog to youth reared amidst intractable conflicts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levy
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya 46150, Israel.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Abraham Goldstein
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center and Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moran Influs
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya 46150, Israel
| | | | - Ruth Feldman
- Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya 46150, Israel.,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Priming COVID-19 salience increases prejudice and discriminatory intent against Asians and Hispanics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105125118. [PMID: 34462353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105125118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting reports in the media suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified prejudice and discrimination against racial/ethnic minorities, especially Asians. Existing research has focused on discrimination against Asians and is primarily based on self-reported incidents or nonrepresentative samples. We investigate the extent to which COVID-19 has fueled prejudice and discrimination against multiple racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States by examining nationally representative survey data with an embedded vignette experiment about roommate selection (collected in August 2020; n = 5,000). We find that priming COVID-19 salience has an immediate, statistically significant impact: compared to the control group, respondents in the treatment group exhibited increased prejudice and discriminatory intent against East Asian, South Asian, and Hispanic hypothetical room-seekers. The treatment effect is more pronounced in increasing extreme negative attitudes toward the three minority groups than decreasing extreme positive attitudes toward them. This is partly due to the treatment increasing the proportion of respondents who perceive these minority groups as extremely culturally incompatible (Asians and Hispanics) and extremely irresponsible (Asians). Sociopolitical factors did not moderate the treatment effects on attitudes toward Asians, but prior social contact with Hispanics mitigated prejudices against them. These findings suggest that COVID-19-fueled prejudice and discrimination have not been limited to East Asians but are part of a broader phenomenon that has affected Asians generally and Hispanics as well.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kurdi B, Carroll TJ, Banaji MR. Specificity and incremental predictive validity of implicit attitudes: studies of a race-based phenotype. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:61. [PMID: 34487286 PMCID: PMC8421490 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four studies involving 2552 White American participants were conducted to investigate bias based on the race-based phenotype of hair texture. Specifically, we probed the existence and magnitude of bias in favor of Eurocentric (straight) over Afrocentric (curly) hair and its specificity in predicting responses to a legal decision involving the phenotype. Study 1 revealed an implicit preference, measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), favoring Eurocentric over Afrocentric hair texture among White Americans. This effect was not reducible to a Black/White implicit race attitude nor to mere perceptual preference favoring straight over curly hair. In Study 2, the phenotype (hair) IAT significantly and uniquely predicted expressions of support in response to an actual legal case that involved discrimination on the basis of Afrocentric hair texture. Beyond replicating this result, Studies 3 and 4 (the latter preregistered) provided further, and even more stringent, evidence for incremental predictive validity: in both studies, the phenotype IAT was associated with support for a Black plaintiff above and beyond the effects of two parallel explicit scales and, additionally, a race attitude IAT. Overall, these studies support the idea that race bias may be uniquely detected by examining implicit attitudes elicited by group-based phenotypicality, such as hair texture. Moreover, the present results inform theoretical investigations of the correspondence principle in the context of implicit social cognition: they suggest that tailoring IATs to index specific aspects of an attitude object (e.g., by decomposition of phenotypes) can improve prediction of intergroup behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- TriNetX, Cambridge, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Song H, Lu H, McComas KA. The Role of Fairness in Early Characterization of New Technologies: Effects on Selective Exposure and Risk Perception. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:1614-1629. [PMID: 33174235 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that when individuals have limited knowledge to make sense of new or emerging technologies, they may rely more on available cues, such as the fairness of those managing the risks, when developing their attitudinal and behavioral responses to the technology. To examine this further, we designed an online experiment (N = 1,042) to test the effects of risk managers' nonoutcome fairness on individuals' selective exposure to additional information and perceived risk. As the study context, we used the development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which uses drilling to tap deep underground sources of heat for district heating and electricity and remains low in familiarity among the U.S. public. The results suggest that participants who read about the fair risk manager were subsequently more likely to have positive attitudes toward EGS development. In turn, those with more positive attitudes were more likely to select and read positively valenced articles about EGS, resulting in an indirect effect of the fairness condition. Although this study also explored whether uncertainty moderated this fairness effect on information seeking, it found no evidence. Additionally, when participants were exposed to information featuring fair risk managers, perceived risk decreased, an effect that was mediated by beliefs that EGS was controllable and not dreadful. These results underscore the importance of using practices that will increase nonoutcome fairness in the introduction of new technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hang Lu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Constantin AA, Cuadrado I. The effect of imagined contact valence on adolescents’ and early adults’ stereotypes, emotions, and behavioral intentions toward ethnic groups. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea A. Constantin
- Department of Psychology and Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Almería Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology and Centre for the Study of Migrations and Intercultural Relations (CEMyRI) University of Almería Almería Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gonda N, Leder S, González-Hidalgo M, Chiwona-Karltun L, Stiernström A, Hajdu F, Fischer K, Asztalos Morell I, Kadfak A, Arvidsson A. Critical Reflexivity in Political Ecology Research: How can the Covid-19 Pandemic Transform us Into Better Researchers? FRONTIERS IN HUMAN DYNAMICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fhumd.2021.652968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is not just the world but our ways of producing knowledge that are in crisis. The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed our interconnected vulnerabilities in ways never seen before while underscoring the need for emancipation in particular from the hegemonic knowledge politics that underpin “business-as-usual” academic research that have both contributed to and failed to address the systemic challenges laid bare by the pandemic. Political ecologists tasked with knowledge generation on vulnerabilities and their underlying power processes are particularly well placed to envision such emancipatory processes. While pausing physically due to travel restrictions, as researchers in political ecology and rural development at the same university department, we want to make a stop to radically rethink our intellectual engagements. In this article, we aim to uncover “sanitized” aspects of research encounters, and theorize on the basis of anecdotes, feelings and informal discussions—“data” that is often left behind in fieldwork notes and personal diaries of researchers—, the ways in which our own research practices hamper or can be conducive to emancipation in times of multiple interconnected health, political, social, and environmental crises. We do so through affective autoethnography and resonances on our research encounters during the pandemic: with people living in Swedish Sapmi, with African students in our own “Global North” university department and with research partners in Nepal. We use a threefold focus on interconnectedness, uncertainty and challenging hegemonic knowledge politics as our analytical framework. We argue that acknowledging the roles of emotions and affect can 1) help embrace interconnectedness in research encounters; 2) enable us to work with uncertainty rather than “hard facts” in knowledge production processes; and 3) contribute to challenging hegemonic knowledge production. Opening up for emotions in research helps us to embrace the relational character of vulnerability as a pathway to democratizing power relations and to move away from its oppressive and colonial modes still present in universities and research centers. Our aim is to contribute to envisioning post-Covid-19 political ecology and rural development research that is critically reflexive and that contributes to the emergence of a new ethics of producing knowledge.
Collapse
|
24
|
Constantin AA, Cuadrado I. Perceived intergroup competition and adolescents’ behavioural intentions toward minorities: the role of threat, stereotypes and emotions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Paolini S, Azam F, Harwood J, Mackiewicz M, Hewstone M. Seeking and avoiding contact with Muslims at a Hijab Stall: Evidence for multilayer, multi-determined solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:214-252. [PMID: 34155661 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup contact is key to social cohesion, yet psychological barriers block engagement with diversity even when contact opportunities are abundant. We lack an advanced understanding of contact seeking because intergroup contact is often an independent variable in research, and studies on contact seeking have favoured experimental probing of selected factors or measured only broad behavioural intentions. This research carried out the first ecological tests of a novel multilayer-multivariate framework to contact seeking/avoiding. These tests were centred on a Muslim-led community contact-based initiative with visible support from local authorities following a terrorist attack. Non-Muslim Australian women (N = 1,347) contributed field data on their situated contact motivations, choices, and attendance at an intercultural educational stall; many (N = 559) completed a profiling test battery. Among those who responded to the initiative invite, the rate of taking up the high-salience contact opportunity in this heated setting was high and reflected multiple approach/avoidance motivations. Contact seeking/avoiding was not just allophilia/prejudice; it presented as new typologies of politicized solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage. While intergroup predictors were significant across all profiling analyses, intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors also regularly contributed to explain variance in non-Muslims' contact motivations and choices, confirming their multilayer-multivariate nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatima Azam
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake Harwood
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Matylda Mackiewicz
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Catagnus RM, Griffith AK, Umphrey BJ. Anger, Fear, and Sadness: How Emotions Could Help Us End a Pandemic of Racism. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:1193-1204. [PMID: 34104345 PMCID: PMC8175061 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Racism, recently referred to as another kind of pandemic, affects the health and safety of diverse individuals within the United States and around the world. Emotions are a powerful and integral aspect of the experience of racism; however, within the field of behavior analysis, we have been hesitant to acknowledge emotion or explore how it relates to behavior and behavioral contingencies. As a result, the scope of our understanding of emotion is limited. To better understand the current experience and perception of practitioners in the field of behavior analysis, as they relate to emotion and racism, a brief survey was conducted. Findings indicated that although many may be comfortable discussing emotion and displaying emotions for themselves and others, this was not the case for everyone. Further, many were uncomfortable discussing racism. Although participants believed that emotions of racism are important and should be addressed by the field of behavior analysis, they think the field has not done enough work in this area. The results of the study lead to several recommendations, including additional antiracism research and the acknowledgment of emotional experience, as well as for how individuals can better understand, and maybe reduce, the negative emotions associated with oppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M. Catagnus
- Applied Behavior Analysis Online Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Annette K. Griffith
- Applied Behavior Analysis Online Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Brandon J. Umphrey
- Applied Behavior Analysis Online Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sanchez C, Dunning D. The anti-scientists bias: The role of feelings about scientists in COVID-19 attitudes and behaviors. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 51:461-473. [PMID: 33821031 PMCID: PMC8013646 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Across three studies, we investigated who expresses concern for COVID‐19, or coronavirus, and engages in behaviors that are consistent with slowing the spread of COVID‐19. In Studies 1 and 2 (n = 415, n = 199), those with warmer feelings toward scientists were more concerned and engaged in greater COVID‐preventative behaviors, regardless of partisanship. That is, an anti‐scientists bias was related to lessened concern and toward less preventive behaviors. Furthermore, those who were the most optimistic about hydroxychloroquine, a purported but unproven treatment against the virus, were less likely to engage in behaviors designed to decrease the spread of COVID‐19. In Study 3 (n = 259), asking participants to watch a scientist discuss hydroxychloroquine on Fox News led people to greater endorsement of COVID behaviors. In short, positive feelings toward scientists, rather than political attitudes or knowledge, related to who was concerned and those willing to engage in pandemic reducing behaviors. These behaviors were not immutable and can be changed by scientific out‐reach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sanchez
- Gies College of Business University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Champaign IL USA
| | - David Dunning
- Psychology Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
O'Donnell AW, Neumann DL, Duffy AL. Associative Learning Processes in the Formation of Intergroup Anxiety and Avoidance in Society. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:2587-2612. [PMID: 33081583 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120965472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory-based aversive conditioning studies have reliably induced fear toward an image of an outgroup member by pairing the image with a fear-inducing, aversive stimulus. However, laboratory-based studies have been criticized for being simplistic in comparison to the complexities of the real world. The current study is the first to apply an aversive conditioning framework to explain the formation of intergroup fear and subsequent anxiety toward, and avoidance of, the outgroup outside the laboratory. Two samples recalled details of their first negative encounter with an African American (N = 554) or Muslim (N = 613) individual, respectively. Congruent with learning theory, participants who reported an unpleasant event with an outgroup member reported more fear during the encounter than did those who did not report experiencing an unpleasant event. Additionally, the intensity of unpleasantness during the first encounter indirectly predicted outgroup avoidance, via retrospectively recalled fear and current levels of intergroup anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amanda L Duffy
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tsai JY, Phua J, Pan S, Yang CC. Intergroup Contact, COVID-19 News Consumption, and the Moderating Role of Digital Media Trust on Prejudice Toward Asians in the United States: Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e22767. [PMID: 32924948 PMCID: PMC7527163 DOI: 10.2196/22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The perceived threat of a contagious virus may lead people to be distrustful of immigrants and out-groups. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the salient politicized discourses of blaming Chinese people for spreading the virus have fueled over 2000 reports of anti-Asian racial incidents and hate crimes in the United States. Objective The study aims to investigate the relationships between news consumption, trust, intergroup contact, and prejudicial attitudes toward Asians and Asian Americans residing in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare how traditional news, social media use, and biased news exposure cultivate racial attitudes, and the moderating role of media use and trust on prejudice against Asians is examined. Methods A cross-sectional study was completed in May 2020. A total of 430 US adults (mean age 36.75, SD 11.49 years; n=258, 60% male) participated in an online survey through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform. Respondents answered questions related to traditional news exposure, social media use, perceived trust, and their top three news channels for staying informed about the novel coronavirus. In addition, intergroup contact and racial attitudes toward Asians were assessed. We performed hierarchical regression analyses to test the associations. Moderation effects were estimated using simple slopes testing with a 95% bootstrap confidence interval approach. Results Participants who identified as conservatives (β=.08, P=.02), had a personal infection history (β=.10, P=.004), and interacted with Asian people frequently in their daily lives (β=.46, P<.001) reported more negative attitudes toward Asians after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Relying more on traditional news media (β=.08, P=.04) and higher levels of trust in social media (β=.13, P=.007) were positively associated with prejudice against Asians. In contrast, consuming news from left-leaning outlets (β=–.15, P=.001) and neutral outlets (β=–.13, P=.003) was linked to less prejudicial attitudes toward Asians. Among those who had high trust in social media, exposure had a negative relationship with prejudice. At high levels of trust in digital websites and apps, frequent use was related to less unfavorable attitudes toward Asians. Conclusions Experiencing racial prejudice among the Asian population during a challenging pandemic can cause poor psychological outcomes and exacerbate health disparities. The results suggest that conservative ideology, personal infection history, frequency of intergroup contact, traditional news exposure, and trust in social media emerge as positive predictors of prejudice against Asians and Asian Americans, whereas people who get COVID-19 news from left-leaning and balanced outlets show less prejudice. For those who have more trust in social media and digital news, frequent use of these two sources is associated with lower levels of prejudice. Our findings highlight the need to reshape traditional news discourses and use social media and mobile news apps to develop credible messages for combating racial prejudice against Asians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yi Tsai
- School of Communication, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Joe Phua
- Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shuya Pan
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chia-Chen Yang
- School of Educational Foundations, Leadership and Aviation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Preuß S, Ottenstein C, Kachel S, Steffens MC. Using Scenarios for Measuring the Affective and Behavioral Components of Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men: Validation of the SABA Scale. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:1645-1669. [PMID: 32378075 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Attitude-change research requires sound attitude measures adequately predicting behavior. Most existing attitude measures focus on the cognitive (and some on the affective) attitude component (while neglecting the behavioral component). The present research introduces the SABA, a brief scale that consists of Scenarios measuring the Affective and Behavioral components of Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. In two studies with student and non-student samples (n1 = 66, n2 = 202), we developed a 25-item scale and reduced it by performing exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded two factors (affective and behavioral) for each version (SABA-L for attitudes toward lesbians, SABA-G for attitudes toward gay men). The reduced scales each contained five scenarios showing good reliability. High convergent validity and discriminant validity were shown using explicit and implicit attitude measures in a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Further, SABA scores correlated with the Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS) and the Attitudes Toward Lesbians (ATL) and Gay Men Scale (ATG), but-as predicted-not with social anxiety and the Homopositivity Scale. The SABA's criterion and incremental validity were demonstrated in predicting attitude-related behavior better than the MHS. SABA scores showed established associations and differences in antigay attitudes based on age, religiousness, male role norms, authoritarianism, openness (SABA-G only), and sexual orientation, confirming (known-group) validity. Further, the SABA correlated less with the motivation to act without prejudice than the MHS, the ATL, and the ATG. Thus, outperforming existing attitude scales, the SABA appears to be a psychometrically sound instrument to measure attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Preuß
- Faculty of Psychology: Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Ottenstein
- Center of Methodologies, Diagnostics, and Evaluation, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Sven Kachel
- Faculty of Psychology: Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Melanie C Steffens
- Faculty of Psychology: Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kanter JW, Rosen DC, Manbeck KE, Branstetter HML, Kuczynski AM, Corey MD, Maitland DWM, Williams MT. Addressing microaggressions in racially charged patient-provider interactions: a pilot randomized trial. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 20:88. [PMID: 32209082 PMCID: PMC7092438 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial bias in medical care is a significant public health issue, with increased focus on microaggressions and the quality of patient-provider interactions. Innovations in training interventions are needed to decrease microaggressions and improve provider communication and rapport with patients of color during medical encounters. METHODS This paper presents a pilot randomized trial of an innovative clinical workshop that employed a theoretical model from social and contextual behavioral sciences. The intervention specifically aimed to decrease providers' likelihood of expressing biases and negative stereotypes when interacting with patients of color in racially charged moments, such as when patients discuss past incidents of discrimination. Workshop exercises were informed by research on the importance of mindfulness and interracial contact involving reciprocal exchanges of vulnerability and responsiveness. Twenty-five medical student and recent graduate participants were randomized to a workshop intervention or no intervention. Outcomes were measured via provider self-report and observed changes in targeted provider behaviors. Specifically, two independent, blind teams of coders assessed provider emotional rapport and responsiveness during simulated interracial patient encounters with standardized Black patients who presented specific racial challenges to participants. RESULTS Greater improvements in observed emotional rapport and responsiveness (indexing fewer microaggressions), improved self-reported explicit attitudes toward minoritized groups, and improved self-reported working alliance and closeness with the Black standardized patients were observed and reported by intervention participants. CONCLUSIONS Medical providers may be more likely to exhibit bias with patients of color in specific racially charged moments during medical encounters. This small-sample pilot study suggests that interventions that directly intervene to help providers improve responding in these moments by incorporating mindfulness and interracial contact may be beneficial in reducing racial health disparities.
Collapse
|
33
|
Verkuyten M, Yogeeswaran K, Adelman L. Toleration and prejudice-reduction: Two ways of improving intergroup relations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 50:239-255. [PMID: 32214515 PMCID: PMC7079295 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
While a large body of social psychological research has shed light on the nature of prejudice and how to reduce it, we argue that such work does not address situations of cultural or religious outgroup beliefs and practices that are considered incompatible with one's own. The present theoretical article contrasts a prejudice-reduction approach with a toleration-based approach to consider the differences each have with regard to the attitude object they focus upon, the perceived reasonableness of the attitude, and the behavioral consequences each may lead to. In doing so, we consider the psychological processes involved in whether the negative attitude leads to negative actions. We conclude by arguing that a toleration-based approach forms an important addition to the psychological thinking about cultural diversity and intergroup relations. Collectively, the present work makes a novel contribution to the social psychological literature by stimulating theory development and raising novel questions for empirical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Verkuyten
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural SciencesErcomerUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Levi Adelman
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural SciencesErcomerUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rad MS, Shackleford C, Lee KA, Jassin K, Ginges J. Folk theories of gender and anti-transgender attitudes: Gender differences and policy preferences. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226967. [PMID: 31887173 PMCID: PMC6936834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgender rights and discrimination against transgender people are growing public policy issues. Theorizing from social, cognitive, and evolutionary psychology suggests that beyond attitudes, discrimination against transgender people may derive from folk theories about what gender is and where it comes from. Transgender identity is met with hostility, in part, because it poses a challenge to the lay view that gender is determined at birth, and based on observable physical and behavioral characteristics. Here, in two pre-registered studies (N = 1323), we asked American adults to indicate the gender of a transgender target who either altered their biology through surgical interventions or altered their outward appearance: to what extent is it their birth-assigned gender or their self-identified gender? Responses correlate strongly with affect toward transgender people, measured by feeling thermometers, yet predict views on transgender people’s right to use their preferred bathrooms above and beyond feelings. Compared to male participants, female participants judge the person’s gender more in line with the self-identified gender than the birth-assigned gender. This is consistent with social and psychological theories that posit high status (e.g., men) and low status (e.g., women) members of social classification systems view group hierarchies in more and less essentialist ways respectively. Gender differences in gender category beliefs decrease with religiosity and conservatism, and are smaller in higher age groups. These results suggest that folk theories of gender, or beliefs about what gender is and how it is determined have a unique role in how transgender people are viewed and treated. Moreover, as evident by the demographic variability of gender category beliefs, folk theories are shaped by social and cultural forces and are amenable to interventions. They offer an alternative pathway to measure policy support and possibly change attitude toward transgender people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salari Rad
- Kahneman-Treisman Center for Behavioral Science & Public Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Crystal Shackleford
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelli Ann Lee
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Kate Jassin
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Ginges
- Department of Psychology, New School for Social Research, The New School, New York City, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Blackmon SM, Neville HA, Jones Thomas A. Ideology Matters: College Students’ Emotional Reactions to the Killing of Trayvon Martin. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000019893089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Building on previous theory and research, we explored the associations among race, intergroup ideologies and emotional reactions to the killing of Trayvon Martin and the acquittal of George Zimmerman among 298 Black and White college students. We also examined the indirect effect of ethnocultural empathy on the links between race, intergroup ideologies, and emotional responding. Using latent class analysis, we identified three latent intergroup ideological classes: Racial Hierarchy-Enhancing Ideology, Universal Hierarchy-Enhancing Ideology (i.e., above sample mean color-blind racial ideology and or social dominance orientation) and Critical Reflection Attenuating Ideology (i.e., above sample mean critical consciousness). Membership in the Critical Reflection Attenuating Ideology group was associated with greater prosocial emotional responding as compared to the two hierarchy-enhancing latent groups. Finally, ethnocultural empathy had an indirect effect on the links between race, latent intergroup ideological classes, and emotional responding.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bruneau E, Szekeres H, Kteily N, Tropp LR, Kende A. Beyond dislike: Blatant dehumanization predicts teacher discrimination. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219845462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
School teachers have been shown to favor ethnic majority over minority students. However, it is unclear what psychological processes motivate ethnicity-based discrimination. Of the studies that have examined the psychological roots of teacher discrimination, most have focused on implicit or explicit prejudice. We propose an alternate predictor: dehumanization. Using a within-subject paradigm with a small-scale experiment ( N = 29) and a larger scale replication ( N = 161), we find that Hungarian preservice teachers consistently discriminate against Roma minority students by recommending that they be denied entry to higher track secondary schools, and preferentially placing them into lower track schools, relative to equally qualified ethnic majority Hungarian students, and that the severity of the ethnic tracking bias is predicted by dehumanization (but not prejudice). In fact, the relationship between dehumanization and discrimination holds (and may be significantly stronger) for teachers who express the lowest levels of prejudice towards the Roma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Bruneau
- University of Pennsylvania, USA
- Beyond Conflict Innovation Lab, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cuadrado I, López-Rodríguez L, Constantin AA. “A matter of trust”: Perception of morality increases willingness to help through positive emotions. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219838606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Moroccans are still the lowest rated immigrants in Spain. This research analyses the relationships between different dimensions of stereotypes (i.e., morality, sociability, and competence), positive emotions, and facilitation behavioural tendencies between Spaniards and Moroccans. Specifically, this work aims to explore whether the three stereotype dimensions play distinct roles in predicting helping behavioural tendencies through emotions, with a focus on the distinctive role of morality. Three studies are presented. In Study 1, Spanish adolescents assessed Moroccan immigrants. Study 2 considered the minority perspective by analysing Moroccans’ stereotypes, emotions, and behavioural tendencies toward Spaniards. Study 3 experimentally tested the effect of the stereotype dimensions on positive emotions and facilitation behavioural tendencies in a sample of Spaniards. The results showed a consistent pattern: perceived morality always indirectly predicted facilitation behavioural tendencies through positive emotions, regardless of the perspective analysed (i.e., majority/minority), age of participants (i.e., adults/adolescents), or design (i.e., correlational/experimental).
Collapse
|
38
|
Kadar GE, Thompson HG. Obesity bias among preclinical and clinical chiropractic students and faculty at an integrative health care institution: A cross-sectional study. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2019; 33:8-15. [PMID: 30044139 PMCID: PMC6417871 DOI: 10.7899/jce-17-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of obesity bias among preclinical and clinical chiropractic students and faculty at an integrative health care academic institution. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional quantitative, single-method survey with group comparison using the Beliefs About Obese Persons scale (BAOP) and the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons scale. Both instruments were administered as a single 28 question survey via email to 450 students and 46 faculty members in a doctor of chiropractic (DC) program. Differences were determined by 2 tailed t tests. RESULTS: The response rate for faculty and students was 31% and 65%, respectively. One hundred forty-three DC students, preclinical ( n = 65) and clinical ( n = 78), and 30 DC faculty, preclinical ( n = 15) and clinical ( n = 15) completed the survey. Both students and faculty harbored antiobesity attitudes and moderate antiobesity beliefs. Students demonstrated slightly more positive attitudes toward obese persons than did preclinical faculty. Although preclinical faculty did not demonstrate more biased attitudes than did preclinical students ( p = .057), they were more biased than clinical students ( p = .26). On the BAOP, preclinical faculty scored significantly lower than both preclinical students and clinical students ( p = .013 and .017, respectively). CONCLUSION: Obesity bias was common among clinical and preclinical chiropractic students and faculty at our institution. A cultural shift that reduces bias may require changes in both the curriculum and cocurriculum.
Collapse
|
39
|
Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040606. [PMID: 30791452 PMCID: PMC6406315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the scientific evidence pointing to critically needed steps to reduce racial inequities in health. First, it argues that communities of opportunity should be developed to minimize some of the adverse impacts of systemic racism. These are communities that provide early childhood development resources, implement policies to reduce childhood poverty, provide work and income support opportunities for adults, and ensure healthy housing and neighborhood conditions. Second, the healthcare system needs new emphases on ensuring access to high quality care for all, strengthening preventive health care approaches, addressing patients’ social needs as part of healthcare delivery, and diversifying the healthcare work force to more closely reflect the demographic composition of the patient population. Finally, new research is needed to identify the optimal strategies to build political will and support to address social inequities in health. This will include initiatives to raise awareness levels of the pervasiveness of inequities in health, build empathy and support for addressing inequities, enhance the capacity of individuals and communities to actively participate in intervention efforts and implement large scale efforts to reduce racial prejudice, ideologies, and stereotypes in the larger culture that undergird policy preferences that initiate and sustain inequities.
Collapse
|
40
|
Fiske ST. Political cognition helps explain social class divides: Two dimensions of candidate impressions, group stereotypes, and meritocracy beliefs. Cognition 2018; 188:108-115. [PMID: 30497654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Political cognitions-particularly impressions and stereotypes along two fundamental dimensions of social evaluations-play some role in explaining social class divides and accompanying resentments. First, the Big Two dimensions (warmth/communion and competence/agency) describe candidate perception, person perception, and group stereotypes. In particular, the stereotype content model and related perspectives show social-class stereotypes depicting elites as competent but cold and lower-income groups as incompetent but warm. This trade-off justifies the system as meritocractic, because elites' stereotypic competence supports their status based on deservingness. Nevertheless, varied evidence (from social psychology, political science, and sociology) indicates common beliefs that support cross-class resentments: In particular, many citizens express political resentment both downward (toward cheats) and upward (toward elites). In this context, backlash against the system results. Anticipated by systematic theories, these political cognitions (impressions, stereotypes, beliefs) help explain the populist and nativist resentments in current political discourse; all support polarized, dysfunctional politics.
Collapse
|
41
|
Manbeck KE, Kanter JW, Kuczynski AM, Fine L, Corey MD, Maitland DW. Improving relations among conservatives and liberals on a college campus: A preliminary trial of a contextual-behavioral intervention. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Kauff M, Stegmann S, van Dick R, Beierlein C, Christ O. Measuring beliefs in the instrumentality of ethnic diversity: Development and validation of the Pro-Diversity Beliefs Scale (PDBS). GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430218767025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In general, diversity beliefs are beliefs about the instrumentality of diversity for the functioning of groups. Focusing on a societal level, recent social-psychological research addressed pro-diversity beliefs as individuals’ beliefs that diversity is beneficial for the progress of society. Despite the growing interest in societal pro-diversity beliefs, no systematically validated scale measuring pro-diversity beliefs is available to date. We addressed this shortcoming and studied the reliability and validity of the newly developed Pro-Diversity Beliefs Scale (PDBS) across four samples. Results indicate that the PDBS is reliable, adequately distinct from related and established scales, and valid in predicting external criteria such as outgroup attitudes or intergroup threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolf van Dick
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
- Work Research Institute (AFI) Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cuadrado I, López-Rodríguez L, Navas M. "Si eres moral y competente adoptaré elementos de tu cultura”: el rol mediador de las emociones positivas en el proceso de aculturación de inmigrantes ecuatorianos en España. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.mcae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Los procesos psicosociales implicados en las preferencias de aculturación de las personas inmigrantes son importantes para comprender las relaciones interculturales en contextos multiculturales. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones entre tres dimensiones estereotípicas y las emociones positivas experimentadas hacia españoles con las preferencias de aculturación de inmigrantes ecuatorianos en España. Noventa y dos personas ecuatorianas (53.3% mujeres; Medad = 31.58 años) respondieron a un cuestionario que evaluaba la moralidad, sociabilidad, y competencia percibidas en los españoles, las emociones positivas experimentadas hacia ellos y sus preferencias de mantenimiento y adopción cultural. Los resultados muestran que la percepción estereotípica de ecuatorianos sobre españoles (en las dimensiones de moralidad y competencia) predice su preferencia por adoptar costumbres españolas a través de las emociones positivas.
Collapse
|
44
|
Voss P, Bodner E, Rothermund K. Ageism: The Relationship between Age Stereotypes and Age Discrimination. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON AGING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
45
|
De Freitas J, Cikara M. Deep down my enemy is good: Thinking about the true self reduces intergroup bias. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
46
|
Kurdi B, Banaji MR. Reports of the Death of the Individual Difference Approach to Implicit Social Cognition May Be Greatly Exaggerated: A Commentary on Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1373555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stepanova EV, Bartholow BD, Saults JS, Friedman RS. Effects of exposure to alcohol-related cues on racial discrimination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Latin America has experienced a series of recent corruption scandals, resulting in an unprecedented uncertainty in political leadership across the whole region. Within this context, we have conducted a survey study comprising nine countries in Latin America ( n = 1,250) examining the stereotype content of politicians. We tested a dual effects model in which the stereotypes of politicians were predicted to shape perceptions of justice directly and indirectly through the activation of affect. Our findings revealed that politicians tended to be stereotyped with negative morality traits and with a certain degree of negativity across other stereotype dimensions. Results supported a positive direct effect of morality on perceived justice and a positive indirect effect through the activation of affect. We discuss the implications of these findings for the current political context in Latin America and also for our understanding of perceptions about politicians and their relationship with leader and power legitimacy.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kauff M, Asbrock F, Wagner U, Pettigrew TF, Hewstone M, Schäfer SJ, Christ O. (Bad) Feelings about Meeting Them? Episodic and Chronic Intergroup Emotions Associated with Positive and Negative Intergroup Contact As Predictors of Intergroup Behavior. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1449. [PMID: 28900403 PMCID: PMC5581834 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on two cross-sectional probability samples (Study 1: N = 1,382, Study 2: N = 1,587), we studied the interplay between positive and negative intergroup contact, different types of intergroup emotions (i.e., episodic intergroup emotions encountered during contact and more general chronic intergroup emotions), and outgroup behavior in the context of intergroup relations between non-immigrant Germans and foreigners living in Germany. In Study 1, we showed that positive and negative contact are related to specific episodic intergroup emotions (i.e., anger, fear and happiness). Results of Study 2 indicate an indirect effect of episodic intergroup emotions encountered during contact experiences on specific behavioral tendencies directed at outgroup members via more chronic situation-independent intergroup emotions. As expected, anger predicted approaching (discriminatory) behavioral tendencies (i.e., aggression) while fear predicted avoidance. The results extend the existing literature on intergroup contact and emotions by addressing positive and negative contact simultaneously and differentiating between situation-specific episodic and chronic intergroup emotions in predicting discriminatory behavioral tendencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kauff
- Institute of Psychology, FernUniversität in HagenHagen, Germany
| | - Frank Asbrock
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität ChemnitzChemnitz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-Universität MarburgMarburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Pettigrew
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa CruzCA, United States
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Oxford Centre for the Study of Intergroup Conflict, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oliver Christ
- Institute of Psychology, FernUniversität in HagenHagen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Firat RB, Hitlin S, Magnotta V, Tranel D. Putting race in context: social class modulates processing of race in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1314-1324. [PMID: 28398590 PMCID: PMC5597864 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature demonstrates that racial group membership can influence neural responses, e.g. when individuals perceive or interact with persons of another race. However, little attention has been paid to social class, a factor that interacts with racial inequalities in American society. We extend previous literature on race-related neural activity by focusing on how the human brain responds to racial out-groups cast in positively valued social class positions vs less valued ones. We predicted that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the amygdala would have functionally dissociable roles, with the vmPFC playing a more significant role within socially valued in-groups (i.e. the middle-class) and the amygdala having a more crucial role for socially ambivalent and threatening categories (i.e. upper and lower class). We tested these predictions with two complementary studies: (i) a neuropsychological experiment with patients with the vmPFC or amygdala lesions, contrasted with brain damaged and normal comparison participants, and (ii) a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment with 15 healthy adults. Our findings suggest that two distinct mechanisms underlie class-based racial evaluations, one engaging the vmPFC for positively identified in-group class and another recruiting the amygdala for the class groups that are marginalized or perceived as potential threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rengin B. Firat
- Global Studies Institute
- Petit Science Center, Neuroscience Institute
- Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven Hitlin
- Department of Sociology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vincent Magnotta
- Department of Radiology
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|