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Drizo A, Shaikh MO. An assessment of approaches and techniques for estimating water pollution releases from aquaculture production facilities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115661. [PMID: 37898017 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry raises concerns about water pollution from aquaculture production facilities (APFs). APFs release pollutants, including fish feed and feces, threatening the environment. The United Nations has introduced regulatory tools like the National Baseline Budget of pollutants (NBB) and Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs) to monitor pollution. However, these tools lack specific capabilities for estimating aquaculture-related pollution, especially from mariculture non-point sources (NPS). The United Nations Programme for the Assessment and Control of Marine Pollution in the Mediterranean (UNEP/MAP) stresses the need for an inventory and guidance document. Our comprehensive literature review focused on (1) NPS discharges of specific pollutants from APFs, (2) methods for estimating potential pollution releases from aquaculture, and (3) compiling information into a guidance document summarizing estimation methods. The geographical coverage of our study includes Europe, Australia, the USA, Canada, and East/Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Drizo
- International College Sustainability Science and Management Program, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
| | - Muhammad Omar Shaikh
- International College Sustainability Science and Management Program, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung City 407, Taiwan.
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2
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Sarrazin B, Wezel A, Guerin M, Robin J. Pesticide contamination of fish ponds in relation to crop area in a mixed farmland-pond landscape (Dombes area, France). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:66858-66873. [PMID: 35513618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are still widely used by agriculture, leading to the exposure of surface water. This may be the case for fish ponds located in farmland landscapes. To address this issue, the present study investigated the contamination by pesticides of fish ponds located in the mixed agriculture-pond landscape of the Dombes area, France. Ten ponds were selected in water catchments with a gradient of 3-57 ha of cropland with maize and winter cereals as the dominant crops. A total of 197 water samples were collected in the ponds during the fish production season over 3 years. Recently used pesticides were the most frequent residues occurring. Occurrences greater than 0.1 µgL-1 particularly concerned chlorotoluron and S-metolachlor. Maximum observed concentrations were slightly above 3 µgL-1 for S-metolachlor, acetochlor, and dimethenamide, all herbicides allowed for maize cultivation. Isoproturon and chlorotoluron, herbicides allowed in cereal crops, reached up to 1.2 and 1.0 µgL-1, respectively. We found a significant positive effect of crop area in catchments on the pond contamination frequency by pesticides and more significantly on the contamination frequency by broad-spectrum herbicides (glyphosate and AMPA residues). The cumulative antecedent rainfall was best correlated to the frequency of highest contaminations (> 0.5 µgL-1). In such a hydrological context, the crop area within catchment was identified as a good indicator of fish pond exposure to pesticide residues. Finally, we proposed to adapt some mitigation measures to reduce fish pond contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Sarrazin
- Agroecology and Environment Research Unit, ISARA, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Alexander Wezel
- Agroecology and Environment Research Unit, ISARA, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mathieu Guerin
- Agroecology and Environment Research Unit, ISARA, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Joel Robin
- Agroecology and Environment Research Unit, ISARA, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Slaby S, Le Cor F, Dufour V, Auger L, Pasquini L, Cardoso O, Curtet L, Baudoin JM, Wiest L, Vulliet E, Feidt C, Dauchy X, Banas D. Distribution of pesticides and some of their transformation products in a small lentic waterbody: Fish, water, and sediment contamination in an agricultural watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118403. [PMID: 34699920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 years after the Water Framework Directive was adopted, there are still major gaps in the sanitary status of small rivers and waterbodies at the head of basins. These small streams supply water to a large number of wetlands that support a rich biodiversity. Many of these waterbodies are fishponds whose production is destined for human consumption or for the restocking of other aquatic environments. However, these ecosystems are exposed to contaminants, including pesticides and their transformation products. This work aims to provide information on the distribution, diversity, and concentrations of agricultural contaminants in abiotic and biotic compartments from a fishpond located at the head of watersheds. A total of 20 pesticides and 20 transformation products were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in water and sediment sampled monthly throughout a fish production cycle, and in three fish species at the beginning and end of the cycle. The highest mean concentrations were found for metazachlor-OXA (519.48 ± 56.52 ng.L-1) in water and benzamide (4.23 ± 0.17 ng g-1 dry wt.) in sediment. Up to 20 contaminants were detected per water sample and 26 per sediment sample. The transformation products of atrazine (banned in Europe since 2003 but still widely used in other parts of the world), flufenacet, imidacloprid (banned in France since 2018), metazachlor, and metolachlor were more concentrated than their parent compounds. Fewer contaminants were detected in fish and principally prosulfocarb accumulated in organisms during the cycle. Our work brings innovative data on the contamination of small waterbodies located at the head of a basin. The transformation products with the highest frequency of occurrence and concentrations should be prioritized for further environmental monitoring studies, and specific toxicity thresholds should be defined. Few contaminants were found in fish, but the results challenge the widely use of prosulfocarb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Slaby
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000, Nancy, France.
| | - François Le Cor
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000, Nancy, France; ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 Rue Lionnois, F-54000, Nancy, France; LTSER France, Zone Atelier du Bassin de la Moselle, F-54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Dufour
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Lucile Auger
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Laure Pasquini
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 Rue Lionnois, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Cardoso
- OFB, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, 9 avenue Buffon, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Laurence Curtet
- OFB, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, Montfort, F-01330, Birieux, France; Pôle R&D ECLA, France
| | - Jean-Marc Baudoin
- Pôle R&D ECLA, France; OFB, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, Site INRAE d'Aix-en-Provence, 3275 route de Cézanne, F-13182, Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 5, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 Rue Lionnois, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Damien Banas
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
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Le Cor F, Slaby S, Dufour V, Iuretig A, Feidt C, Dauchy X, Banas D. Occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in headwater streams: Contamination status and effect of ponds on contaminant concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147715. [PMID: 34020090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In France, more than 90% of monitored watercourses are contaminated with pesticides. This high contamination level increases at the head of agricultural watersheds, where dilution capacities are low and transport from treated lands is direct. Ponds, numerous around headwater streams, could provide additional protection against pesticide pollution. Because of their long hydraulic residence time and large water volumes, they mitigate pesticide concentrations between upstream and downstream rivers. However, pesticide transformation products may also be responsible for the degradation of environments, owing to their presence at high concentrations and their persistence, but related data are scarce, particularly because of their high level of molecular diversity. We first reported on the state of water contamination in agricultural headwater streams, based on high frequency water sampling. Analysis of 67 molecules (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) showed pesticides and pesticide transformation product mixtures of up to 29 different compounds in one sample. Regardless of the sampling location, transformation products represented at least 50% of the detected compounds. Then, we demonstrated the capacity of a pond to reduce contaminant concentrations in downstream rivers for 90% of the detected compounds. Upstream from this pond, environmental quality or ecotoxicological standards were exceeded during sampling, with pesticide and transformation product sum concentrations of up to 27 μg/L. Downstream from the study pond, few exceedances were observed, with a maximum total concentration of 2.2 μg/L, reflecting significant water quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Le Cor
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sylvain Slaby
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Dufour
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Alain Iuretig
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Damien Banas
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Yousefi M, Adineh H, Reverter M, Khademi Hamidi M, Vatnikov YA, Kulikov EV, Hoseinifar SH, Van Doan H. Protective effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) diet supplementation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against immune depression, oxidative stress and metabolism dysfunction induced by glyphosate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 109:12-19. [PMID: 33285165 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable aquaculture arises as key to increase food production in the coming years. However, the sector still faces many challenges such as the exposure of the cultured animals to pesticide-contaminated water. Pesticides used in agriculture can reach aquaculture systems either directly (integrated-agriculture aquaculture practices) or indirectly (soil leakage) and cause a broad range of ecotoxicological effects on cultured fish and shellfish. Here, we studied how glyphosate affects several haematological, biochemical, and immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings, the fourth most important cultured fish species worldwide. We also evaluated the potential of dietary supplementation with black seed (Nigella sativa, 0.25, 0.5 and 1%) to lower glyphosate-associated toxicity. Our results showed that 14-day sub-lethal exposure of common carp fingerlings to glyphosate increases oxidative stress, decreases antioxidant defences, affects several metabolic pathways, and induced immune depression. Furthermore, we showed that fish fed with N. sativa-enriched diets at 0.25, 0.5 and 1% for 60 days coped better with glyphosate exposure than control fish and displayed more stable levels of biochemical serum parameters (total protein, albumin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein LDL), cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein HDL), higher levels of immune defences (lysozyme and immunoglobulin) and higher antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx) than control fish. Fish fed with all enriched diets also displayed lower lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde MDA), lower metabolic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase ALT, aspartate aminotransferase AST and alkaline phosphatase ALP) levels in blood serum and lower cortisol levels than control fish. Altogether, our results show that dietary inclusion of black seed can be used as a sustainable bio-remediation strategy, mitigating many of the negative effects of glyphosate exposure in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Hossein Adineh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Golestan, Iran
| | - Miriam Reverter
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Mohammad Khademi Hamidi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Golestan, Iran
| | - Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Vladimirovich Kulikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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6
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang B, Duan L, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Wang F, Sui Q, Chen Z, Xu D, Li Q, Yu G. Occurrence, source and ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides in surface water of Wujin District (northwest of Taihu Lake), China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114953. [PMID: 32806427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in surface water (lakes, major rivers and tributaries) and potential discharge sources (fish ponds, livestock and poultry farms, and sewage treatment plants) in Wujin District (northwest of Taihu Lake), Jiangsu province, China. An analytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for 38 pesticides, which was applied in the monitoring of 240 surface water samples and 76 potential discharge source samples. Eleven insecticides and five fungicides with temporal and spatial variation were detected in surface water. The total pesticide concentrations in surface water in different seasons were as follows: March > August > June > November. The two most polluting and widespread pesticides were carbendazim (maximum concentration 508 ng L-1, detection rate 100%) and imidacloprid (maximum concentration 438 ng L-1, detection rate 88%). Gehu Lake (S46) and Sanshangang River (S12) were seriously polluted water bodies. Seven insecticides and four fungicides were detected in the potential discharge sources; and their composition changed significantly with the seasons. The concentrations of detected organophosphorus pesticides and neonicotinoids (e.g. acetamiprid in March and dichlorvos in November) in a few non-agricultural planting sources were far greater than those detected in surface water, and hence a few fish ponds, livestock and poultry farms, and sewage treatment plants might be the potential discharge sources of pesticides in the surrounding surface water. The estimated input flux of the studied pesticides from upstream rivers to Taihu Lake was 141.95 kg a-1. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the medium or high aquatic ecotoxicological risk presented by the levels of organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, and benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zhou
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junxue Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenxing Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Sui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhongying Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Dongjiong Xu
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Qingxue Li
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
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Mougin C, Gouy V, Bretagnolle V, Berthou J, Andrieux P, Ansart P, Benoit M, Coeurdassier M, Comte I, Dagès C, Denaix L, Dousset S, Ducreux L, Gaba S, Gilbert D, Imfeld G, Liger L, Molénat J, Payraudeau S, Samouelian A, Schott C, Tallec G, Vivien E, Voltz M. RECOTOX, a French initiative in ecotoxicology-toxicology to monitor, understand and mitigate the ecotoxicological impacts of pollutants in socioagroecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33882-33894. [PMID: 30022390 PMCID: PMC6245006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RECOTOX is a cross-cutting initiative promoting an integrated research to respond to the challenges of monitoring, understanding, and mitigating environmental and health impacts of pesticides in agroecosystems. The added value of RECOTOX is to develop a common culture around spatial ecotoxicology including the whole chain of pressure-exposure-impact, while strengthening an integrated network of in natura specifically equipped sites. In particular, it promotes transversal approaches at relevant socioecological system scales, to capitalize knowledge, expertise, and ongoing research in ecotoxicology and, to a lesser extent, environmental toxicology. Thus, it will open existing research infrastructures in environmental sciences to research programs in ecotoxicology of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mougin
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France.
| | | | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- UMR 7372 CEBC, CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Julie Berthou
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | | | | | | | - Michaël Coeurdassier
- UMR Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, INRA, 25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Cécile Dagès
- UMR LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Denaix
- UMR ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvie Dousset
- UMR LIEC, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54506, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | | | - Sabrina Gaba
- USC 1339, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, INRA, F-79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Daniel Gilbert
- UMR Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, INRA, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- UMR LHyGeS, CNRS, ENGEES, Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucie Liger
- UR RiverLy, Irstea, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme Molénat
- UMR LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- UMR LHyGeS, CNRS, ENGEES, Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anatja Samouelian
- UMR LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Emma Vivien
- UMR ISPA, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Marc Voltz
- UMR LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
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8
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Trace Analysis of Fluroxypyr-Meptyl and Fluroxypyr in Wheat and Soil Ecosystem Based on Ion Column-Solid Phase Extraction Method and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Stevanovic M, Gasic S, Pipal M, Blahova L, Brkic D, Neskovic N, Hilscherova K. Toxicity of clomazone and its formulations to zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 188:54-63. [PMID: 28458150 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are frequently available, which raises the issue of potential influence of different formulation types on herbicide toxicity. The present study evaluated the toxicity and teratogenic effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its two formulations (Rampa® EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360g a.i./l of clomazone) on zebrafish embryos. The crucial difference between the two formulation types is the way of active substance release. This investigation is the first report on zebrafish embryotoxicity of both clomazone and its formulations. The technical active ingredient and formulations caused mortality and diverse teratogenic effects, showing different levels of toxicity. The LC50 values for the technical ingredient, Rampa® EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS were 61.4, 9.6 and 92.5mg a.i./l, respectively. Spontaneous movements in 22 hpf embryos decreased under exposure to both the technical ingredient and formulations. A significant number of underdeveloped embryos was detected after exposure to clomazone and Rampa® EC, while no underdevelopment was noted in embryos exposed to GAT Cenit 36 CS. Exposure to the technical ingredient and formulations led also to a series of morphological changes and interfered with the growth of zebrafish embryos. The EC50 based on detection of edemas, spine and tail tip deformations and gas bladder absence (120hpf) was 12.1, 10.1 and 24.1mg/l for technical clomazone, Rampa® EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, while teratogenicity index (TI) based on LC50/EC50 ratio was 5.1, 1 and 3.8, respectively. The data in this study showed that the emulsifiable concentrate formulation (Rampa® EC) caused statistically significantly higher toxicity, and the aqueous capsule suspension (GAT Cenit 36 CS) lower toxicity than technical clomazone. It indicates that different formulations with the same active ingredient may have different environmental impacts, which is why risk assessment based only on active ingredient toxicity might not be sufficient in terms of preventing formulation effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Stevanovic
- Institute for Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Gasic
- Institute for Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marek Pipal
- Research Center for Toxic Compounds in Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Blahova
- Research Center for Toxic Compounds in Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dragica Brkic
- Institute for Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nesko Neskovic
- Institute for Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Banatska 31b, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- Research Center for Toxic Compounds in Environment, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Emanuela F, Giuseppe S, Stefano G, Mattia B, Mauro M. Comparison of Lindane and Carbaryl Pesticide Bioaccumulation in the Common Sole (Solea solea). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:656-661. [PMID: 28289805 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorines and carbamates are common pesticides predominantly employed in agriculture. Large amounts of pesticides make their way into rivers and marine habitats. They accumulate in aquatic organisms through different exposure routes and gradually move up the food chain. Since contaminant bioaccumulation in animals is affected by several factors, this work harnessed several different approaches to explore the persistence of lindane, a long banned organochlorine pesticide, and carbaryl, a newer generation pesticide, in common sole (Solea solea), a major commercial species in Adriatic fisheries. Lindane was not only more accumulated than carbaryl in sole liver, but it was also detected in greater amount in muscle tissue, the edible part (lindane, 7 ± 4 ng/g; carbaryl, <0.004 ng/g w/w). Additional assays documented a greater accumulation of lindane in adults compared with juveniles and in specimens caught offshore than in those collected close to the coast. The present findings demonstrate the different accumulation dynamics of the two pesticides to confirm the benefits derived from the replacement of organochlorine pesticides with carbamate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frapiccini Emanuela
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Scarcella Giuseppe
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guicciardi Stefano
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Betti Mattia
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marini Mauro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
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Four B, Arce E, Danger M, Gaillard J, Thomas M, Banas D. Catchment land use-dependent effects of barrage fishponds on the functioning of headwater streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5452-5468. [PMID: 28028701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive fish production systems in continental areas are often created by damming headwater streams. However, these lentic systems favour autochthonous organic matter production. As headwater stream functioning is essentially based on allochthonous organic matter (OM) supply, the presence of barrage fishponds on headwater streams might change the main food source for benthic communities. The goal of this study was thus to identify the effects of barrage fishponds on the functioning of headwater streams. To this end, we compared leaf litter breakdown (a key ecosystem function in headwater streams), their associated invertebrate communities and fungal biomass at sites upstream and downstream of five barrage fishponds in two dominant land use systems (three in forested catchments and two in agricultural catchments). We observed significant structural and functional differences between headwater stream ecosystems in agricultural catchments and those in forested catchments. Leaf litter decay was more rapid in forest streams, with a moderate, but not significant, increase in breakdown rate downstream from the barrage fishponds. In agricultural catchments, the trend was opposite with a 2-fold lower leaf litter breakdown rate at downstream sites compared to upstream sites. Breakdown rates observed at all sites were closely correlated with fungal biomass and shredder biomass. No effect of barrage fishponds were observed in this study concerning invertebrate community structure or functional feeding groups especially in agricultural landscapes. In forest streams, we observed a decrease in organic pollution (OP)-intolerant taxa at downstream sites that was correlated with an increase in OP-tolerant taxa. These results highlighted that the influence of barrage fishponds on headwater stream functioning is complex and land use dependent. It is therefore necessary to clearly understand the various mechanisms (competition for food resources, complementarities between autochthonous and allochthonous OM) that control ecosystem functioning in different contexts in order to optimize barrage fishpond management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Four
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- UAR 1275 DEPT EFPA Département Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques. Centre de recherche de Nancy, INRA, 54280, Champenoux, France.
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Evelyne Arce
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Michaël Danger
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR CNRS 7360 2CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, 57070, Metz, France
| | - Juliette Gaillard
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marielle Thomas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Damien Banas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Nuttens A, Chatellier S, Devin S, Guignard C, Lenouvel A, Gross E. Does nitrate co-pollution affect biological responses of an aquatic plant to two common herbicides? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY 2016; 177:355-64. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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13
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Bussy U, Li K, Li W. Application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in quantitative bioanalyses of organic molecules in aquatic environment and organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9459-79. [PMID: 26996906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of metabolites or contaminants (or both) in various tissues of aquatic organisms and in the aquatic environment have received increasing attention in the last few years. This review discusses the findings relevant to such procedures published between 2005 and 2015. The aim is to evaluate the advantages, restrictions, and performances of the procedures from sample preparation to mass spectrometry measurement. To support these discussions, a general knowledge on LC-MS/MS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Gaillard J, Thomas M, Iuretig A, Pallez C, Feidt C, Dauchy X, Banas D. Barrage fishponds: Reduction of pesticide concentration peaks and associated risk of adverse ecological effects in headwater streams. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 169:261-271. [PMID: 26773430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands have been suggested as pesticide risk mitigation measures. Yet, in many agricultural areas, ponds or shallow lakes are already present and may contribute to the control of non-point source contamination by pesticides. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of extensively managed barrage fishponds (n = 3) on the dissolved concentrations of 100 pesticides in headwater streams over the course of a year. Among the 100 pesticides, 50 different substances were detected upstream and 48 downstream. Highest measured concentration upstream was 26.5 μg/L (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, MCPA) and 5.19 μg/L (isoproturon) downstream. Fishponds were found to reduce peak exposure levels as high pesticide concentrations (defined here as ≥ 1 μg/L) generally decreased by more than 90% between upstream and downstream sampling sites. The measured concentrations in the investigated streams were compared to laboratory toxicity data for standard test organisms (algae, invertebrates and fish) using the toxic unit approach. When considering the threshold levels set by the European Union within the first tier risk assessment procedure for pesticide registration (commission regulation (EU) N° 546/2011), regulatory threshold exceedances were observed for 22 pesticides upstream from fishponds and for 9 pesticides downstream. Therefore, the investigated barrage fishponds contributed to the reduction of pesticide peak concentrations and potential risk of adverse effects for downstream ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Gaillard
- Université de Lorraine, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Marielle Thomas
- Université de Lorraine, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Iuretig
- Université de Lorraine, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christelle Pallez
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, Nancy, France
| | - Damien Banas
- Université de Lorraine, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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15
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Pang N, Wang T, Hu J. Method validation and dissipation kinetics of four herbicides in maize and soil using QuEChERS sample preparation and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Gaillard J, Thomas M, Lazartigues A, Bonnefille B, Pallez C, Dauchy X, Feidt C, Banas D. Potential of barrage fish ponds for the mitigation of pesticide pollution in streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23-35. [PMID: 26381791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Barrage fishponds may represent a significant surface water area in some French regions. Knowledge on their effect on water resources is therefore necessary for the development of appropriate water quality management plans at the regional scale. Although there is much information on the nutrient removal capacity of these water bodies, little attention has been paid to other agricultural contaminants such as pesticides. The present paper reports the results of a 1-year field monitoring of pesticide concentrations and water flows measured upstream and downstream from a fishpond in North East France to evaluate its capacity in reducing pesticide loads. Among the 42 active substances that had been applied on the fishpond's catchment, seven pesticides (five herbicides, two fungicides) were studied. The highest concentration in the inflow to the pond was 26.5 μg/L (MCPA), while the highest concentration in pond outflow was 0.54 μg/L (prosulfocarb). Removal rates of dissolved pesticides in the fishpond ranged from 0-8% (prosulfocarb) to 100% (clopyralid). Although not primarily designed for the treatment of diffuse sources of pesticides, the studied fishpond had the potential to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Gaillard
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, ENSAIA 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye TSA40603, 54 510, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
- INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Marielle Thomas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, ENSAIA 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye TSA40603, 54 510, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Angélique Lazartigues
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Bénilde Bonnefille
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, ENSAIA 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye TSA40603, 54 510, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christelle Pallez
- Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, ANSES, Nancy, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, ANSES, Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, ENSAIA 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye TSA40603, 54 510, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Damien Banas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, ENSAIA 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye TSA40603, 54 510, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
- INRA, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Cho HR, Park JS, Kim J, Han SB, Choi YS. Multiresidue method for the quantitation of 20 pesticides in aquatic products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:9043-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lazartigues A, Thomas M, Banas D, Brun-Bellut J, Cren-Olivé C, Feidt C. Accumulation and half-lives of 13 pesticides in muscle tissue of freshwater fishes through food exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:530-535. [PMID: 23374295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish are often exposed to various molecules like pesticides. Some of these compounds get biomagnified within aquatic food web, inducing health hazards of consumers. However, behaviors of many pesticides are still unknown. This work aims to study the uptake and the elimination of some of them in muscle tissue of edible fish (azoxystrobin, clomazone, diflufenican, dimethachlor, carbendazim, iprodion, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, metazachlor, napropamid, quizalofop, and thifensulfuron-methyl). Two freshwater fish species (Perca fluviatilis and Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to a mixture of these 13 pesticides, via multi-contaminated pellets, and then, eliminated. Compounds were measured in food, water and muscle tissue using multi-residues methods. Kinetics, biomagnification factors (BMFs) and half-lives (t1/2) were estimated and they did not show a large difference between the species. Muscular BMFs ranged from 2 × 10(-6) (mesosulfuron-methyl in perch) to 1 × 10(-3) (isoproturon and napropamid in perch) and t1/2 ranged from 0.8 (mesosulfuron-methyl in perch) to 40.3d (napropamid in carp). BMFs were also modeled as a function of Kow value. All BMF values were explained by the model, except for diflufenican which had a BMF lower than that expected by our modeling work, probably due to an efficient metabolism. Results led to the conclusion that none of these chemicals would probably be biomagnified within aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Lazartigues
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UR-AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 172, F-54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.
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