1
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Zhao J, Gao L, Nurrish S, Kaplan JM. Post-synaptic GABA A receptors potentiate transmission by recruiting CaV2 channels to their inputs. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113161. [PMID: 37742192 PMCID: PMC10873018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a retrograde synaptic signal at the C. elegans GABAergic neuromuscular junction. At this synapse, GABA release is controlled by two voltage-activated calcium channels (UNC-2/CaV2 and EGL-19/CaV1), and muscle responses are mediated by a single GABA receptor (UNC-49/GABAA). Mutations inactivating UNC-49 or those preventing UNC-49 synaptic clustering cause retrograde defects in GABAergic motor neurons, whereby UNC-2/CaV2 levels at active zones, UNC-2 current, and pre-synaptic GABA release are decreased. Inactivating post-synaptic GABAA receptors has no effect on GABA neuron EGL-19/CaV1 levels nor on several other pre-synaptic markers. The effect of GABAA receptors on pre-synaptic strength is not a consequence of decreased GABA transmission and is input selective. Finally, pre-synaptic UNC-2/CaV2 levels are increased when post-synaptic GABAA receptors are increased but are unaffected by increased extra-synaptic receptors. Collectively, these results suggest that clustered post-synaptic GABAA receptors adjust the strength of their inputs by recruiting CaV2 to contacting active zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luna Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Nurrish
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua M Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Matsushita N, Kato S, Nishizawa K, Sugawara M, Takeuchi K, Miyasaka Y, Mashimo T, Kobayashi K. Highly selective transgene expression through the flip-excision switch system by using a unilateral spacer sequence. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100393. [PMID: 36936079 PMCID: PMC10014282 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The flip-excision switch (FLEX) system with an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector allows expression of transgenes in specific cell populations having Cre recombinase. A significant issue with this system is non-specific expression of transgenes in tissues after vector injection. We show here that Cre-independent recombination events in the AAV genome carrying the FLEX sequence occur mainly during the production of viral vectors in packaging cells, which results in transgene expression in off-target populations. Introduction of a relatively longer nucleotide sequence between two recognition sites at the unilateral side of the transgene cassette, termed a unilateral spacer sequence (USS), is useful to suppress the recombination in the viral genome, leading to the protection of non-specific transgene expression with enhanced gene expression selectivity. Our FLEX/USS system offers a powerful strategy for highly specific Cre-dependent transgene expression, aiming at various applications for structural and functional analyses of target cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masateru Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Laboratory of Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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3
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Al-Rifai R, Vandestienne M, Lavillegrand JR, Mirault T, Cornebise J, Poisson J, Laurans L, Esposito B, James C, Mansier O, Hirsch P, Favale F, Braik R, Knosp C, Vilar J, Rizzo G, Zernecke A, Saliba AE, Tedgui A, Lacroix M, Arrive L, Mallat Z, Taleb S, Diedisheim M, Cochain C, Rautou PE, Ait-Oufella H. JAK2V617F mutation drives vascular resident macrophages toward a pathogenic phenotype and promotes dissecting aortic aneurysm. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6592. [PMID: 36329047 PMCID: PMC9633755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK2V617F mutation is associated with an increased risk for athero-thrombotic cardiovascular disease, but its role in aortic disease development and complications remains unknown. In a cohort of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm, JAK2V617F mutation was identified as an independent risk factor for dilation of both the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. Using single-cell RNA-seq, complementary genetically-modified mouse models, as well as pharmacological approaches, we found that JAK2V617F mutation was associated with a pathogenic pro-inflammatory phenotype of perivascular tissue-resident macrophages, which promoted deleterious aortic wall remodeling at early stages, and dissecting aneurysm through the recruitment of circulating monocytes at later stages. Finally, genetic manipulation of tissue-resident macrophages, or treatment with a Jak2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, mitigated aortic wall inflammation and reduced aortic dilation and rupture. Overall, JAK2V617F mutation drives vascular resident macrophages toward a pathogenic phenotype and promotes dissecting aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Al-Rifai
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vandestienne
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Rémi Lavillegrand
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Tristan Mirault
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France ,Service de médecine vasculaire, Hopital Européen G. Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Julie Cornebise
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Johanne Poisson
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France ,Service de gériatrie, Hopital Européen G. Pompidou, Paris, France ,grid.462374.00000 0004 0620 6317Centre de recherche sur l’inflammation, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Laurans
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Esposito
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Chloé James
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR1034, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Mansier
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR1034, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre Hirsch
- grid.412370.30000 0004 1937 1100Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizia Favale
- grid.412370.30000 0004 1937 1100Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Rayan Braik
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Camille Knosp
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jose Vilar
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Rizzo
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- grid.498164.6Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alain Tedgui
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lacroix
- grid.412370.30000 0004 1937 1100Service de radiologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Arrive
- grid.412370.30000 0004 1937 1100Service de radiologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Soraya Taleb
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Marc Diedisheim
- grid.411784.f0000 0001 0274 3893GlandOmics, 41700 Cheverny, & Department of Diabetology, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Clément Cochain
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- grid.462416.30000 0004 0495 1460Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France ,grid.462374.00000 0004 0620 6317Centre de recherche sur l’inflammation, Inserm, Paris, France ,grid.411599.10000 0000 8595 4540AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d’Hépatologie, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Clichy, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France. .,Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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4
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Li L, Liu H, Qian KY, Nurrish S, Zeng XT, Zeng WX, Wang J, Kaplan JM, Tong XJ, Hu Z. CASK and FARP localize two classes of post-synaptic ACh receptors thereby promoting cholinergic transmission. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010211. [PMID: 36279278 PMCID: PMC9632837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in neurotransmitter receptor abundance at post-synaptic elements play a pivotal role in regulating synaptic strength. For this reason, there is significant interest in identifying and characterizing the scaffolds required for receptor localization at different synapses. Here we analyze the role of two C. elegans post-synaptic scaffolding proteins (LIN-2/CASK and FRM-3/FARP) at cholinergic neuromuscular junctions. Constitutive knockouts or muscle specific inactivation of lin-2 and frm-3 dramatically reduced spontaneous and evoked post-synaptic currents. These synaptic defects resulted from the decreased abundance of two classes of post-synaptic ionotropic acetylcholine receptors (ACR-16/CHRNA7 and levamisole-activated AChRs). LIN-2's AChR scaffolding function is mediated by its SH3 and PDZ domains, which interact with AChRs and FRM-3/FARP, respectively. Thus, our findings show that post-synaptic LIN-2/FRM-3 complexes promote cholinergic synaptic transmission by recruiting AChRs to post-synaptic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Haowen Liu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kang-Ying Qian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen Nurrish
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xian-Ting Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Xin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafan Wang
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joshua M. Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xia-Jing Tong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Gao L, Zhao J, Ardiel EL, Hall Q, Nurrish S, Kaplan JM. Shank promotes action potential repolarization by recruiting BK channels to calcium microdomains. eLife 2022; 11:75140. [PMID: 35266450 PMCID: PMC8937234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations altering the scaffolding protein Shank are linked to several psychiatric disorders, and to synaptic and behavioral defects in mice. Among its many binding partners, Shank directly binds CaV1 voltage activated calcium channels. Here we show that the C. elegans SHN-1/Shank promotes CaV1 coupling to calcium activated potassium channels. Mutations inactivating SHN-1, and those preventing SHN-1 binding to EGL-19/CaV1 all increase action potential durations in body muscles. Action potential repolarization is mediated by two classes of potassium channels: SHK-1/KCNA and SLO-1 and SLO-2 BK channels. BK channels are calcium-dependent, and their activation requires tight coupling to EGL-19/CaV1 channels. SHN-1's effects on AP duration are mediated by changes in BK channels. In shn-1 mutants, SLO-2 currents and channel clustering are significantly decreased in both body muscles and neurons. Finally, increased and decreased shn-1 gene copy number produce similar changes in AP width and SLO-2 current. Collectively, these results suggest that an important function of Shank is to promote microdomain coupling of BK with CaV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Evan L Ardiel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Qi Hall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen Nurrish
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Joshua M Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
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6
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Almeida ARM, Neto JL, Cachucho A, Euzébio M, Meng X, Kim R, Fernandes MB, Raposo B, Oliveira ML, Ribeiro D, Fragoso R, Zenatti PP, Soares T, de Matos MR, Corrêa JR, Duque M, Roberts KG, Gu Z, Qu C, Pereira C, Pyne S, Pyne NJ, Barreto VM, Bernard-Pierrot I, Clappier E, Mullighan CG, Grosso AR, Yunes JA, Barata JT. Interleukin-7 receptor α mutational activation can initiate precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7268. [PMID: 34907175 PMCID: PMC8671594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 receptor α (encoded by IL7R) is essential for lymphoid development. Whether acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)-related IL7R gain-of-function mutations can trigger leukemogenesis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that lymphoid-restricted mutant IL7R, expressed at physiological levels in conditional knock-in mice, establishes a pre-leukemic stage in which B-cell precursors display self-renewal ability, initiating leukemia resembling PAX5 P80R or Ph-like human B-ALL. Full transformation associates with transcriptional upregulation of oncogenes such as Myc or Bcl2, downregulation of tumor suppressors such as Ikzf1 or Arid2, and major IL-7R signaling upregulation (involving JAK/STAT5 and PI3K/mTOR), required for leukemia cell viability. Accordingly, maximal signaling drives full penetrance and early leukemia onset in homozygous IL7R mutant animals. Notably, we identify 2 transcriptional subgroups in mouse and human Ph-like ALL, and show that dactolisib and sphingosine-kinase inhibitors are potential treatment avenues for IL-7R-related cases. Our model, a resource to explore the pathophysiology and therapeutic vulnerabilities of B-ALL, demonstrates that IL7R can initiate this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso R. M. Almeida
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João L. Neto
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cachucho
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mayara Euzébio
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal ,grid.456556.1Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Rathana Kim
- grid.413328.f0000 0001 2300 6614Hematology Laboratory, Saint-Louis Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France, and Saint-Louis Research Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM U944/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7212, Paris, France
| | - Marta B. Fernandes
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Raposo
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana L. Oliveira
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Ribeiro
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Fragoso
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Tiago Soares
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R. de Matos
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Mafalda Duque
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kathryn G. Roberts
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Pathology and Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN US
| | - Zhaohui Gu
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Pathology and Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN US
| | - Chunxu Qu
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Pathology and Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN US
| | - Clara Pereira
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan Pyne
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Nigel J. Pyne
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Vasco M. Barreto
- grid.10772.330000000121511713DNA Breaks Laboratory, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Emannuelle Clappier
- grid.413328.f0000 0001 2300 6614Hematology Laboratory, Saint-Louis Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France, and Saint-Louis Research Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM U944/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7212, Paris, France
| | - Charles G. Mullighan
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Pathology and Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN US
| | - Ana R. Grosso
- grid.10772.330000000121511713UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - João T. Barata
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Poisson J, Tanguy M, Davy H, Camara F, El Mdawar MB, Kheloufi M, Dagher T, Devue C, Lasselin J, Plessier A, Merchant S, Blanc-Brude O, Souyri M, Mougenot N, Dingli F, Loew D, Hatem SN, James C, Villeval JL, Boulanger CM, Rautou PE. Erythrocyte-derived microvesicles induce arterial spasms in JAK2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasm. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2630-2643. [PMID: 32045382 PMCID: PMC7190923 DOI: 10.1172/jci124566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death in patients with JAK2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). However, their mechanisms are poorly understood. The high prevalence of myocardial infarction without significant coronary stenosis or atherosclerosis in patients with MPNs suggests that vascular function is altered. The consequences of JAK2V617F mutation on vascular reactivity are unknown. We observe here increased responses to vasoconstrictors in arteries from Jak2V617F mice resulting from a disturbed endothelial NO pathway and increased endothelial oxidative stress. This response was reproduced in WT mice by circulating microvesicles isolated from patients carrying JAK2V617F and by erythrocyte-derived microvesicles from transgenic mice. Microvesicles of other cellular origins had no effect. This effect was observed ex vivo on isolated aortas, but also in vivo on femoral arteries. Proteomic analysis of microvesicles derived from JAK2V617F erythrocytes identified increased expression of myeloperoxidase as the likely mechanism accounting for their effect. Myeloperoxidase inhibition in microvesicles derived from JAK2V617F erythrocytes suppressed their effect on oxidative stress. Antioxidants such as simvastatin and N-acetyl cysteine improved arterial dysfunction in Jak2V617F mice. In conclusion, JAK2V617F MPNs are characterized by exacerbated vasoconstrictor responses resulting from increased endothelial oxidative stress caused by circulating erythrocyte-derived microvesicles. Simvastatin appears to be a promising therapeutic strategy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Poisson
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Geriatrics Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marion Tanguy
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hortense Davy
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fatoumata Camara
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Belle El Mdawar
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marouane Kheloufi
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tracy Dagher
- Inserm U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Cécile Devue
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Lasselin
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Plessier
- Service d'Hépatologie, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Beaujon, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU Unity), AP-HP, Clichy, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, French Network for Rare Liver Diseases (FILFOIE), European Reference Network (ERN), Clichy, France
| | - Salma Merchant
- Inserm U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Blanc-Brude
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Souyri
- Inserm UMR S1131, University Hospital Institute (IHU), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Inserm UMS 28, Phénotypage du petit animal, Plateforme d'expérimentations coeur-muscle-vaisseaux (PECMV), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, Université de recherche PSL, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, Université de recherche PSL, Paris, France
| | - Stephane N Hatem
- Inserm, UMR 1166, Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Chloé James
- Inserm U1034, Biology of Cardiovascular, Pessac, France.,University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Laboratory of Hematology, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Luc Villeval
- Inserm U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Paris-Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Inserm U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris XI, Villejuif, France.,Service d'Hépatologie, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Beaujon, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU Unity), AP-HP, Clichy, France
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8
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Straub J, Gawda A, Ravichandran P, McGrew B, Nylund E, Kang J, Burke C, Vitko I, Scott M, Williamson J, Joshi S, Kapur J, Perez-Reyes E. Characterization of kindled VGAT-Cre mice as a new animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2277-2288. [PMID: 32954490 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of novel therapies for temporal lobe epilepsy is hindered by a lack of models suitable for drug screening. While testing the hypothesis that "inhibiting inhibitory neurons" was sufficient to induce seizures, it was discovered that a mild electrical kindling protocol of VGAT-Cre mice led to spontaneous motor and electrographic seizures. This study characterizes these seizures and investigates the mechanism. METHODS Mice were implanted with electroencephalographic (EEG) headsets that included a stimulating electrode in the hippocampus before being electrically kindled. Seizures were evaluated by review of EEG recordings and behavior. γ-Aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurotransmission was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and electrophysiology. RESULTS Electrical kindling of VGAT-Cre mice induces spontaneous recurring seizures after a short latency (6 days). Seizures occur 1-2 times per day in both male and female mice, with only minimal neuronal death. These mice express Cre recombinase under the control of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), a gene that is specifically expressed in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. The insertion of Cre disrupts the expression of VGAT mRNA and protein, and impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Kindled VGAT-Cre mice can be used to study the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis and may be useful for screening novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Straub
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Agnieszka Gawda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pranav Ravichandran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Bailey McGrew
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elsa Nylund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Julianna Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cassidy Burke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Iuliia Vitko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John Williamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Suchitra Joshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,UVA Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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9
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Testing the Cre-mediated genetic switch for the generation of conditional knock-in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213660. [PMID: 30865697 PMCID: PMC6415906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre-mediated genetic switch combines the ability of Cre recombinase to stably invert or excise a DNA fragment depending upon the orientation of flanking mutant loxP sites. In this work, we have tested this strategy in vivo with the aim to generate two conditional knock-in mice for missense mutations in the Impad1 and Clcn7 genes causing two different skeletal dysplasias. Targeting constructs were generated in which the Impad1 exon 2 and an inverted exon 2* and the Clcn7 exon 7 and an inverted exon 7* containing the point mutations were flanked by mutant loxP sites in a head-to-head orientation. When the Cre recombinase is present, the DNA flanked by the mutant loxP sites is expected to be stably inverted leading to the activation of the mutated exon. The targeting vectors were used to generate heterozygous floxed mice in which inversion of the wild-type with the mutant exon has not occurred yet. To generate knock-in mice, floxed animals were mated to a global Cre-deleter mouse strain for stable inversion and activation of the mutation. Unexpectedly the phenotype of homozygous Impad1 knock-in animals overlaps with the lethal phenotype described previously in Impad1 knock-out mice. Similarly, the phenotype of homozygous Clcn7 floxed mice overlaps with Clcn7 knock-out mice. Expression studies by qPCR and RT-PCR demonstrated that mutant mRNA underwent abnormal splicing leading to the synthesis of non-functional proteins. Thus, the skeletal phenotypes in both murine strains were not caused by the missense mutations, but by aberrant splicing. Our data demonstrate that the Cre mediated genetic switch strategy should be considered cautiously for the generation of conditional knock-in mice.
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10
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Abstract
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) libraries are a valuable research resource. Any one of the clones in these libraries can carry hundreds of thousands of base pairs of genetic information. Often the entire coding sequence and significant upstream and downstream regions, including regulatory elements, can be found in a single BAC clone. BACs can be put to many uses, such as to study the function of human genes in knockout mice, to drive reporter gene expression in transgenic animals, and for gene discovery. In order to use BACs for experimental purposes it is often desirable to genetically modify them by introducing reporter elements or heterologous cDNA sequences. It is not feasible to use conventional DNA cloning approaches to modify BACs due to their size and complexity, thus a specialized field "recombineering" has developed to modify BAC clones through the use of homologous recombination in bacteria with short homology regions. Genetically engineered BACs can then be used in cell culture, mouse, or rat models to study cancer, neurology, and genetics.
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11
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Roy P, Perrin BJ. The stable actin core of mechanosensory stereocilia features continuous turnover of actin cross-linkers. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1856-1865. [PMID: 29874122 PMCID: PMC6085822 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-03-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereocilia are mechanosensitive protrusions on the surfaces of sensory hair cells in the inner ear that detect sound, gravity, and head movement. Their cores are composed of parallel actin filaments that are cross-linked and stabilized by several actin-binding proteins, including fascin-2, plastin-1, espin, and XIRP2. The actin filaments are the most stable known, with actin turnover primarily occurring at the stereocilia tips. While stereocilia actin dynamics has been well studied, little is known about the behavior of the actin cross-linking proteins, which are the most abundant type of protein in stereocilia after actin and are critical for stereocilia morphogenesis and maintenance. Here, we developed a novel transgenic mouse to monitor EGFP-fascin-2 incorporation. In contrast to actin, EGFP-fascin-2 readily enters the stereocilia core. We also compared the effect of EGFP-fascin-2 expression on developing and mature stereocilia. When it was induced during hair cell development, we observed increases in both stereocilia length and width. Interestingly, stereocilia size was not affected when EGFP-fascin-2 was induced in adult stereocilia. Regardless of the time of induction, EGFP-fascin-2 displaced both espin and plastin-1 from stereocilia. Altering the actin cross-linker composition, even as the actin filaments exhibit little to no turnover, provides a mechanism for ongoing remodeling and repair important for stereocilia homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Roy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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12
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Sugimoto K, Hui SP, Sheng DZ, Kikuchi K. Dissection of zebrafish shha function using site-specific targeting with a Cre-dependent genetic switch. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28513431 PMCID: PMC5435461 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of zebrafish as a model organism in developmental biology and regeneration research, genetic techniques enabling conditional analysis of gene function are limited. In this study, we generated Zwitch, a Cre-dependent invertible gene-trap cassette, enabling the establishment of conditional alleles in zebrafish by generating intronic insertions via in vivo homologous recombination. To demonstrate the utility of Zwitch, we generated a conditional sonic hedgehog a (shha) allele. Homozygous shha mutants developed normally; however, shha mutant embryos globally expressing Cre exhibited strong reductions in endogenous shha and shha target gene mRNA levels and developmental defects associated with null shha mutations. Analyzing a conditional shha mutant generated using an epicardium-specific inducible Cre driver revealed unique roles for epicardium-derived Shha in myocardial proliferation during heart development and regeneration. Zwitch will extend the utility of zebrafish in organ development and regeneration research and might be applicable to other model organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24635.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sugimoto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Subhra P Hui
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Delicia Z Sheng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Kazu Kikuchi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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13
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Choquet K, Yang S, Moir RD, Forget D, Larivière R, Bouchard A, Poitras C, Sgarioto N, Dicaire MJ, Noohi F, Kennedy TE, Rochford J, Bernard G, Teichmann M, Coulombe B, Willis IM, Kleinman CL, Brais B. Absence of neurological abnormalities in mice homozygous for the Polr3a G672E hypomyelinating leukodystrophy mutation. Mol Brain 2017; 10:13. [PMID: 28407788 PMCID: PMC5391615 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the ubiquitously expressed POLR3A gene cause one of the most frequent forms of childhood-onset hypomyelinating leukodystrophy (HLD): POLR3-HLD. POLR3A encodes the largest subunit of RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), which is responsible for the transcription of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and a large array of other small non-coding RNAs. In order to study the central nervous system pathophysiology of the disease, we introduced the French Canadian founder Polr3a mutation c.2015G > A (p.G672E) in mice, generating homozygous knock-in (KI/KI) as well as compound heterozygous mice for one Polr3a KI and one null allele (KI/KO). Both KI/KI and KI/KO mice are viable and are able to reproduce. To establish if they manifest a motor phenotype, WT, KI/KI and KI/KO mice were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests over one year. The KI/KI and KI/KO mice have overall normal balance, muscle strength and general locomotion. Cerebral and cerebellar Luxol Fast Blue staining and measurement of levels of myelin proteins showed no significant differences between the three groups, suggesting that myelination is not overtly impaired in Polr3a KI/KI and KI/KO mice. Finally, expression levels of several Pol III transcripts in the brain showed no statistically significant differences. We conclude that the first transgenic mice with a leukodystrophy-causing Polr3a mutation do not recapitulate the childhood-onset HLD observed in the majority of human patients with POLR3A mutations, and provide essential information to guide selection of Polr3a mutations for developing future mouse models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Choquet
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sharon Yang
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robyn D Moir
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Diane Forget
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxanne Larivière
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Annie Bouchard
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Poitras
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Sgarioto
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dicaire
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Forough Noohi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Geneviève Bernard
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.,Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Teichmann
- INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR5320, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ian M Willis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 622, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada. .,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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14
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Rawlings DJ, Dai X, Buckner JH. The role of PTPN22 risk variant in the development of autoimmunity: finding common ground between mouse and human. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2977-84. [PMID: 25795788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The PTPN22 1858T variant was among the first single nucleotide polymorphisms to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Lymphocyte tyrosine phosphatase, a coding variant within the tyrosine phosphatases, is known to participate in AgR signaling; the impact of this variant on the immune response and its role in the development of autoimmunity have been a focus of study. These studies used a series of approaches, including transfected cell lines, animal models, and primary human lymphocytes, and identified multiple alterations in cell signaling and function linked to the PTPN22 variant. Conflicting findings led to questions of how best to study the role of this variant in human autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss these differences and the factors that may account for them, as well as show how an integrated approach can lead to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that promote autoimmunity in the context of the PTPN22 1858T risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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15
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Narayanan P, Chatterton P, Ikeda A, Ikeda S, Corey DP, Ervasti JM, Perrin BJ. Length regulation of mechanosensitive stereocilia depends on very slow actin dynamics and filament-severing proteins. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6855. [PMID: 25897778 PMCID: PMC4523390 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory sensory hair cells depend on stereocilia with precisely regulated lengths to detect sound. Since stereocilia are primarily composed of cross-linked, parallel actin filaments, regulated actin dynamics are essential for controlling stereocilia length. Here, we assessed stereocilia actin turnover by monitoring incorporation of inducibly expressed β-actin-GFP in adult mouse hair cells in vivo and by directly measuring β-actin-GFP turnover in explants. Stereocilia actin incorporation is remarkably slow and restricted to filament barbed ends in a small tip compartment, with minimal accumulation in the rest of the actin core. Shorter rows of stereocilia, which have mechanically-gated ion channels, show more variable actin turnover than the tallest stereocilia, which lack channels. Finally, the proteins ADF and AIP1, which both mediate actin filament severing, contribute to stereocilia length maintenance. Together, the data support a model whereby stereocilia actin cores are largely static, with dynamic regulation at the tips to maintain a critical length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Paul Chatterton
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Sakae Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - David P Corey
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46022, USA
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16
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Chiou SH, Kim-Kiselak C, Risca VI, Heimann MK, Chuang CH, Burds AA, Greenleaf WJ, Jacks TE, Feldser DM, Winslow MM. A conditional system to specifically link disruption of protein-coding function with reporter expression in mice. Cell Rep 2014; 7:2078-86. [PMID: 24931605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene deletion in mice has contributed immensely to our understanding of many biological and biomedical processes. Despite an increasing awareness of nonprotein-coding functional elements within protein-coding transcripts, current gene-targeting approaches typically involve simultaneous ablation of noncoding elements within targeted protein-coding genes. The potential for protein-coding genes to have additional noncoding functions necessitates the development of novel genetic tools capable of precisely interrogating individual functional elements. We present a strategy that couples Cre/loxP-mediated conditional gene disruption with faithful GFP reporter expression in mice in which Cre-mediated stable inversion of a splice acceptor-GFP-splice donor cassette concurrently disrupts protein production and creates a GFP fusion product. Importantly, cassette inversion maintains physiologic transcript structure, thereby ensuring proper microRNA-mediated regulation of the GFP reporter, as well as maintaining expression of nonprotein-coding elements. To test this potentially generalizable strategy, we generated and analyzed mice with this conditional knockin reporter targeted to the Hmga2 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Heng Chiou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | - Caroline Kim-Kiselak
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Viviana I Risca
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | - Megan K Heimann
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | - Aurora A Burds
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA
| | - Tyler E Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Feldser
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5456, USA.
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17
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The SLC6 transporters: perspectives on structure, functions, regulation, and models for transporter dysfunction. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:25-42. [PMID: 24337881 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human SLC6 family is composed of approximately 20 structurally related symporters (co-transporters) that use the transmembrane electrochemical gradient to actively import their substrates into cells. Approximately half of the substrates of these transporters are amino acids, with others transporting biogenic amines and/or closely related compounds, such as nutrients and compatible osmolytes. In this short review, five leaders in the field discuss a number of currently important research themes that involve SLC6 transporters, highlighting the integrative role they play across a wide spectrum of different functions. The first essay, by Gary Rudnick, describes the molecular mechanism of their coupled transport which is being progressively better understood based on new crystal structures, functional studies, and modeling. Next, the question of multiple levels of transporter regulation is discussed by Reinhard Krämer, in the context of osmoregulation and stress response by the related bacterial betaine transporter BetP. The role of selected members of the human SLC6 family that function as nutrient amino acid transporters is then reviewed by François Verrey. He discusses how some of these transporters mediate the active uptake of (essential) amino acids into epithelial cells of the gut and the kidney tubule to support systemic amino acid requirements, whereas others are expressed in specific cells to support their specialized metabolism and/or growth. The most extensively studied members of the human SLC6 family are neurotransmitter reuptake transporters, many of which are important drug targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Randy Blakely discusses the role of posttranscriptional modifications of these proteins in regulating transporter subcellular localization and activity state. Finally, Dennis Murphy reviews how natural gene variants and mouse genetic models display consistent behavioral alterations that relate to altered extracellular neurotransmitter levels.
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18
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JAK2V617F expression in mice amplifies early hematopoietic cells and gives them a competitive advantage that is hampered by IFNα. Blood 2013; 122:1464-77. [PMID: 23863895 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-498956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquired gain-of-function V617F mutation in the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2(V617F)) is the main mutation involved in BCR/ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), but its effect on hematopoietic stem cells as a driver of disease emergence has been questioned. Therefore, we reinvestigated the role of endogenous expression of JAK2(V617F) on early steps of hematopoiesis as well as the effect of interferon-α (IFNα), which may target the JAK2(V617F) clone in humans by using knock-in mice with conditional expression of JAK2(V617F) in hematopoietic cells. These mice develop a MPN mimicking polycythemia vera with large amplification of myeloid mature and precursor cells, displaying erythroid endogenous growth and progressing to myelofibrosis. Interestingly, early hematopoietic compartments [Lin-, LSK, and SLAM (LSK/CD48-/CD150+)] increased with the age. Competitive repopulation assays demonstrated disease appearance and progressive overgrowth of myeloid, Lin-, LSK, and SLAM cells, but not lymphocytes, from a low number of engrafted JAK2(V617F) SLAM cells. Finally, IFNα treatment prevented disease development by specifically inhibiting JAK2(V617F) cells at an early stage of differentiation and eradicating disease-initiating cells. This study shows that JAK2(V617F) in mice amplifies not only late but also early hematopoietic cells, giving them a proliferative advantage through high cell cycling and low apoptosis that may sustain MPN emergence but is lost upon IFNα treatment.
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19
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Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) — A rapidly-expanding toolbox for targeted genomic modifications. Gene 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Turan S, Galla M, Ernst E, Qiao J, Voelkel C, Schiedlmeier B, Zehe C, Bode J. Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange (RMCE): Traditional Concepts and Current Challenges. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:193-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sandhu U, Cebula M, Behme S, Riemer P, Wodarczyk C, Metzger D, Reimann J, Schirmbeck R, Hauser H, Wirth D. Strict control of transgene expression in a mouse model for sensitive biological applications based on RMCE compatible ES cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:e1. [PMID: 20935052 PMCID: PMC3017619 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant mouse strains that harbor tightly controlled transgene expression proved to be indispensible tools to elucidate gene function. Different strategies have been employed to achieve controlled induction of the transgene. However, many models are accompanied by a considerable level of basal expression in the non-induced state. Thereby, applications that request tight control of transgene expression, such as the expression of toxic genes and the investigation of immune response to neo antigens are excluded. We developed a new Cre/loxP-based strategy to achieve strict control of transgene expression. This strategy was combined with RMCE (recombinase mediated cassette exchange) that facilitates the targeting of genes into a tagged site in ES cells. The tightness of regulation was confirmed using luciferase as a reporter. The transgene was induced upon breeding these mice to effector animals harboring either the ubiquitous (ROSA26) or liver-specific (Albumin) expression of CreERT2, and subsequent feeding with Tamoxifen. Making use of RMCE, luciferase was replaced by Ovalbumin antigen. Mice generated from these ES cells were mated with mice expressing liver-specific CreERT2. The transgenic mice were examined for the establishment of an immune response. They were fully competent to establish an immune response upon hepatocyte specific OVA antigen expression as indicated by a massive liver damage upon Tamoxifen treatment and did not show OVA tolerance. Together, this proves that this strategy supports strict control of transgenes that is even compatible with highly sensitive biological readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sandhu
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Multiplexing RMCE: Versatile Extensions of the Flp-Recombinase-Mediated Cassette-Exchange Technology. J Mol Biol 2010; 402:52-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Guan C, Ye C, Yang X, Gao J. A review of current large-scale mouse knockout efforts. Genesis 2010; 48:73-85. [PMID: 20095055 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After the successful completion of the human genome project (HGP), biological research in the postgenome era urgently needs an efficient approach for functional analysis of genes. Utilization of knockout mouse models has been powerful for elucidating the function of genes as well as finding new therapeutic interventions for human diseases. Gene trapping and gene targeting are two independent techniques for making knockout mice from embryonic stem (ES) cells. Gene trapping is high-throughput, random, and sequence-tagged while gene targeting enables the knockout of specific genes. It has been about 20 years since the first gene targeting and gene trapping mice were generated. In recent years, new tools have emerged for both gene targeting and gene trapping, and organizations have been formed to knock out genes in the mouse genome using either of the two methods. The knockout mouse project (KOMP) and the international gene trap consortium (IGTC) were initiated to create convenient resources for scientific research worldwide and knock out all the mouse genes. Organizers of KOMP regard it as important as the HGP. Gene targeting methods have changed from conventional gene targeting to high-throughput conditional gene targeting. The combined advantages of trapping and targeting elements are improving the gene trapping spectrum and gene targeting efficiency. As a newly-developed insertional mutation system, transposons have some advantages over retrovirus in trapping genes. Emergence of the international knockout mouse consortium (IKMP) is the beginning of a global collaboration to systematically knock out all the genes in the mouse genome for functional genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Guan
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Shifting the paradigm: new approaches for characterizing and classifying neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 19:530-6. [PMID: 19896835 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to characterize and classify the cellular components of the nervous system have a rich history in modern neuroscience, and closely mirror the development of new techniques to assay cellular properties. Recent advances in high-throughput histology, genetics and neuroinformatics hold great promise for systematic and reproducible measurement and community databasing of cellular properties. In particular, transgenic approaches to reproducibly target and manipulate specific cell types in mice are rapidly advancing. Cre recombinase-based approaches in particular allow the coupling of cell type specificity with a wide variety of genetic tools for visualization, molecular profiling, tract tracing and functional manipulation. The reproducible multimodal characterization allowed by these transgenics provides a means to classify, building cellular taxonomies based on measurement of many phenotypic properties, as well as manipulate, moving beyond classification to understand the functional role of specific cell types and circuits in complex behaviors.
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Birling MC, Gofflot F, Warot X. Site-specific recombinases for manipulation of the mouse genome. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 561:245-63. [PMID: 19504076 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-019-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific recombination systems are widespread and popular tools for all scientists interested in manipulating the mouse genome. In this chapter, we focus on the use of site-specific recombinases (SSR) to unravel the function of genes of the mouse. In the first part, we review the most commonly used SSR, Cre and Flp, as well as the newly developed systems such as Dre and PhiC31, and we present the inducible SSR systems. As experience has shown that these systems are not as straightforward as expected, particular attention is paid to facts and artefacts associated with their production and applications to study the mouse genome. In the next part of this chapter, we illustrate new applications of SSRs that allow engineering of the mouse genome with more and more precision, including the FLEX and the RMCE strategies. We conclude and suggest a workflow procedure that can be followed when using SSR to create your mouse model of interest. Together, these strategies and procedures provide the basis for a wide variety of studies that will ultimately lead to the analysis of the function of a gene at the cellular level in the mouse.
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Abstract
Gene targeting in mice has been used extensively to elucidate gene function in vivo. However, for gene targeting to be successful, the targeting vector must be carefully designed. This chapter addresses the rationale behind designing targeting vectors, detailing the essential components, and highlighting specific considerations for different types of vectors, from gene deletions to point mutations and insertions. Examples of vector designs, cloning strategies, and approaches for successful screening of recombinants are described. The use of Cre/LoxP and Flp/frt systems for conditional targeting is described, together with strategies for generating conditional deletions. Methods for generating conditional point mutations are also described and their potential drawbacks discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simon
- Transgenic Service, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Kohan DE. Progress in gene targeting: using mutant mice to study renal function and disease. Kidney Int 2008; 74:427-37. [PMID: 18418351 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering in mice has provided much information about gene function in renal health and disease. This knowledge has largely come from conventional transgenic approaches. Recently, methods have been developed to control the cell type, timing and reversibility of target gene expression. Advances in identifying promoters conferring renal cell-specific gene regulation in vivo have greatly facilitated interpretation of gene targeting studies. Site-specific recombinases have permitted cell-specific knockout of genes; Cre is the preeminent recombinase, but recent progress with other recombinases, include Flp and PhiC31, will likely increase the usefulness of this class of enzymes. Temporally regulated gene expression, particularly using doxycycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems, holds great promise for avoiding developmental effects of gene mutations as well as facilitating comparison of the same animal's phenotype before and after gene modification. RNA interference is undergoing tremendous growth and has great potential for achieving gene knockdown quickly and reversibly. To date, however, the utility of these systems in modifying renal function in transgenic mice remains unproven. Finally, new gene targeting tools are in development that may substantially simplify generation of transgenic animals. This review discusses the state-of-the-art in gene targeting in the kidney, reviewing function, indications and limitations of the molecular biologic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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