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Fleeman L, Gilor C. Insulin Therapy in Small Animals, Part 1: General Principles. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:615-633. [PMID: 36906469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pharmacology of insulin and how it relates to the pathophysiology of diabetes can lead to better clinical outcomes. No insulin formulation should be considered "best" by default. Insulin suspensions (NPH, NPH/regular mixes, lente, and PZI) as well as insulin glargine U100 and detemir are intermediate-acting formulations that are administered twice daily. For a formulation to be an effective and safe basal insulin, its action should be roughly the same every hour of the day. Currently, only insulin glargine U300 and insulin degludec meet this standard in dogs, whereas in cats, insulin glargine U300 is the closest option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Chen Gilor
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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2
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Berman CF, Lobetti RG, Zini E, Fosgate GT, Schoeman JP. Influence of high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets on serum lipid and fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:759-769. [PMID: 34605307 PMCID: PMC10812288 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211047062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets exert differential effects on serum cholesterol, triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. METHODS A randomised, crossover diet trial was performed in 35 healthy shelter cats. Following baseline health assessments, cats were randomised into groups receiving either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks. The cats were then fed a washout diet for 4 weeks before being transitioned to whichever of the two studied diets they had not yet received. Fasting serum cholesterol, triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations were determined at the end of each 4-week diet period. RESULTS Cats on the high-carbohydrate diet had significantly lower serum cholesterol (P <0.001) concentrations compared with baseline measurements. Cats on the high-protein diet had significantly higher serum cholesterol (P <0.001) and triglyceride (P <0.001) concentrations, yet lower fructosamine (P <0.001) concentrations compared with baseline measurements. In contrast, overweight cats (body condition score [BCS] >5) had lower cholesterol (P = 0.007) and triglyceride (P = 0.032) concentrations on the high-protein diet than cats within other BCS groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Diets higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates appear beneficial for short-term glucose control in healthy cats. A high-protein diet was associated with significantly elevated cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy cats, even though the increase was significantly less pronounced in cats with a BCS >5. This finding suggests that overweight cats process high-protein diets, cholesterol and triglycerides differently than leaner cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad F Berman
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Remo G Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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3
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Gilor C, Fleeman LM. One hundred years of insulin: Is it time for smart? J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:645-660. [PMID: 35560042 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smarter understanding of diabetes pathophysiology and pharmacology of insulin therapy can lead to better clinical outcomes. Rather than looking for an insulin formulation that is considered "best" for a general population, it could be appropriate to seek the "smart" insulin choice, tailored to the specific clinical situation. Different treatment goals should be considered, with pros and cons to each. Ideally, insulin therapy in most diabetic dogs should mimic a "basal-bolus" pattern. The "intermediate"-acting insulin formulations might provide better "bolus" treatment in dogs than the rapid-acting formulations used in people. In patients with some residual beta cell function such as many diabetic cats, administering only a "basal" insulin might lead to complete normalisation of blood glucose concentrations. Insulin suspensions (neutral protamine Hagedorn, neutral protamine Hagedorn/regular mixes, lente and protamine zinc insulin) as well as insulin glargine U100 and detemir are "intermediate"-acting formulations that are administered twice daily. For a formulation to be an effective and safe "basal" insulin, its action should be roughly the same every hour of the day. Currently, only insulin glargine U300 and insulin degludec meet this standard in dogs, whereas in cats, insulin glargine U300 is the closest option.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L M Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Laflamme DP, Backus RC, Forrester SD, Hoenig M. Evidence does not support the controversy regarding carbohydrates in feline diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:506-513. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.06.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C. Backus
- 2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Margarethe Hoenig
- 4Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
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Dodd SAS, Dewey C, Khosa D, Verbrugghe A. A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:53. [PMID: 33509191 PMCID: PMC7842014 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cats, being obligate carnivores, have unique dietary requirements for nutrients most commonly found in dietary ingredients of animal origin. As such, feeding a diet devoid of animal-derived ingredients has been postulated as a possible cause of nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes. A small proportion of cat owners feed strictly plant-based diets to the cats in their care, yet the health and wellness of cats fed these diets has not been well documented. Results A total of 1325 questionnaires were complete enough for inclusion. The only exclusion criterion was failure to answer all questions. Most cats, 65% (667/1026), represented in the survey were fed a meat-based diet and 18.2% (187/1026) were fed a plant-based diet, with the rest fed either a combination of plant-based with meat-based (69/1026, 6.7%) or indeterminable (103/1026, 10%). Cat age ranged from 4 months to 23 years, with a median of 7 years, and was not associated with diet type. No differences in reported lifespan were detected between diet types. Fewer cats fed plant-based diets reported to have gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Cats fed plant-based diets were reported to have more ideal body condition scores than cats fed a meat-based diet. More owners of cats fed plant-based diets reported their cat to be in very good health. Conclusions Cat owner perception of the health and wellness of cats does not appear to be adversely affected by being fed a plant-based diet. Contrary to expectations, owners perceived no body system or disorder to be at particular risk when feeding a plant-based diet to cats. This study collected information from cat owners and is subject to bias, as well as methodological limitations. Further research is warranted to determine if these results are replicable in a prospective investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A S Dodd
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cate Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Deep Khosa
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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6
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Oda H, Mori A, Sako T. The effect of Insulin Degludec on glycemic control in diabetic cats over a 12-month period. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:695-698. [PMID: 32307342 PMCID: PMC7324837 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a long-acting basal insulin recently developed for use in humans. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IDeg on glycemic control in diabetic cats. Changes in body weight, IDeg dosage, and glycated albumin (GA) were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following initiation of IDeg. A significant decrease in GA was observed and a mean GA level below 25% was achieved between 3 and 12 months. Furthermore, a significant increase in body weight was observed between 3 and 12 months. The mean IDeg dose was 0.75 ± 0.68 IU/kg/day at 12 months. Taken together, long-term glycemic control was successfully achieved in diabetic cats using IDeg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Oda
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sako
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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The effects of differing proportions of dietary macronutrients on the digestibility and post-prandial endocrine responses in domestic cats ( Felis catus). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of feeding two diets with different macronutrient proportions (high protein, low carbohydrate and low protein, high carbohydrate) on the digestibility and post-prandial endocrine responses of cats fed at maintenance levels, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the marginal ear vein prick technique for the measurement of blood glucose levels in feline studies. Two diets were fed to 16 adult domestic short-haired cats for a period of three weeks (eight cats per diet). Following a seven-day dietary adaptation period, the apparent macronutrient digestibility of the two diets was determined (days 8-19) using the total faecal collection method. The faeces were freeze dried, ground and analysed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and gross energy and then apparent digestibility was calculated. On days 20 and 21, the post-prandial glucose responses of the cats fed a single meal of one of the two diets were measured in serial blood samples collected using the marginal ear vein prick technique.Results showed that the high protein, low carbohydrate diet had higher (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and energy, lower (p < 0.01) daily faecal output and smaller fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations. Despite the two groups of cats having similar calorific intakes, the cats fed the high protein diet lost weight over the study period, whereas those fed the high carbohydrate, low protein diet gained weight. The marginal ear vein prick technique proved to be an effective alternative to catheterisation for blood glucose determination. The high protein diet tested in the current study, in addition to being more aligned to the cat's natural carnivorous diet, may be beneficial for weight management and blood glucose control in cats.
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Sparkes AH, Cannon M, Church D, Fleeman L, Harvey A, Hoenig M, Peterson ME, Reusch CE, Taylor S, Rosenberg D. ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Practical Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:235-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15571880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy in cats that appears to be increasing in prevalence. The prognosis for affected cats can be good when the disease is well managed, but clinical management presents challenges, both for the veterinary team and for the owner. These ISFM Guidelines have been developed by an independent, international expert panel of clinicians and academics to provide practical advice on the management of routine (uncomplicated) diabetic cats. Clinical challenges: Although the diagnosis of diabetes is usually straightforward, optimal management can be challenging. Clinical goals should be to limit or eliminate clinical signs of the disease using a treatment regimen suitable for the owner, and to avoid insulin-induced hypoglycaemia or other complications. Optimising bodyweight, feeding an appropriate diet and using a longer acting insulin preparation (eg, protamine zinc insulin, insulin glargine or insulin detemir) are all factors that are likely to result in improved glycaemic control in the majority of cats. There is also some evidence that improved glycaemic control and reversal of glucose toxicity may promote the chances of diabetic remission. Owner considerations and owner involvement are an important aspect of management. Provided adequate support is given, and owners are able to take an active role in monitoring blood glucose concentrations in the home environment, glycaemic control may be improved. Monitoring of other parameters is also vitally important in assessing the response to insulin. Insulin adjustments should always be made cautiously and not too frequently – unless hypoglycaemia is encountered. Evidence base: The Panel has produced these Guidelines after careful review of the existing literature and of the quality of the published studies. They represent a consensus view on practical management of cats with DM based on available clinical data and experience. However, in many areas, substantial data are lacking and there is a need for better studies in the future to help inform and refine recommendations for the clinical management of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Church
- Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Rowville Veterinary Clinic, Rowville, VIC 3178, Australia
| | - Andrea Harvey
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Margarethe Hoenig
- Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark E Peterson
- Animal Endocrine Clinic, 21 West 100th Street, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Claudia E Reusch
- Professor & Director, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dan Rosenberg
- Micen Vet Centre, 58 Rue Auguste Perret, Parc Technologique, Europarc, 9400 Créteil, France
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Hoelmkjaer KM, Bjornvad CR. Management of obesity in cats. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:97-107. [PMID: 32670850 PMCID: PMC7337193 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s40869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a common nutritional disorder in cats, especially when they are neutered and middle-aged. Obesity predisposes cats to several metabolic and clinical disorders, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, lameness, and skin disease. Prevention and treatment of obesity is therefore of great importance in veterinary practice. Correct assessment of body composition is important for recognizing early states of obesity and for monitoring success of weight-loss programs. Various methods for assessing body composition have been proposed, of which a 9-point body-condition score has been validated in cats, and is possibly the most simple to use in the clinic; however, for extremely obese individuals, it is less useful. When calculating the appropriate daily caloric intake for a weight-loss plan, the aim is to maintain a safe weight-loss rate, increasing the chance of preserving lean body mass and decreasing the risk of developing hepatic lipidosis, while also producing a sufficient weight-loss rate to keep owners motivated. A weight-loss rate of 0.5%–2% per week is recommended, which for a cat that needs to lose 3 kg body weight results in an anticipated time for reaching the target weight of 24–60 weeks. There are several purpose-made weight-loss diets available. The optimal composition of a weight-loss diet for cats is unknown, but most of the available products have lower caloric density, an increased nutrient:energy ratio, and higher protein and fiber content. Regular follow-up visits allow the caloric intake to be adjusted based on progress, and possibly increase the chance of success. This review discusses the risk factors for and consequences of obesity, and gives directions for formulating a weight-loss plan, including daily caloric intake, choice of diet, and common problems based on the current literature. This review further provides a nutritional comparison of the current composition of selected commercial veterinary-specific weight-loss diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Hoelmkjaer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte R Bjornvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Reynolds BS, Brosse C, Jeunesse E, Concordet D, Lefebvre HP. Routine plasma biochemistry analytes in clinically healthy cats: within-day variations and effects of a standard meal. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:468-75. [PMID: 25139540 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14546920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on pre-analytical variations in plasma analytes in cats. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of the time of sampling and a standard meal on plasma analytes in healthy cats. Eight healthy, adult, fasted cats underwent blood sampling every 2 h from 8 am to 8 pm twice at a 12 day interval. On the days of sampling, four cats were kept fasted and the others were fed just after the first sample, in a crossover design. Plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, calcium, phosphate, proteins, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed on each sample. Effects of time of sampling and meal on plasma biochemistry results were tested using a general linear model. Diurnal variations in tested plasma analytes in fasted cats were negligible except for urea and creatinine, which gave noticeably higher plasma concentrations in the afternoon than in the morning. Observed postprandial variations were of some importance for phosphate and creatinine and of indisputable clinical relevance for CO2 and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice S Reynolds
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Brosse
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Jeunesse
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Concordet
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Farrow HA, Rand JS, Morton JM, O'Leary CA, Sunvold GD. Effect of dietary carbohydrate, fat, and protein on postprandial glycemia and energy intake in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1121-35. [PMID: 23869495 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing carbohydrate intake is recommended in diabetic cats and might also be useful in some healthy cats to decrease diabetes risk. OBJECTIVE To compare postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations and energy intakes between cats fed diets high in protein, fat, or carbohydrate. ANIMALS Twenty-four lean cats with normal glucose tolerance. METHODS In a prospective randomized study, each of 3 matched groups (n = 8) received a different test diet for 5 weeks. Diets were high in either protein (46% of metabolizable energy [ME]), fat (47% ME), or carbohydrate (47% ME). Glucose and insulin were measured during glucose tolerance, ad libitum, and meal-feeding tests. RESULTS During ad libitum feeding, cats fed the high-carbohydrate diet consumed 25% and 18% more carbohydrate than cats fed diets high in fat and protein, respectively, and energy intake was highest when the high-fat and high-protein diets were fed. Regardless of the feeding pattern, cats fed the high-carbohydrate diet had 10-31% higher peak and mean glucose compared with both other diets; peak glucose in some cats reached 10.4 mmol/L (188 mg/dL) in cats fed 47% ME carbohydrate and 9.0 mmol/L (162 mg/dL) in cats fed 23% ME. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE High-carbohydrate diets increase postprandial glycemia in healthy cats compared with diets high in fat or protein, although energy intake is lower. Avoidance of high- and moderate-carbohydrate diets can be advantageous in cats at risk of diabetes. Maintenance energy requirements should be fed to prevent weight gain when switching to lower carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Farrow
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Mimura K, Mori A, Lee P, Ueda K, Oda H, Saeki K, Arai T, Sako T. Impact of commercially available diabetic prescription diets on short-term postprandial serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations of obese cats. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:929-37. [PMID: 23449461 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet therapy is an important treatment component available for obese cats. In this study, the impact of four commercially available prescription diet regimens (1 for general use and 3 aimed at treating obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM)) on short-term postprandial serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations was investigated with five obese cats. The diet regimens used were as follows: C/D dry (general use: moderate protein, moderate fat, high carbohydrate and low fiber), M/D dry (DM: high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate and high fiber), W/D dry (DM: high protein, low fat, high carbohydrate and high fiber) and Diabetic dry (DM: high protein, low fat, low carbohydrate and high fiber). A significant reduction (10-13%) in postprandial glucose (area under the curve; AUC) was observed with the M/D and Diabetic diets, which both contained lower concentrations of carbohydrates than the C/D diet. An accompanying significant reduction (30-36%) in postprandial insulin AUC was also observed with the three DM diets, which all had higher amounts of fiber, as compared with the C/D diet. Lastly, a significant increase (32-65%) in postprandial NEFA AUC was observed with the M/D and Diabetic diets as compared with the C/D diet. Therefore, dietary amounts of carbohydrates and fiber, as opposed to protein content or dietary fat, appear to have a very significant impact on postprandial glycemia and subsequent insulin requirement levels in obese cats. In addition, dietary amounts of carbohydrates may also impact lipid metabolism in obese cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Mimura
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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13
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Animal Health Markets and Opportunities: Companion Animal Landscape. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4439-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Farrow H, Rand JS, Morton JM, Sunvold G. Postprandial glycaemia in cats fed a moderate carbohydrate meal persists for a median of 12 hours--female cats have higher peak glucose concentrations. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:706-15. [PMID: 22653915 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12449702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The postprandial increase in glucose concentration is typically not considered in selecting diets to manage diabetic and pre-diabetic cats. This study describes increases in glucose and insulin concentrations in 24 clinically healthy, neutered adult cats following one meal (59 kcal/kg) of a moderate carbohydrate diet (25% of energy). Median time to return to baseline after feeding for glucose was 12.2 h (1.8-≥24 h) and for insulin was 12.3 h (1.5-≥24 h). Time to return to baseline for glucose was not different between male (10.2 h) and female (17.2 h) cats. There was evidence female cats had a longer return to baseline for insulin (18.9 h versus 9.8 h) and females had higher (0.9 mmol/l difference) peak glucose than males. This demonstrates that the duration of postprandial glycaemia in cats is markedly longer than in dogs and humans, and should be considered when managing diabetic and pre-diabetic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Farrow
- Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Zoran DL, Buffington CAT. Effects of nutrition choices and lifestyle changes on the well-being of cats, a carnivore that has moved indoors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:596-606. [PMID: 21879959 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.5.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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16
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Anderson ET, Minter LJ, Clarke EO, Mroch RM, Beasley JF, Harms CA. The Effects of Feeding on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Profiles in Green (Chelonia mydas) and Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) Sea Turtles. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:890829. [PMID: 21776356 PMCID: PMC3135279 DOI: 10.4061/2011/890829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, lipemic blood from sampling too soon after an animal feeds can have substantial effects on biochemical values. Plasma biochemical values in reptiles may be affected by species, age, season, and nutritional state. However, fasting status is not routinely considered when sampling reptile blood. In this paper, we evaluated 2-hour postprandial blood collection in two sea turtle species to investigate the effects of feeding on hematological and plasma biochemical values. Feeding had no significant effects on hematological values in either species, nor did it have an effect on plasma biochemistry values in Kemp's ridley sea turtles. In postprandial green turtles, total protein, albumin, ALP, AST, ALT, amylase, and cholesterol increased significantly, and chloride decreased significantly. Although statistically significant changes were observed, the median percent differences between pre- and postprandial values did not exceed 10% for any of these analytes and would not likely alter the clinical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Backus RC, Cave NJ, Ganjam VK, Turner JBM, Biourge VC. Age and body weight effects on glucose and insulin tolerance in colony cats maintained since weaning on high dietary carbohydrate. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e318-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gilor C, Graves TK. Synthetic Insulin Analogs and Their Use in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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