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Saleh S, Sambakunsi H, Makina D, Chinouya M, Kumwenda M, Chirombo J, Semple S, Mortimer K, Rylance J. Personal exposures to fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in relation to cooking activities in rural Malawi. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:251. [PMID: 36874568 PMCID: PMC9975423 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18050.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for cardiorespiratory disease. Exposures to household air pollution from cooking and other activities, are particularly high in Southern Africa. Following an extended period of participant observation in a village in Malawi, we aimed to assess individuals' exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) and to investigate the different sources of exposure, including different cooking methods. Methods: Adult residents of a village in Malawi wore personal PM 2.5 and CO monitors for 24-48 hours, sampling every 1 (CO) or 2 minutes (PM 2.5). Subsequent in-person interviews recorded potential exposure details over the time periods. We present means and interquartile ranges for overall exposures and summaries stratified by time and activity (exposure). We employed multivariate regression to further explore these characteristics, and Spearman rank correlation to examine the relationship between paired PM 2.5 and CO exposures. Results : Twenty participants (17 female; median age 40 years, IQR: 37-56) provided 831 hours of paired PM 2.5 and CO data. Concentrations of PM 2.5 during combustion activity, usually cooking, far exceeded background levels (no combustion activity): 97.9μg/m 3 (IQR: 22.9-482.0), vs 7.6μg/m 3, IQR: 2.5-20.6 respectively. Background PM 2.5 concentrations were higher during daytime hours (11.7μg/m 3 [IQR: 5.2-30.0] vs 3.3μg/m 3 at night [IQR: 0.7-8.2]). Highest exposures were influenced by cooking location but associated with charcoal use (for CO) and firewood on a three-stone fire (for PM 2.5). Cooking-related exposures were higher in more ventilated places, such as outside the household or on a walled veranda, than during indoor cooking. Conclusions : The study demonstrates the value of combining personal PM 2.5 exposure data with detailed contextual information for providing deeper insights into pollution sources and influences. The finding of similar/lower exposures during cooking in seemingly less-ventilated places should prompt a re-evaluation of proposed clean air interventions in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepeedeh Saleh
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, LIVERPOOL, L3 5QA, UK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Henry Sambakunsi
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Debora Makina
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Martha Chinouya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, LIVERPOOL, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Moses Kumwenda
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - James Chirombo
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Sean Semple
- University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, LIVERPOOL, L3 5QA, UK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
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Saleh S, Sambakunsi H, Makina D, Chinouya M, Kumwenda M, Chirombo J, Semple S, Mortimer K, Rylance J. Personal exposures to fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in relation to cooking activities in rural Malawi. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:251. [PMID: 36874568 PMCID: PMC9975423 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for cardiorespiratory disease. Exposures to household air pollution from cooking and other activities, are particularly high in Southern Africa. Following an extended period of participant observation in a village in Malawi, we aimed to assess individuals' exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) and to investigate the different sources of exposure, including different cooking methods. Methods: Adult residents of a village in Malawi wore personal PM 2.5 and CO monitors for 24-48 hours, sampling every 1 (CO) or 2 minutes (PM 2.5). Subsequent in-person interviews recorded potential exposure details over the time periods. We present means and interquartile ranges for overall exposures and summaries stratified by time and activity (exposure). We employed multivariate regression to further explore these characteristics, and Spearman rank correlation to examine the relationship between paired PM 2.5 and CO exposures. Results : Twenty participants (17 female; median age 40 years, IQR: 37-56) provided 831 hours of paired PM 2.5 and CO data. Concentrations of PM 2.5 during combustion activity, usually cooking, far exceeded background levels (no combustion activity): 97.9μg/m 3 (IQR: 22.9-482.0), vs 7.6μg/m 3, IQR: 2.5-20.6 respectively. Background PM 2.5 concentrations were higher during daytime hours (11.7μg/m 3 [IQR: 5.2-30.0] vs 3.3μg/m 3 at night [IQR: 0.7-8.2]). Highest exposures were influenced by cooking location but associated with charcoal use (for CO) and firewood on a three-stone fire (for PM 2.5). Cooking-related exposures were higher in more ventilated places, such as outside the household or on a walled veranda, than during indoor cooking. Conclusions : The study demonstrates the value of combining personal PM 2.5 exposure data with detailed contextual information for providing deeper insights into pollution sources and influences. The finding of similar/lower exposures during cooking in seemingly less-ventilated places should prompt a re-evaluation of proposed clean air interventions in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepeedeh Saleh
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, LIVERPOOL, L3 5QA, UK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Henry Sambakunsi
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Debora Makina
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Martha Chinouya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, LIVERPOOL, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Moses Kumwenda
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - James Chirombo
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
| | - Sean Semple
- University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, LIVERPOOL, L3 5QA, UK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, P.O. Box 30096, Malawi
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Horák J, Kuboňová L, Hopan F, Kremer J, Dej M, Tomšej T, Krpec K, Ryšavý J, Molchanov O, Garba M, Ochodek T. Influence of co-combustion of unsuitable fuels with standardized fuels in households on CO, OGC, PM, and PAH emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44297-44307. [PMID: 35128609 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waste combustion in residential small-scale combustion units is not legal in the Czech Republic or other European Union countries. The resulting gaseous and particulate pollutants expose inhabitants to smells and toxic compounds and may damage their property and health. This study is designed to define the emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants and determine the influence of municipal waste combustion on emission factors. Different types of solid fuels, municipal wood wastes (window frames, furniture chipboard), and mixtures of solid fuels with municipal wastes (namely, textiles, plastics, PET briquettes comprising a mixture of PET bottles + wood pellets + frying oil, paper, and floor coverings) were combusted in residential combustion units (such as gasification boiler, boiler with down-draft combustion, overfire boiler, and stove). Studies describing such an extensive range of waste samples combusted in different small-scale combustion units have not yet been published. Emission factors (EFs) for products of incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide (CO), organic gaseous compounds (OGC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gaseous and particulate phases) and particulate matter (PM) were within narrow intervals and lowest for standardized wood fuel (dry wood logs only) and 2-4 times higher on average for unsuitable coal samples (coal unsuitable for the particular boiler type used and coal combined with waste), for which values fell within broad intervals.The EFs of pollutants resulting from incomplete combustion (CO, OGC, and 16 PAHtotal) and PM were lowest for standardized wood fuel (dry wood logs only) and almost two or four times higher on average for unsuitable coal fuels (coal unsuitable for the particular boiler type used and coal combined with waste).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Horák
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kuboňová
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - František Hopan
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kremer
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dej
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tomšej
- Organic Lab, Odra River Basin District Authority, Varenská 49, 701 26, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Krpec
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Ryšavý
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Molchanov
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Garba
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Tadeáš Ochodek
- Energy Research Centre, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Energy and Environmental Technology Centre, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
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Association between the Use of Biomass as Fuel for Cooking and Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under 5 Years of Age in Peru: An Analysis of a Population-Based Survey, 2019. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:4334794. [PMID: 35646128 PMCID: PMC9142288 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4334794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most frequent respiratory diseases associated with the use of biomass as fuel within the home. ARIs are the main cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age. We aimed to evaluate the association between the use of biomass as cooking fuel and ARI in children under 5 years of age in Peru in 2019. Methods A secondary data analysis of the 2019 Peru Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) has been performed. The outcome variable was a history of ARI. The exposure variable was the use of biomass as fuel for cooking food. To evaluate the association of interest, generalized linear models from the Poisson family with logarithmic link function considering complex sampling to estimate crude prevalence ratio (cPR) and adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals have been performed. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A total of 16,043 children were included in the analysis. Of the total, biomass was used as fuel to cook food in the homes of 3,479 (20.0%) children. Likewise, 2,185 (14.3%) of the children had a history of ARI. In the adjusted model, it was found that children living in homes in which biomass was used as cooking fuel had a greater probability of presenting ARI (aPR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01–1.28). Conclusions It has been found that biomass was used to cook food in two of every 10 households. Likewise, almost one-seventh of children under 5 years old presented an ARI. The use of biomass as a source of energy for cooking in the home was associated with a higher probability of presenting ARIs.
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Woolley KE, Bartington SE, Kabera T, Lao XQ, Pope FD, Greenfield SM, Price MJ, Thomas GN. Comparison of Respiratory Health Impacts Associated with Wood and Charcoal Biomass Fuels: A Population-Based Analysis of 475,000 Children from 30 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179305. [PMID: 34501907 PMCID: PMC8431364 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation reported that 45% of global acute respiratory infection (ARI) deaths in children under five years are attributable to household air pollution, which has been recognised to be strongly associated with solid biomass fuel usage in domestic settings. The introduction of legislative restrictions for charcoal production or purchase can result in unintended consequences, such as reversion to more polluting biomass fuels such as wood; which may increase health and environmental harms. However, there remains a paucity of evidence concerning the relative health risks between wood and charcoal. This study compares the risk of respiratory symptoms, ARI, and severe ARI among children aged under five years living in wood and charcoal fuel households across 30 low- and middle-income countries. METHODS Data from children (N = 475,089) residing in wood or charcoal cooking households were extracted from multiple population-based Demographic and Health Survey databases (DHS) (N = 30 countries). Outcome measures were obtained from a maternal report of respiratory symptoms (cough, shortness of breath and fever) occurring in the two weeks prior to the survey date, generating a composite measure of ARI (cough and shortness of breath) and severe ARI (cough, shortness of breath and fever). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were implemented, with adjustment at individual, household, regional and country level for relevant demographic, social, and health-related confounding factors. RESULTS Increased odds ratios of fever (AOR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02-1.12) were observed among children living in wood cooking households compared to the use of charcoal. However, no association was observed with shortness of breath (AOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.96-1.10), cough (AOR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95-1.04), ARI (AOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.96-1.11) or severe ARI (AOR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.99-1.17). Within rural areas, only shortness of breath was observed to be associated with wood cooking (AOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15). However, an increased odds ratio of ARI was observed in Asian (AOR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04-1.51) and East African countries (AOR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01-1.22) only. CONCLUSION Our population-based observational data indicates that in Asia and East Africa there is a greater risk of ARI among children aged under 5 years living in wood compared to charcoal cooking households. These findings have major implications for understanding the existing health impacts of wood-based biomass fuel usage and may be of relevance to settings where charcoal fuel restrictions are under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Woolley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.E.W.); (S.M.G.); (M.J.P.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Suzanne E. Bartington
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.E.W.); (S.M.G.); (M.J.P.); (G.N.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Telesphore Kabera
- College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Avenue de l’Armee, Kigali P.O. Box 3900, Rwanda;
| | - Xiang-Qian Lao
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Francis D. Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Sheila M. Greenfield
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.E.W.); (S.M.G.); (M.J.P.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Malcolm J. Price
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.E.W.); (S.M.G.); (M.J.P.); (G.N.T.)
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - G. Neil Thomas
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.E.W.); (S.M.G.); (M.J.P.); (G.N.T.)
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Bhargava B, Malhotra S, Chandel A, Rakwal A, Kashwap RR, Kumar S. Mitigation of indoor air pollutants using Areca palm potted plants in real-life settings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8898-8906. [PMID: 33074430 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration of indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a serious concern as people spend lots of time indoors and prolonged pollution exposure can result in adverse health outcomes. Indoor plants can phytoremediate a wide variety of indoor contaminants. Nonetheless, few experiments have demonstrated their efficacy in real-time environments. Therefore, the present study aims to experimentally assess the efficiency of Areca palm potted plants in phytoremediation of primary indoor air pollutant viz. total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) levels from real-world indoor spaces, for the first time. Four discrete naturally ventilated experimental sites (I-IV) situated at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) were used. For over a period of 4 months, the sites were monitored using zero plants as a control (1-4 week), three plants (5-8 week), six plants (9-12 week), and nine plants (13-16 week), respectively. Present results indicate that Areca palm potted plants can effectively reduce the TVOCs, CO2, and CO levels by 88.16% in site IV, 52.33% and 95.70% in site III, respectively. The current study concluded that Areca palm potted plants offer an efficient, cost-effective, self-regulating, sustainable solution for improving indoor air quality and thereby human well-being and productivity in closed and confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Bhargava
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, (H.P.), 176061, India.
| | - Sandeep Malhotra
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, (H.P.), 176061, India
| | - Anjali Chandel
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, (H.P.), 176061, India
| | - Anjali Rakwal
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, (H.P.), 176061, India
| | - Rachit Raghav Kashwap
- High Altitude Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, (H.P.), 176061, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan BioresourceTechnology, P.O. Box 6, Palampur, (H.P.), 176061, India
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González-Martín J, Kraakman NJR, Pérez C, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. A state-of-the-art review on indoor air pollution and strategies for indoor air pollution control. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128376. [PMID: 33182138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollution has traditionally received less attention than outdoors pollution despite indoors pollutant levels are typically twice higher, and people spend 80-90% of their life in increasing air-tight buildings. More than 5 million people die every year prematurely from illnesses attributable to poor indoor air quality, which also causes multi-millionaire losses due to reduced employee's productivity, material damages and increased health system expenses. Indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, biological pollutants and over 400 different chemical organic and inorganic compounds, whose concentrations are governed by several outdoor and indoor factors. Prevention of pollutant is not always technically feasible, so the implementation of cost-effective active abatement units is required. Up to date no single physical-chemical technology is capable of coping with all indoor air pollutants in a cost-effective manner. This problem requires the use of sequential technology configurations at the expenses of superior capital and operating costs. In addition, the performance of conventional physical-chemical technologies is still limited by the low concentrations, the diversity and the variability of pollutants in indoor environments. In this context, biotechnologies have emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable platform capable of coping with these limitations based on the biocatalytic action of plants, bacteria, fungi and microalgae. Indeed, biological-based purification systems can improve the energy efficiency of buildings, while providing additional aesthetic and psychological benefits. This review critically assessed the state-of-the-art of the indoor air pollution problem and prevention strategies, along with the recent advances in physical-chemical and biological technologies for indoor pollutants abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Martín
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain.
| | - Norbertus Johannes Richardus Kraakman
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain; Jacobs Engineering, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Cristina Pérez
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain.
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain.
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid, 47011, Spain.
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Mortimer K, Lesosky M, Semple S, Malava J, Katundu C, Crampin A, Wang D, Weston W, Pope D, Havens D, Gordon SB, Balmes J. Pneumonia and Exposure to Household Air Pollution in Children Under the Age of 5 Years in Rural Malawi: Findings From the Cooking and Pneumonia Study. Chest 2020; 158:501-511. [PMID: 32311349 PMCID: PMC7417377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to household air pollution is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia in children in low- and middle-income countries; however, exposure-response data are limited, and there are uncertainties around the extent to which biomass-fueled cookstoves can reduce these exposures. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the association between exposure to household air pollution and pneumonia in children under the age of 5 years in rural Malawi and what are the effects of a biomass-fueled cookstove intervention on personal exposure to household air pollution? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We measured personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO; 48 hours of continuous measurement and transcutaneous carboxyhemoglobin) every 6 months in children who participated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a cleaner burning biomass-fueled cookstove intervention to prevent pneumonia in children under the age of 5 years in rural Malawi (the Cooking And Pneumonia Study). Exposure-response and multivariable analyses were done. RESULTS We recruited 1805 (928 intervention; 877 control) children (mean age, 25.6 months; 50.6% female). We found no evidence of an association between exposure to CO (incident rate ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.967 to 1.014; P = .53) or carboxyhemoglobin (incident rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.993 to 1.003; P = .41) in children who experienced pneumonia vs those who did not. Median exposure to CO in the intervention and control groups was was 0.34 (interquartile range, 0.15 to 0.81) and 0.37 parts per million (interquartile range, 0.15 toa 0.97), respectively. The group difference in means was 0.46 (95% CI, -0.95 to 0.012; P = .06). INTERPRETATION Exposure to CO in our population was low with no association seen between exposure to CO and pneumonia incidence and no effect of the Cooking And Pneumonia Study intervention on these exposures. These findings suggest that CO may not be an appropriate measure of household air pollution exposure in settings such as rural Malawi and that there is a need to develop ways to measure particulate matter exposures directly in young children instead. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN59448623.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maia Lesosky
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jullita Malava
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Cynthia Katundu
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia Crampin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Duolao Wang
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Dan Pope
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Gordon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - John Balmes
- University of California, Berkeley, CA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Exposure to Wood Smoke and Associated Health Effects in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:32. [PMID: 32211302 PMCID: PMC7082829 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies suggest that exposure to wood smoke is associated with a variety of adverse health effects in humans. Objective We aimed to summarise evidence from sub-Saharan Africa on levels of exposure to pollutants in wood smoke and the association between such exposures and adverse health outcomes. Methods PubMed and Google scholar databases were searched for original articles reporting personal exposure levels to pollutants or health outcomes associated with wood smoke exposure in Sub-Saharan African population. Results Mean personal PM2.5 and carbon monoxide levels in the studies ranged from 26.3 ± 1.48 μg/m3 to 1574 ± 287μg/m3 and from 0.64 ± 2.12 ppm to 22 ± 2.4 ppm, respectively. All the reported personal PM2.5 exposure levels were higher than the World Health Organization's Air Quality Guideline (AQG) for 24-hour mean exposure. Use of wood fuels in domestic cooking is the major source of wood smoke exposure in this population. Occupational exposure to wood smoke included the use of wood fuels in bakery, fish drying, cassava processing and charcoal production. Females were exposed to higher levels of these pollutants than males of the same age range. Major determinants for higher exposure to wood smoke in SSA included use of unprocessed firewood, female gender and occupational exposure. We recorded strong and consistent associations between exposure to wood smoke and respiratory diseases including acute respiratory illness and impaired lung function. Positive associations were reported for increased blood pressure, low birth weight, oesophageal cancer, sick building syndrome, non-syndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate and under-five mortality. Conclusion There is high level of exposure to wood smoke in SSA and this exposure is associated with a number of adverse health effects. There is urgent need for aggressive programs to reduce wood smoke exposure in this population.
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North CM, MacNaughton P, Lai PS, Vallarino J, Okello S, Kakuhikire B, Tsai AC, Castro MC, Siedner MJ, Allen JG, Christiani DC. Personal carbon monoxide exposure, respiratory symptoms, and the potentially modifying roles of sex and HIV infection in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Environ Health 2019; 18:73. [PMID: 31429759 PMCID: PMC6701123 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the global burden of pollution-related morbidity and mortality is believed to occur in resource-limited settings, where HIV serostatus and sex may influence the relationship between air pollution exposure and respiratory morbidity. The lack of air quality monitoring networks in these settings limits progress in measuring global disparities in pollution-related health. Personal carbon monoxide monitoring may identify sub-populations at heightened risk for air pollution-associated respiratory morbidity in regions of the world where the financial cost of air quality monitoring networks is prohibitive. METHODS From September 2015 through May 2017, we measured 48-h ambulatory carbon monoxide (CO) exposure in a longitudinal cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected adults in rural southwestern Uganda. We fit generalized mixed effects models to identify correlates of CO exposure exceeding international air quality thresholds, quantify the relationship between CO exposure and respiratory symptoms, and explore potential effect modification by sex and HIV serostatus. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty study participants completed 419 sampling periods. Personal CO exposure exceeded international thresholds for 50 (19%) participants. In covariate-adjusted models, living in a home where charcoal was the main cooking fuel was associated with CO exposure exceeding international thresholds (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 11.3, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 4.7-27.4). In sex-stratified models, higher CO exposure was associated with increased odds of respiratory symptoms among women (AOR 3.3, 95%CI 1.1-10.0) but not men (AOR 1.3, 95%CI 0.4-4.4). In HIV-stratified models, higher CO exposure was associated with increased odds of respiratory symptoms among HIV-infected (AOR 2.5, 95%CI 1.01-6.0) but not HIV-uninfected (AOR 1.4, 95%CI 0.1-14.4) participants. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort in rural Uganda, personal CO exposure frequently exceeded international thresholds, correlated with biomass exposure, and was associated with respiratory symptoms among women and people living with HIV. Our results provide support for the use of ambulatory CO monitoring as a low-cost, feasible method to identify subgroups with heightened vulnerability to pollution-related respiratory morbidity in resource-limited settings and identify subgroups that may have increased susceptibility to pollution-associated respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. North
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL-148, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Peggy S. Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL-148, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Samson Okello
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL-148, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Mark J. Siedner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL-148, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL-148, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Purohit P, Chaturvedi V. Biomass pellets for power generation in India: a techno-economic evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:29614-29632. [PMID: 30141169 PMCID: PMC6153682 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern bioenergy is being recognized as an increasingly important low-carbon resource by policy-makers around the world to meet climate policy targets. In India also, there is a clear recognition of the significant role of bioenergy in electricity generation as well as in other applications. In this study, a preliminary attempt has been made to assess the techno-economic feasibility of biomass pellets-based power (BPBP) generation in India. Surplus availability of biomass feedstock from agriculture and forestry/wasteland sector is estimated at 242 million tonnes (Mt) for 2010-11 and is expected to rise to 281 Mt in 2030-31 due to increased crop production and associated waste/residue availability. In terms of related capacity, the potential of BPBP projects is estimated at 35 GW for 2030-31. The associated carbon dioxide mitigation potential resulting from the substitution of coal is estimated at 205 Mt in 2030-31 if the entire biomass surplus is to be diverted for power generation. The levelized cost of electricity is estimated at €0.12 per kWh for BPBP projects as compared to €0.10 per kWh for imported coal based power plants. For states with the lower tariff for biomass power, the break-even price of carbon for BPBP projects is estimated at €18 per tonne. Additionally, BPBP projects will generate employment of more than 5 million person-months in the construction of biomass power plants and over 200,000 full-time employments in the operation of BPBP plants and in the production of biomass pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Purohit
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
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12
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Okello G, Devereux G, Semple S. Women and girls in resource poor countries experience much greater exposure to household air pollutants than men: Results from Uganda and Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:429-437. [PMID: 30029097 PMCID: PMC6158151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Household Air Pollution (HAP) from burning biomass fuels is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in low-income settings worldwide. Little is known about the differences in objective personal HAP exposure by age and gender. We measured personal exposure to HAP across six groups defined by age and gender (young children, young males, young females, adult males, adult females, and elderly) in rural households in two sub-Saharan African countries. Data on 24-hour personal exposure to HAP were collected from 215 participants from 85 households in Uganda and Ethiopia. HAP exposure was assessed by measuring carbon monoxide (CO) and/or fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations using five types of devices. 24 h PM2.5 personal exposure was highest among adult females with Geometric Mean (GM) and Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) concentrations of 205 μg/m3 (1.67) in Ethiopia; 177 μg/m3 (1.61 GSD) in Uganda. The lowest PM2.5 exposures were recorded among young males GM (GSD) 30.2 μg/m3 (1.89) in Ethiopia; 26.3 μg/m3 (1.48) in Uganda. Young females had exposures about two-thirds of the adult female group. Adult males, young children and the elderly experienced lower exposures reflecting their limited involvement in cooking. There was a similar pattern of exposure by age and gender in both countries and when assessed by CO measurement. There are substantial differences in exposure to HAP depending on age and gender in sub-Saharan Africa rural households reflecting differences in household cooking activity and time spent indoors. Future work should consider these differences when implementing exposure reduction interventions. There was a strong agreement between optical and gravimetric devices measurements although optical devices tended to overestimate exposure. There is need to calibrate optical devices against a gravimetric standard prior to quantifying exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Okello
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Graham Devereux
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sean Semple
- Respiratory Group, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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Havens D, Wang D, Grigg J, Gordon SB, Balmes J, Mortimer K. The Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS) in Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Carbon Monoxide Exposure and Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Children under 5 Years Old. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091936. [PMID: 30189674 PMCID: PMC6163876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution is estimated to cause half a million deaths from pneumonia in children worldwide. The Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS) was conducted to determine whether the use of cleaner-burning biomass-fueled cookstoves would reduce household air pollution and thereby the incidence of pneumonia in young children in rural Malawi. Here we report a cross-sectional assessment of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and carboxyhemoglobin (COHgB) levels at recruitment to CAPS. Mean (SD; range) 48-h CO exposure of 1928 participating children was 0.90 (2.3; 0–49) ppm and mean (SD; range) COHgB level was 5.8% (3.3; 0–20.3). Higher mean CO and COHgB levels were associated with location (Chikhwawa versus Chilumba) (OR 3.55 (1.73–7.26)); (OR 2.77 (1.08–7.08)). Correlation between mean CO and COHgB was poor (Spearman’s ρ = 0.09, p < 0.001). The finding of high COHgB levels in young children in rural Malawi that are at levels at which adverse neurodevelopmental and cognitive effects occur is of concern. Effective approaches for reducing exposure to CO and other constituents of air pollution in rural sub-Saharan African settings are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Havens
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Duolao Wang
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | | | - John Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0844, USA.
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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Heft-Neal S, Burney J, Bendavid E, Burke M. Robust relationship between air quality and infant mortality in Africa. Nature 2018; 559:254-258. [PMID: 29950722 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poor air quality is thought to be an important mortality risk factor globally1-3, but there is little direct evidence from the developing world on how mortality risk varies with changing exposure to ambient particulate matter. Current global estimates apply exposure-response relationships that have been derived mostly from wealthy, mid-latitude countries to spatial population data4, and these estimates remain unvalidated across large portions of the globe. Here we combine household survey-based information on the location and timing of nearly 1 million births across sub-Saharan Africa with satellite-based estimates5 of exposure to ambient respirable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) to estimate the impact of air quality on mortality rates among infants in Africa. We find that a 10 μg m-3 increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with a 9% (95% confidence interval, 4-14%) rise in infant mortality across the dataset. This effect has not declined over the last 15 years and does not diminish with higher levels of household wealth. Our estimates suggest that PM2.5 concentrations above minimum exposure levels were responsible for 22% (95% confidence interval, 9-35%) of infant deaths in our 30 study countries and led to 449,000 (95% confidence interval, 194,000-709,000) additional deaths of infants in 2015, an estimate that is more than three times higher than existing estimates that attribute death of infants to poor air quality for these countries2,6. Upward revision of disease-burden estimates in the studied countries in Africa alone would result in a doubling of current estimates of global deaths of infants that are associated with air pollution, and modest reductions in African PM2.5 exposures are predicted to have health benefits to infants that are larger than most known health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Burney
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eran Bendavid
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marshall Burke
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Elf JL, Kinikar A, Khadse S, Mave V, Suryavanshi N, Gupte N, Kulkarni V, Patekar S, Raichur P, Breysse PN, Gupta A, Golub JE. Sources of household air pollution and their association with fine particulate matter in low-income urban homes in India. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:400-410. [PMID: 29789668 PMCID: PMC6013356 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Household air pollution (HAP) is poorly characterized in low-income urban Indian communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire assessing sources of HAP and 24 h household concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) were collected in a sample of low-income homes in Pune, India. RESULTS In 166 homes, the median 24 h average concentration of PM2.5 was 167 μg/m3 (IQR: 106-294). Although kerosene and wood use were highly prevalent (22% and 25% of homes, respectively), primarily as secondary fuel sources, high PM2.5 concentrations were also found in 95 (57%) homes reporting LPG use alone (mean 141 μg/m3; IQR: 92-209). In adjusted linear regression, log PM2.5 concentration was positively associated with wood cooking fuel (GMR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.0), mosquito coils (GMR 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), and winter season (GMR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4-2.2). Households in the highest quartile of exposure were positively associated with wood cooking fuel (OR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5), incense (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3), mosquito coils (OR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6), and winter season (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4). DISCUSSION We observed high concentrations of PM2.5 and identified associated determinants in urban Indian homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Elf
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Sandhya Khadse
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon Government Hospitals, Pune, India
| | - Vidya Mave
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Gupte
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vaishali Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon Government Hospitals, Pune, India
| | - Sunita Patekar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon Government Hospitals, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Raichur
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon Government Hospitals, Pune, India
| | | | - Amita Gupta
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Curto A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Barrera-Gómez J, Marshall JD, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Wellenius GA, Tonne C. Performance of low-cost monitors to assess household air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:53-63. [PMID: 29426028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to household air pollution is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. However, due to the lack of validated low-cost monitors with long-lasting batteries in indoor environments, most epidemiologic studies use self-reported data or short-term household air pollution assessments as proxies of long-term exposure. We evaluated the performance of three low-cost monitors measuring fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) in a wood-combustion experiment conducted in one household of Spain for 5 days (including the co-location of 2 units of HAPEX and 3 units of TZOA-R for PM2.5 and 3 units of EL-USB-CO for CO; a total of 40 unit-days). We used Spearman correlation (ρ) and Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) to assess accuracy of low-cost monitors versus equivalent research-grade devices. We also conducted a field study in India for 1 week (including HAPEX in 3 households and EL-USB-CO in 4 households; a total of 49 unit-days). Correlation and agreement at 5-min were moderate-high for one unit of HAPEX (ρ = 0.73 / CCC = 0.59), for one unit of TZOA-R (ρ = 0.89 / CCC = 0.62) and for three units of EL-USB-CO (ρ = 0.82-0.89 / CCC = 0.66-0.91) in Spain, although the failure or malfunction rate among low-cost units was high in both settings (60% of unit-days in Spain and 43% in India). Low-cost monitors tested here are not yet ready to replace more established exposure assessment methods in long-term household air pollution epidemiologic studies. More field validation is needed to assess evolving sensors and monitors with application to health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Curto
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - D Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Barrera-Gómez
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J D Marshall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G A Wellenius
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
| | - C Tonne
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Marć M, Śmiełowska M, Namieśnik J, Zabiegała B. Indoor air quality of everyday use spaces dedicated to specific purposes-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2065-2082. [PMID: 29192399 PMCID: PMC5773644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
According to literature data, some of the main factors which significantly affect the quality of the indoor environment in residential households or apartments are human activities such as cooking, smoking, cleaning, and indoor exercising. The paper presents a literature overview related to air quality in everyday use spaces dedicated to specific purposes which are integral parts of residential buildings, such as kitchens, basements, and individual garages. Some aspects of air quality in large-scale car parks, as a specific type of indoor environment, are also discussed. All those areas are characterized by relatively short time use. On the other hand, high and very high concentration levels of xenobiotics can be observed, resulting in higher exposure risk. The main compounds or group of chemical compounds are presented and discussed. The main factors influencing the type and amount of chemical pollutants present in the air of such areas are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Marć
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, PL, Poland.
| | - Monika Śmiełowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, PL, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, PL, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, PL, Poland
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Champion WM, Connors L, Montoya LD. Emission factors of fine particulate matter, organic and elemental carbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide for four solid fuels commonly used in residential heating by the U.S. Navajo Nation. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:1020-1035. [PMID: 28541823 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1334717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most homes in the Navajo Nation use wood as their primary heating fuel, often in combination with locally mined coal. Previous studies observed health effects linked to this solid-fuel use in several Navajo communities. Emission factors (EFs) for common fuels used by the Navajo have not been reported using a relevant stove type. In this study, two softwoods (ponderosa pine and Utah juniper) and two high-volatile bituminous coals (Black Mesa and Fruitland) were tested with an in-use residential conventional wood stove (homestove) using a modified American Society for Testing and Materials/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ASTM/EPA) protocol. Filter sampling quantified PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) and organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon in the emissions. Real-time monitoring quantified carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total suspended particles (TSP). EFs for these air pollutants were developed and normalized to both fuel mass and energy consumed. In general, coal had significantly higher mass EFs than wood for all pollutants studied. In particular, coal emitted, on average, 10 times more PM2.5 than wood on a mass basis, and 2.4 times more on an energy basis. The EFs developed here were based on fuel types, stove design, and operating protocols relevant to the Navajo Nation, but they could be useful to other Native Nations with similar practices, such as the nearby Hopi Nation. IMPLICATIONS Indoor wood and coal combustion is an important contributor to public health burdens in the Navajo Nation. Currently, there exist no emission factors representative of Navajo homestoves, fuels, and practices. This study developed emission factors for PM2.5, OC, EC, CO, and CO2 using a representative Navajo homestove. These emission factors may be utilized in regional-, national-, and global-scale health and environmental models. Additionally, the protocols developed and results presented here may inform on-going stove design of the first EPA-certified wood and coal combination stove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt M Champion
- a Department of Civil , Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Lea Connors
- a Department of Civil , Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Lupita D Montoya
- a Department of Civil , Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
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Bartington SE, Bakolis I, Devakumar D, Kurmi OP, Gulliver J, Chaube G, Manandhar DS, Saville NM, Costello A, Osrin D, Hansell AL, Ayres JG. Patterns of domestic exposure to carbon monoxide and particulate matter in households using biomass fuel in Janakpur, Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:38-45. [PMID: 27707597 PMCID: PMC5157800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Household Air Pollution (HAP) from biomass cooking fuels is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income settings worldwide. In Nepal the use of open stoves with solid biomass fuels is the primary method of domestic cooking. To assess patterns of domestic air pollution we performed continuous measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate Matter (PM2.5) in 12 biomass fuel households in Janakpur, Nepal. We measured kitchen PM2.5 and CO concentrations at one-minute intervals for an approximately 48-h period using the TSI DustTrak II 8530/SidePak AM510 (TSI Inc, St. Paul MN, USA) or EL-USB-CO data logger (Lascar Electronics, Erie PA, USA) respectively. We also obtained information regarding fuel, stove and kitchen characteristics and cooking activity patterns. Household cooking was performed in two daily sessions (median total duration 4 h) with diurnal variability in pollutant concentrations reflecting morning and evening cooking sessions and peak concentrations associated with fire-lighting. We observed a strong linear relationship between PM2.5 measurements obtained by co-located photometric and gravimetric monitoring devices, providing local calibration factors of 4.9 (DustTrak) and 2.7 (SidePak). Overall 48-h average CO and PM2.5 concentrations were 5.4 (SD 4.3) ppm (12 households) and 417.6 (SD 686.4) μg/m3 (8 households), respectively, with higher average concentrations associated with cooking and heating activities. Overall average PM2.5 concentrations and peak 1-h CO concentrations exceeded WHO Indoor Air Quality Guidelines. Average hourly PM2.5 and CO concentrations were moderately correlated (r = 0.52), suggesting that CO has limited utility as a proxy measure for PM2.5 exposure assessment in this setting. Domestic indoor air quality levels associated with biomass fuel combustion in this region exceed WHO Indoor Air Quality standards and are in the hazardous range for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bartington
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - I Bakolis
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - D Devakumar
- UCL Institute for Global Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - O P Kurmi
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - J Gulliver
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - G Chaube
- Mother and Infant Research Activities (MIRA), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - D S Manandhar
- Mother and Infant Research Activities (MIRA), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - N M Saville
- UCL Institute for Global Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A Costello
- UCL Institute for Global Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - D Osrin
- UCL Institute for Global Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A L Hansell
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J G Ayres
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Klasen EM, Wills B, Naithani N, Gilman RH, Tielsch JM, Chiang M, Khatry S, Breysse PN, Menya D, Apaka C, Carter EJ, Sherman CB, Miranda JJ, Checkley W. Low correlation between household carbon monoxide and particulate matter concentrations from biomass-related pollution in three resource-poor settings. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:424-31. [PMID: 26245367 PMCID: PMC4932836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution from the burning of biomass fuels is recognized as the third greatest contributor to the global burden of disease. Incomplete combustion of biomass fuels releases a complex mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and other toxins into the household environment. Some investigators have used indoor CO concentrations as a reliable surrogate of indoor PM concentrations; however, the assumption that indoor CO concentration is a reasonable proxy of indoor PM concentration has been a subject of controversy. We sought to describe the relationship between indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations in 128 households across three resource-poor settings in Peru, Nepal, and Kenya. We simultaneously collected minute-to-minute PM2.5 and CO concentrations within a meter of the open-fire stove for approximately 24h using the EasyLog-USB-CO data logger (Lascar Electronics, Erie, PA) and the personal DataRAM-1000AN (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA), respectively. We also collected information regarding household construction characteristics, and cooking practices of the primary cook. Average 24h indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations ranged between 615 and 1440 μg/m(3), and between 9.1 and 35.1 ppm, respectively. Minute-to-minute indoor PM2.5 concentrations were in a safe range (<25 μg/m(3)) between 17% and 65% of the time, and exceeded 1000 μg/m(3) between 8% and 21% of the time, whereas indoor CO concentrations were in a safe range (<7 ppm) between 46% and 79% of the time and exceeded 50 ppm between 4%, and 20% of the time. Overall correlations between indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations were low to moderate (Spearman ρ between 0.59 and 0.83). There was also poor agreement and evidence of proportional bias between observed indoor PM2.5 concentrations vs. those estimated based on indoor CO concentrations, with greater discordance at lower concentrations. Our analysis does not support the notion that indoor CO concentration is a surrogate marker for indoor PM2.5 concentration across all settings. Both are important markers of household air pollution with different health and environmental implications and should therefore be independently measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Klasen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Beatriz Wills
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Neha Naithani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Subarna Khatry
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Diana Menya
- School of Public Health, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; AMPATH (Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Cosmas Apaka
- AMPATH (Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - E Jane Carter
- AMPATH (Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare), Eldoret, Kenya; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Charles B Sherman
- AMPATH (Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare), Eldoret, Kenya; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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21
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Oh HJ, Jeong NN, Chi WB, Seo JH, Jun SM, Sohn JR. Characterization of particulate matter concentrations and bioaerosol on each floor at a building in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16040-50. [PMID: 26062466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in buildings are mostly sourced from the transport of outdoor particles through a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and generation of particle within the building itself. We investigated the concentrations and characteristic of indoor and outdoor particles and airborne bacteria concentrations across four floors of a building located in a high-traffic area. In all the floors we studied (first, second, fifth, and eighth), the average concentrations of particles less than 10 μm (PM10) in winter for were higher than those in summer. On average, a seasonal variation in the PM10 level was found for the first, fifth, and eighth floors, such that higher values occurred in the winter season, compared to the summer season. In addition, in winter, the indoor concentrations of PM10 on the first, fifth, and eighth floors were higher than those of the outdoor PM10. The maximum level of airborne bacteria concentration was found in a fifth floor office, which held a private academy school consisting of many students. Results indicated that the airborne bacteria remained at their highest concentration throughout the weekday period and varied by students' activity. The correlation coefficient (R (2)) and slope of linear approximation for the concentrations of particulate matter were used to evaluate the relationship between the indoor and outdoor particulate matter. These results can be used to predict both the indoor particle levels and the risk of personal exposure to airborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Oh
- BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Na Jeong
- BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Bae Chi
- BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Seo
- BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Moon Jun
- HAE Research Center, LG Electronics Co., Seoul, 153-802, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ryeul Sohn
- BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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