Shorter sleep duration is associated with poorer glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients with untreated sleep-disordered breathing

A composite measure of sleep health is associated with glycaemic target achievement in young adults with type 1 diabetes

We investigated whether sleep health (each individual dimension and a composite measure) was associated with better glycaemia among a cohort of young adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 21.5 years, mean body mass index 24.55 kg m^-2 ). Multiple validated self-report questionnaires were completed, and raw continuous glucose monitor data were shared. One self-reported sleep characteristic for each of the five sleep health dimensions was selected. A composite score was calculated by summing the number of "good" sleep health dimensions. We evaluated the associations between sleep health and glycaemia, and whether covariates, including age, type 1 diabetes duration and sleep apnea risk, influenced the relationships among the study variables using multivariable linear regression. Individual dimensions of sleep satisfaction (β = 0.380, p = 0.019; β = -0.414, p = 0.010), timing (β = 0.392, p = 0.015; β = -0.393, p = 0.015) and sleep efficiency (β = 0.428, p = 0.007) were associated with higher achievement of glycaemic targets (J-index and time in range); however, these associations did not persist after considering covariates. A better Sleep Health Composite score was associated with higher achievement of glycaemic targets even after considering covariates. Using a multidimensional framework can guide future research on causal pathways between sleep and diabetes health, interventions to target sleep health profiles, and may improve sleep screening in routine diabetes care.

Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by upper airway collapse during sleep. Chronic intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and inflammatory activation are the main pathophysiological mechanisms of OSA. OSA is highly prevalent in obese patients and may contribute to cardiometabolic risk by exerting detrimental effects on adipose tissue metabolism and potentiating the adipose tissue dysfunction typically found in obesity. This chapter will provide an update on: (a) the epidemiological studies linking obesity and OSA; (b) the studies exploring the effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation on the adipose tissue; (c) the effects of OSA treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on metabolic derangements; and (d) current research on new anti-diabetic drugs that could be useful in the treatment of obese OSA patients.

Relación de la calidad de sueño, adherencia al tratamiento, hemoglobina glucosilada en mujeres con diabetes

Introducción: La Diabetes Tipo 2 es considerado un problema de salud pública que afecta principalmente a las mujeres, que sumado a una mala adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico y, a una falta de calidad de sueño, aumentan la problemática de salud. Objetivo: Determinar las interrelaciones existentes entre la Calidad de Sueño, la Adherencia al Tratamiento Terapéutico y los valores de HbA1c en Mujeres con DT2, perteneciente a una comunidad de la ciudad de Puebla. Materiales y Métodos: El diseño del estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, correlacional y de corte transversal. La muestra se calculó con un nivel de significancia de .05, un coeficiente de correlación .30 y un poder estadístico del 90%, obteniendo una n=110. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: una cédula de datos personales, el Índice de calidad de sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI), el Cuestionario de Adherencia Terapéutica MBG (Martín-Bayarre-Grau) y el dispositivo Eclipse A1c. Resultados: Se encontró una relación negativa y significativa para la calidad de sueño con los niveles de HbA1c (rs=-.355; p=.001); no así para con la variable de adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico. Discusión: La información obtenida concuerda con otros estudios, al reafirmar de manera indirecta, las reacciones bioquimicas que ocurren durante la privación del sueño. Conclusiones: Los resultados descubiertos contribuyen al fortalecimiento científico de enfermería, orientando en la mejora de cuidados, que servirá para el diseño de intervenciones que favorezcan a la salud de las mujeres con Diabetes Tipo 2.

Sleep and HbA1c in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Which Sleep Characteristics Matter Most?

OBJECTIVE

Poor sleep has been identified as a risk factor for poor glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). As optimal sleep can be characterized in several ways, we evaluated which sleep characteristics are most strongly associated with glycated hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 172 patients with T2D completed 7-day wrist-actigraphy and sleep questionnaires. Linear regression was used to evaluate associations between sleep measures (total sleep duration, variability in sleep duration, midsleep time, variability in midsleep time, sleep efficiency, subjective sleep quality, and subjective insomnia symptoms) and HbA_1c, individually and in concert.

RESULTS

Variability in sleep duration was individually most strongly associated with HbA_1c (β = 0.239; P = 0.002; R ² = 4.9%), followed by total sleep duration (U-shaped: β = 1.161/β² = 1.044; P = 0.017/0.032; R ² = 4.3%), subjective sleep quality (β = 0.191; P = 0.012; R ² = 3.6%), variability in midsleep time (β = 0.184; P = 0.016; R ² = 3.4%), and sleep efficiency (β = -0.150; R ² = 2.3%). Midsleep time and subjective insomnia symptoms were not associated with HbA_1c. In combination, variability in sleep duration, total sleep duration, and subjective sleep quality were significantly associated with HbA_1c, together explaining 10.3% of the variance in HbA_1c. Analyses adjusted for covariates provided similar results, although the strength of associations was generally decreased and showing total sleep duration and subjective sleep quality to be most strongly associated with HbA_1c, together explaining 6.0% of the variance in HbA_1c.

CONCLUSIONS

Sleep in general may be a modifiable factor of importance for patients with T2D. The prevention of sleep curtailment may serve as a primary focus in the sleep-centered management of T2D.

Sleep questionnaires for the screening of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with non-diabetic patients

BACKGROUND

Several tools have been used to screen for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Evaluation of the predictive performance of different questionnaires is essential in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because the prevalence of OSA in this population is high. The aim of this study was to evaluate different sleep questionnaires to identify T2DM patients with OSA, and to compare the predictive values of these questionnaires with a matched sample of non-diabetic patients.

METHODS

The study was a retrospective study of two patients groups (n = 350 with T2DM, n = 350 without T2DM) visiting a sleep clinic and matched by age, gender, body mass index, and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Symptoms of OSA and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), STOP-Bang, Berlin questionnaire, and Athens insomnia scale (AIS) scores were compared, and sleep studies were performed.

RESULTS

Diabetic patients with OSA complained more frequently of nocturia (P = 0.025), morning headaches (P = 0.04), restless sleep (P = 0.002), and leg movements (P = 0.01) than non-diabetic patients with OSA. Most predictive values of the sleep questionnaires did not differ significantly between the two groups; however, the AIS was higher only in T2DM women (P = 0.01). In both groups, the Berlin and STOP-Bang questionnaires had the highest sensitivity. The ESS had the highest specificity in T2DM patients and the STOP and S-B questionnaires had the highest specificity in non-diabetics.

CONCLUSIONS

The predictive performance of the questionnaires was similar in both groups, especially in the case of moderate and severe OSA.

Real-World Data in Support of Short Sleep Duration with Poor Glycemic Control, in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

AIMS

Sleep duration (SD) has been associated with metabolic outcomes. Is there an independent association between short/long SD and glycemic control (GC) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outpatients, compared to intermediate SD? Employing up-to-date definitions of SD, we comprehensively considered, simultaneously, all known confounding/mediating factors that recently emerged in the literature: age, gender, diet, physical activity, obesity, night pain, nocturnal diuresis, sleep quality, chronotype, sleep apnea, depressive symptoms, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, number of endocrinologist appointments, T2DM family history, and sleep medication.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study of 140 consecutive T2DM outpatients, ages 40-65, glycohemoglobin (HbA _1c ) goal ≤ 7. We searched for variables (including HbA_1c) significantly associated with short (<6 hours) or long (>8 hours) SD, in comparison to intermediate SD (6-8 hours).

RESULTS

Higher HbA_1c levels increased the chance of belonging to the group that sleeps <6 hours (p ≤ 0.001). Better sleep quality, nocturnal diuresis, and morningness increased the chance of belonging to the group that sleeps >8 hours (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

There is an independent association between short SD and elevated HbA_1c, in real-world T2DM outpatients. Future interventional studies could evaluate weather consistent, long-term sleep extension, from <6 hours to 7-9 hours per 24 hours, improves GC in T2DM outpatients.

Associations between polysomnography and actigraphy-based sleep indices and glycemic control among those with and without type 2 diabetes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Study Objectives

To examine the associations of sleep measures with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Data were from 2049 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants taking part in a sleep ancillary study. Cross-sectional linear regression models examined associations of actigraphy estimates of sleep (sleep duration, variability, and maintenance efficiency) and polysomnography measures (obstructive sleep apnea [OSA] and hypoxemia) with HbA1c, stratified by diabetes status. Primary models were adjusted for demographics, lifestyle behaviors, and obesity.

Results

Among individuals with diabetes (20 per cent population), those who slept <5 hr/night had greater HbA1c than those who slept 7-8 hr/night (7.44 vs. 6.98 per cent, ptrend = 0.04), with no attenuation of associations after adjusting for OSA/hypoxemia. In women with diabetes, but not men, those in the lowest quartile of sleep maintenance efficiency had greater HbA1c than those in the highest quartile of sleep maintenance efficiency (7.60 vs. 6.97 per cent, ptrend < 0.01). Among those without diabetes, individuals with severe OSA or in the highest quartile of hypoxemia had significantly greater HbA1c than those without OSA or who were in the lowest quartile of hypoxemia (5.76 vs. 5.66 per cent, ptrend = 0.01; 5.75 vs. 5.66 per cent, ptrend < 0.01, respectively). Associations did not meaningfully differ by race/ethnicity.

Conclusions

Among individuals with diabetes, HbA1c was significantly higher in men and women with short sleep duration and in women with poor sleep maintenance efficiency, suggesting a role for behavioral sleep interventions in the management of diabetes. Among individuals without diabetes, untreated severe OSA/hypoxemia may adversely influence HbA1c.

The Relationship between Diabetes-Related Complications and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Type 2 Diabetes

This study explored the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the presence of any diabetes-related complications in type 2 diabetes and whether this was mediated by hypertension. Secondly, the relationship between OSA severity and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was investigated. A total of 131 patients participated. OSA was diagnosed using a home monitor, and severity was measured by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI). OSA was found in 75.6% of the participants, 40.5% with moderate-to-severe degree. Any diabetes-related complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, or coronary artery disease) were present in 55.5%, and 70.2% of the participants had hypertension. Mediation analysis indicated that, compared to those with mild or no OSA, those with moderate-to-severe OSA were 3.05 times more likely to have any diabetes-related complications and that this relationship was mediated by the presence of hypertension. After adjusting for confounders, ODI (B = -0.036, p = 0.041), but not AHI, was significantly associated with lower eGFR. In conclusion, moderate-to-severe OSA was related to the presence of any diabetes-related complications in type 2 diabetes, and the relationship was mediated by hypertension. The severity of intermittent hypoxia was associated with lower eGFR. Whether OSA treatment will delay or reduce diabetes-related complications should be investigated.

Evaluation of Dietary Intakes and Nutritional Knowledge in Thai Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Most nutritional guidelines for diabetes management emphasize the importance of having individualized goals, away from a one-size-fits-all approach. However, there is a dearth of information on the dietary intakes and nutritional knowledge of Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study is aimed at clarifying dietary intakes in relationship to glycemic control and at examining nutritional knowledge among Thai patients with T2DM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study of outpatients with T2DM at Theptarin Hospital and Ramathibodi Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand) was performed to assess dietary intakes by food records. Diabetes nutritional knowledge and dietary self-care behavior was also evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 304 Thai patients with T2DM (female 52.6%, mean age 57.4 ± 10.9 years, body mass index (BMI) 27.3 ± 4.8 kg/m², and baseline A1C 7.2 ± 1.3%) participated in the study. The mean daily calorie intake was 1427 ± 425 kcal, and mean intake for each macronutrient was acceptable (carbohydrate 52%, protein 17%, and fat 31%). However, the intake of free sugar was much higher (12.1 ± 5.8% of total daily energy intake) and dietary fiber intake (9 grams per day) was much lower than recommended. There were no correlations between dietary intake and glycemic control. A subset of patients (N = 213) completed the diabetes nutritional knowledge survey. There was no association between diabetes nutritional knowledge and the actual dietary self-care behavior.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that compliance of Thai patients with T2DM to dietary recommendations is not completely satisfactory, especially for free sugar and dietary fiber intakes. Addressing the reality of how patients with T2DM eat in their daily lives and their knowledge gaps would enable them to adhere to medical nutrition therapy.

Interactions between and Shared Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for about 90% of all diabetes patients and incurs a heavy global public health burden. Up to 50% of T2D patients will eventually develop neuropathy as T2D progresses. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common diabetic complication and one of the main causes of increased morbidity and mortality of T2D patients. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects over 15% of the general population and is associated with a higher prevalence of T2D. Growing evidence also indicates that OSA is highly prevalent in T2D patients probably due to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. However, the interrelations among diabetic peripheral neuropathy, OSA, and T2D hitherto have not been clearly elucidated. Numerous molecular mechanisms have been documented that underlie diabetic peripheral neuropathy and OSA, including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), accumulation of advanced glycation end products, protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), nitrosative stress, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and vitamin D deficiency. In this review, we seek to illuminate the relationships among T2D, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and OSA and how they interact with one another. In addition, we summarize and explain the shared molecular mechanisms involved in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and OSA for further mechanistic investigations and novel therapeutic strategies for attenuating and preventing the development and progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and OSA in T2D.

HbA1c levels are associated with severity of hypoxemia and not with apnea hypopnea index in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of untreated sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) on glycemic control, evaluated by HbA1c, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

The study sample consisted of 100 consecutive adult (≥18 years) patients with T2D without a prior diagnosis of sleep apnea recruited from an outpatient diabetes clinic. All patients underwent an in-hospital cardiorespiratory study using a three-channel portable sleep diagnostic tool; 64 were found to have sleep apnea, 36 were not. Information on medical history, body weight, height, sleep apnea symptoms, Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, and HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels were recorded.

RESULTS

After adjusting for factors known to affect HbA1c (gender, age, diabetes duration, diabetes treatment, body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference), HbA1c was higher in patients with than without SAS (8.4 % vs 7.6 %, respectively; P = 0.04). A positive correlation was found between the presence of sleep apnea and HbA1c (r = 0.24; P = 0.02). After adjusting for confounding factors (including BMI), only mean and lowest O₂ saturation during sleep were significantly associated with HbA1c (β = -0.23 [P = 0.03] and β = -0.24 [P = 0.007], respectively). After further adjusting for waist circumference, only lowest O₂ saturation during recording remained independently associated with HbA1c (β = -0.21; P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of sleep apnea is associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with T2D. In patients with sleep apnea and T2D, greater levels of oxygen desaturation are associated with poorer glycemic control.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Diabetes: A State of the Art Review

OSA is a chronic treatable sleep disorder and a frequent comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardinal features of OSA, including intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation, have been linked to abnormal glucose metabolism in laboratory-based experiments. OSA has also been linked to the development of incident type 2 diabetes. The relationship between OSA and type 2 diabetes may be bidirectional in nature given that diabetic neuropathy can affect central control of respiration and upper airway neural reflexes, promoting sleep-disordered breathing. Despite the strong association between OSA and type 2 diabetes, the effect of treatment with CPAP on markers of glucose metabolism has been conflicting. Variability with CPAP adherence may be one of the key factors behind these conflicting results. Finally, accumulating data suggest an association between OSA and type 1 diabetes as well as gestational diabetes. This review explores the role of OSA in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, glucose metabolism dysregulation, and the impact of OSA treatment on glucose metabolism. The association between OSA and diabetic complications as well as gestational diabetes is also reviewed.