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Gonçalves JO, Strieder MM, Silva LFO, Dos Reis GS, Dotto GL. Advanced technologies in water treatment: Chitosan and its modifications as effective agents in the adsorption of contaminants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132307. [PMID: 38740151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan, derived from the abundant biopolymer chitin, has emerged as a promising option for water treatment due to its intrinsic bioavailability. This review emphasizes the notable characteristics of chitosan, which allow for various modifications, expanding its applications. The polymer's effectiveness in adsorbing contaminants, particularly in advanced water treatment technologies, is highlighted. The review underscores the potential of chitosan-based hybrid materials, including nanocomposites, hydrogels, membranes, films, sponges, nanoparticles, microspheres, and flakes, as innovative alternatives to traditional chemical-based adsorbents. The advantages of using these materials in wastewater treatment, especially in removing heavy metals, dyes, and emerging compounds, are explored. The study delves into the mechanisms involved in wastewater treatment with chitosan, emphasizing the interactions between the polymer and various contaminants. Additionally, the application of chitosan as a contaminant removal agent in a post-pandemic context is addressed, considering the challenges related to waste management and environmental preservation. The analysis highlights the potential contribution of chitosan in mitigating environmental impacts post-pandemic, offering practical solutions for treating contaminated effluents and promoting sustainability. The study addresses current obstacles and prospects for chitosan-based wastewater treatment, emphasizing its promising role in sustainable water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Oliveira Gonçalves
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Monique Martins Strieder
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil
| | | | - Glaydson Simões Dos Reis
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Khan P, Saha R, Halder G. Towards sorptive eradication of pharmaceutical micro-pollutant ciprofloxacin from aquatic environment: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170723. [PMID: 38340867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely prioritized pharmaceuticals frequently adopted in medication for addressing numerous ailments of humans and animals. However, the non-judicious disposal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) with concentration levels exceeding threshold limit in an aqueous environment has been the matter of growing concern nowadays. CIP is found in various waterways with appreciable mobility due to its limited decay in solidified form. Hence, the effective eradication strategy of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory antibiotic from aqueous media is pivotal for preventing the users and the biosphere from their hazardous impacts. Reportedly several customary techniques like reverse osmosis, precipitation, cross-filtration, nano-filtration, ion exchange, microbial remediation, and adsorption have been employed to eliminate CIP from water. Out of them, adsorption is ascertained to be a potential method because of lesser preliminary investment costs, ease of operation, greater efficiency, less energy usage, reduced chemical and biological slurry production, and ready availability of precursor materials. Towards remediation of ciprofloxacin-laden water, plenty of researchers have used different adsorbents. However, the present-day challenge is opting the promising sorbent and its application towards industrial scale-up which is vital to get reviewed. In this article, adsorbents of diverse origins are reviewed in terms of their performances in CIP removal. The review stresses the impact of various factors on sorptive assimilation of CIP, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, mechanism of ionic interaction, contrivances for CIP detection, cost estimation and reusability assessments of adsorbents also that may endorse the next-generation investigators to decide the efficacious, environmental appealing and cost-competitive adsorbents for effective riddance of CIP from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Khan
- Centre for Research on Environment and Water, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Saha
- Centre for Research on Environment and Water, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopinath Halder
- Centre for Research on Environment and Water, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India.
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Elsayed RE, Hassanein D, El-Sayed MMH, Madkour TM. Impact of the Configurational Microstructure of Carboxylate-Rich Chitosan Beads on Its Adsorptive Removal of Diclofenac Potassium from Contaminated Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4274. [PMID: 37959954 PMCID: PMC10649765 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel adsorbent-contaminant system was investigated for its ability to remove a contaminant of emerging concern, diclofenac potassium, from contaminated water. Bio-based crosslinked chitosan beads functionalized with poly(itaconic acid) side chains were examined for their potential to remove the emerging contaminant. To evaluate the impact of the polymeric microstructure on its adsorptive capacity, several adsorbent samples were prepared using different combinations of initiator and monomeric concentrations. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the crosslinking of the chitosan chains and the incorporation of the carboxylic groups on the surface of the final chitosan beads. After the grafting copolymerization process, an additional peak at 1726 cm-1 corresponding to the carboxylic C=O groups of the grafted chains appeared, indicating the successful preparation of poly(IA)-g-chitosan. Thermal stability studies showed that the grafting copolymerization improved the thermal stability of the beads. X-ray and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the successful grafting of the itaconic acid on the surface of the beads. The study revealed that the higher the initiator concentration, the greater the number of side chains, whereas the higher the monomeric concentration, the longer the length of these side chains. The adsorption mechanism involved hydrogen bonding to the carboxylic groups of the grafted chains along with n-π* stacking interaction between the amino group of the chitosan and the aromatic rings of diclofenac potassium. The adsorption efficiencies of diclofenac potassium onto the grafted beads were significantly improved compared to the unfunctionalized chitosan beads, reaching values above 90%. The removal efficiency of grafted chitosan increased with an increase in the concentration in the range of 10-30 ppm and then flattened out in the range of 30-50 ppm. The removal efficiencies of 1-50 ppm of DCF ranged between about 75% and 92% for the grafted chitosan and 30-45% for the crosslinked chitosan. Rapid adsorption occurred within 20 min for all grafted sample combinations, and the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model with qe values ranging from 28 to 44.25 g/mg and R2 values greater than 0.9915. The results highlight the potential of grafted chitosan beads in removing emerging contaminants from contaminated water without harming the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (R.E.E.); (D.H.)
| | - Tarek M. Madkour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (R.E.E.); (D.H.)
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Niragire H, Kebede TG, Dube S, Maaza M, Nindi MM. Chitosan-based electrospun nanofibers mat for the removal of acidic drugs from influent and effluent. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2022.2116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Niragire
- Department of Chemistry, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Temesgen Girma Kebede
- Department of Chemistry, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Simiso Dube
- Department of Chemistry, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Malek Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (U2ACN2), College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThembaLABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
| | - Mathew Muzi Nindi
- Department of Chemistry, Science Campus, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Science Campus, University of South Africa, Corner Christiaan De Wet Road and Pioneer Avenue, Florida, South Africa
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Adeola AO, Forbes PBC. Antiretroviral Drugs in African Surface Waters: Prevalence, Analysis, and Potential Remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:247-262. [PMID: 34033688 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sources, ecotoxicological impact, and potential remediation strategies of antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) as emerging contaminants in surface waters are reviewed based on recent literature. The occurrence of ARVDs in water bodies raises concern because many communities in Africa depend on rivers for water resources. Southern Africa is a potential hotspot regarding ARVD contamination due to relatively high therapeutic application and detection thereof in water bodies. Efavirenz and nevirapine are the most persistent in effluents and are prevalent in surface water based on environmental concentrations. Whereas the highest concentration of efavirenz reported in Kenya was 12.4 µg L-1 , concentrations as high as 119 and 140 µg L-1 have been reported in Zambia and South Africa, respectively. Concentrations of ARVDs ranging from 670 to 34 000 ng L-1 (influents) and 540 to 34 000 ng L-1 (effluents) were determined in wastewater treatment plants in South Africa, compared with Europe, where reported concentrations range from less than limit of detection (LOD) to 32 ng L-1 (influents) and less than LOD to 22 ng L-1 (effluents). The present African-based review suggests the need for comprehensive toxicological and risk assessment of these emerging pollutants in Africa, with the intent of averting environmental hazards and the development of sustainable remediation strategies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:247-262. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedapo O Adeola
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patricia B C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
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Rigoletto DM, Calza P, Gaggero E, Laurenti DE. Hybrid materials for the removal of emerging pollutants in water: classification, synthesis, and properties. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Natarajan R, Saikia K, Ponnusamy SK, Rathankumar AK, Rajendran DS, Venkataraman S, Tannani DB, Arvind V, Somanna T, Banerjee K, Mohideen N, Vaidyanathan VK. Understanding the factors affecting adsorption of pharmaceuticals on different adsorbents - A critical literature update. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131958. [PMID: 34454222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of emerging pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) as micropollutants in wastewater is of foremost importance as they can cause extremely detrimental effects on life upon bioaccumulation and generation of drug-resistance microorganisms. Presently used physicochemical treatments, such as electrochemical oxidation, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, are not feasible owing to high operating costs, incomplete removal of contaminants along with toxic by-products formation. Adsorption with the utilization of facile and efficient nanoparticulate adsorbents having distinctive properties of high surface area, excellent adsorption capacity, ability to undergo surface engineering and good regeneration displays great potential in this aspect along with the incorporation of nanotechnology for effective treatment. The application of such nanosorbents provides optimal performance under a wide range of physicochemical conditions, decreased secondary pollution with reduced mechanical stress along with excellent organic compound sequestration capacity, which in turn improves the quality of potable water in a sustainable way compared to current treatments. The present review intends to consolidate the range of factors that affect the process of adsorption of different PhACs on to various nanosorbents and also highlights the adsorption mechanism aiding in the retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Natarajan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Kongkona Saikia
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - Abiram Karanam Rathankumar
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Devi Sri Rajendran
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Swethaa Venkataraman
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Diya Bharat Tannani
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Varshni Arvind
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Tanya Somanna
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Koyena Banerjee
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Nizar Mohideen
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 603 203, India.
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8
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Jazzar A, Alamri H, Malajati Y, Mahfouz R, Bouhrara M, Fihri A. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of magnetic polymer nanocomposites. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Wu W, Chen Z, Huang Y, Li J, Chen D, Chen N, Su M. Red mud for the efficient adsorption of U(VI) from aqueous solution: Influence of calcination on performance and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124925. [PMID: 33421876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron-rich red mud is a potent radioactive drainage treatment material. However, the calcite in red mud attenuates its U adsorption capacity by restricting U adsorption onto adsorbent; it captures U as a dissociative complex in aqueous systems. This study produced macroporous iron and carbon combined calcined red mud (ICRM) and carbon calcined red mud (CRM) through calcination in the range of 500-800 °C. XRD results revealed that both series generated advantageous magnetite and calcite were fully decomposed. SEM and batch experiments highlighted ICRM calcined at 600 °C has more stable and favorable performance. The components of post-adsorption ICRM remained active, as demonstrated by FT-IR results. Additionally, ICRM@600 displayed superior U adsorption capacity (59.45 mg/g) than did all red mud adsorbents from our previous research. Zeta-potential results revealed ICRM has positive potential charges in acidic conditions, indicating it adsorbs U(VI) ions via electrostatic attraction. The main adsorption mechanisms of ICRM are surface electrostatic attraction, physical adsorption by porous structure, and chemical adsorption by active Al and Fe components. In application, ICRM@600 obtained a 82.20% U adsorption ratio in uranium mine pit drainage. Overall, this study offers theoretical guidances to radioactive drainage management and red mud reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Minhua Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Agotegaray MA, Gumilar F, Ferreira ML, Lassalle VL. Magnetic nanotechnology for diclofenac remediation: molecular basis of drug adsorption and neurobehavioral toxicology as a preliminary study for safe application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:85-101. [PMID: 31210533 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1631262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a commercial non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly present as a pollutant in naturally occurring water sources and wastewaters. In this work, the adsorption of diclofenac onto chitosan-coated magnetic nanosystems is proposed as a possible tool for remediation. Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to reveal the mechanisms associated with diclofenac interactions among all the components of the nanosystem. Mechanisms are presented, analyzed and discussed. A toxicological study in mice was carried out to evaluate the parameters associated with neurotoxicity of the nanodevice. The elucidation of the mechanisms implied in the adsorption process of diclofenac onto magnetic chitosan nanocomposites suggests that diclofenac remediation from water is possible by adsorption onto chitosan. The strategy innovates the commonly used methodologies for diclofenac remediation from pharmaceutical wastes. This magnetic nanotechnology would not induce damage on the nervous system in a murine model, in case of traces remaining in water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A Agotegaray
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR-UNS-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Luján Ferreira
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI-UNS-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET , Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Verónica L Lassalle
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-UNS-CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Sur , Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Rizzi V, Gubitosa J, Fini P, Romita R, Nuzzo S, Gabaldón JA, Gorbe MIF, Gómez-Morte T, Cosma P. Chitosan film as recyclable adsorbent membrane to remove/recover hazardous pharmaceutical pollutants from water: the case of the emerging pollutant Furosemide. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 56:145-156. [PMID: 33284713 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1853985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the negative effects of emerging contaminants on the environment, that can potentially induce deleterious effects in aquatic and human life, this paper focuses on the removal from the water of Furosemide, through the adsorption process. Indeed, only a few papers are available in the literature about the Furosemide adsorption and, chitosan films are thus proposed for this purpose as safe, sustainable, and recyclable adsorbent materials. In the present work, the effects on the adsorption process of several experimental parameters such as the pH values, ionic strength, amount of adsorbent/pollutant, and temperature values were investigated. The kinetics models, isotherms of adsorption, and the thermodynamic parameters were studied showing that the Furosemide physisorption occurred on the heterogeneous Chitosan surface, endothermically (ΔH° = +31.27 ± 3.40 kJ mol-1) and spontaneously (ΔS° = +150.00 ± 10.00 J mol-1 K-1), following a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The 90% of the pollutant was adsorbed in 2 h, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.5 mg × g-1. Despite these relatively low adsorption capacities, experiments of desorption were performed and 100% of adsorbed Furosemide was recovered by using concentrated NaCl solutions, proposing a low-cost and green approach, with respect to the previous literature relative to the Furosemide adsorption, fundamental for the pollutant recovery and adsorbent reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Rizzi
- Dip. Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jennifer Gubitosa
- Dip. Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Fini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Romita
- Dip. Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Nuzzo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - José Antonio Gabaldón
- Departamento Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Isabel Fortea Gorbe
- Departamento Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Gómez-Morte
- Departamento Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pinalysa Cosma
- Dip. Chimica, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Bari, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Bari, Italy
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Asgari E, Sheikhmohammadi A, Yeganeh J. Application of the Fe3O4-chitosan nano-adsorbent for the adsorption of metronidazole from wastewater: Optimization, kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:694-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dutta J, Mala AA. Removal of antibiotic from the water environment by the adsorption technologies: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:401-426. [PMID: 32960788 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are known as emergent pollutants because of their toxicological properties. Due to continuous discharge and persistence in the aquatic environment, antibiotics are detected almost in every environmental matrix. Therefore antibiotics that are polluting the aquatic environment have gained significant research interest for their removal. Several techniques have been used to remove pollutants, but appropriate technology is still to be found. This review addresses the use of modified and cheap materials for antibiotic removal from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Dutta
- Department of Zoology School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India E-mail:
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Mala
- Department of Zoology School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India E-mail:
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Kaczmarek-Kędziera A. Gas Phase Computational Study of Diclofenac Adsorption on Chitosan Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112549. [PMID: 32486148 PMCID: PMC7321203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their metabolites exposes living organisms on their long-lasting, damaging influence. Hence, the ways of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) removal from soils and wastewater is sought for. Among the potential adsorbents, biopolymers are employed for their good availability, biodegradability and low costs. The first available theoretical modeling study of the interactions of diclofenac with models of pristine chitosan and its modified chains is presented here. Supermolecular interaction energy in chitosan:drug complexes is compared with the the mutual attraction of the chitosan dimers. Supermolecular interaction energy for the chitosan-diclofenac complexes is significantly lower than the mutual interaction between two chitosan chains, suggesting that the diclofenac molecule will encounter problems when penetrating into the chitosan material. However, its surface adsorption is feasible due to a large number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors both in biopolymer and in diclofenac. Modification of chitosan material introducing long-distanced amino groups significantly influences the intramolecular interactions within a single polymer chain, thus blocking the access of diclofenac to the biopolymer backbone. The strongest attraction between two chitosan chains with two long-distanced amino groups can exceed 120 kcal/mol, while the modified chitosan:diclofenac interaction remains of the order of 20 to 40 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaczmarek-Kędziera
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Chitosan Biopolymer from Crab Shell as Recyclable Film to Remove/Recover in Batch Ketoprofen from Water: Understanding the Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12233810. [PMID: 31756964 PMCID: PMC6926638 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seafood, a delight for many people, is sold in the market as a wide variety of products. However, seafood industries produce many by-products; for example, during the processing, the heads and shells of shellfish are generated as waste. This results in the generation of a large amount of shell waste that is accumulated over time, inducing a major environmental concern. Effective solutions for recycling shell waste should be taken into consideration, and the extraction of commercially useful substances like chitin and its derivates, such as chitosan, could be a valid solution for reducing the seafood waste’s environmental impact. Thus, during this work, we propose the use of chitosan as biowaste, to induce the formation of solid films useful for decontaminating water from emerging pollutants. In particular, ketoprofen was used as a model contaminant, and a high percentage of removal, at least 90%, was obtained in a short time under our experimental conditions. Thus, a comprehensive investigation into the adsorption of ketoprofen onto chitosan film was performed, detailing the nature of the adsorption by studying the effects of pH, temperature changes, and electrolyte presence in the solutions containing the pollutant. The process was found to be pH-dependent, involving meanly electrostatic interactions between the pollutant molecules and chitosan. The endothermic character of the adsorption was inferred. The kinetics of the process was investigated, showing that the pseudo second-order kinetic model best fit the experimental data. A recycling process of the adsorbent was proposed; therefore, the adsorbed pollutant can be recovered by reusing the same adsorbent material for further consecutive cycles of adsorption without affecting the efficiency for ketoprofen removal from water.
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Chitosan Film as Eco-Friendly and Recyclable Bio-Adsorbent to Remove/Recover Diclofenac, Ketoprofen, and their Mixture from Wastewater. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100571. [PMID: 31590344 PMCID: PMC6843693 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reported the first example on the use of chitosan films, without further modification, to remove and recover, through bio-sorption processes, the emerging pollutant Diclofenac from water. The latter was adopted as a model, among non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, by obtaining a maximum adsorption capacity, qmax, on chitosan of about 10 mg/g, under the applied experimental conditions of work. The literature gap about the use of chitosan films, which was already used for dyes and heavy metals removal, to adsorb emerging pollutants from water was covered, claiming the wide range application of chitosan films to remove a different class of pollutants. Several parameters affecting the Diclofenac adsorption process, such as the pH and ionic strength of solutions containing Diclofenac, the amount of the bio-sorbent and pollutant, and the temperature values, were investigated. The kinetics and the adsorption isotherms, along with the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) were also evaluated. The process occurred very efficiently, and Chitosan/Diclofenac amounts dependent, remove about the 90% of the pollutant, in 2 h, from the tested solutions, through electrostatic interaction involving the carboxylic moiety of Diclofenac and Chitosan amino groups. This finding was confirmed by the pH and salt effects on the bio-sorption process, including swelling measurements of Chitosan films and by FTIR-ATR analysis. In detail, the maximum adsorption was observed at pH 5, when pollutant and Chitosan were negatively and positively charged, respectively. By reducing or increasing the pH around this value, a reduced affinity was observed. Accordingly, the presence of salts retarded the Diclofenac removal screening its charges, which hinders the interaction with Chitosan. The sorption was spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and endothermic (ΔH° > 0) following the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The process was Diclofenac and Chitosan amount dependent. In addition, the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms well described the process, which showed the heterogeneous character of the process. Experiments of the complete desorption were also performed by using NaCl solutions 0.25 M (like sea water salt concentration) proposing the reuse of the pollutant and the recycling of the bio-sorbent lowering the associated costs. The versatility of the adsorbent was reported by exploring the possibility to induce the Diclofenac light-induced degradation after the adsorption and by-products adsorption onto chitosan films. To emphasize the chitosan capacity of treating water, the removal of another pollutant such as Ketoprofen and the mixture of Diclofenac and Ketoprofen were investigated. In this way, a green and eco-friendly production-pollution prevention technology for removing emerging pollutants from water was presented, which reduced the overall environmental impact. This illustrated experiments both in static and dynamic conditions for potential industrial applications.
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Cohen E, Merzendorfer H. Chitin/Chitosan: Versatile Ecological, Industrial, and Biomedical Applications. EXTRACELLULAR SUGAR-BASED BIOPOLYMERS MATRICES 2019; 12. [PMCID: PMC7115017 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a linear polysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine, which is highly abundant in nature and mainly produced by marine crustaceans. Chitosan is obtained by hydrolytic deacetylation. Both polysaccharides are renewable resources, simply and cost-effectively extracted from waste material of fish industry, mainly crab and shrimp shells. Research over the past five decades has revealed that chitosan, in particular, possesses unique and useful characteristics such as chemical versatility, polyelectrolyte properties, gel- and film-forming ability, high adsorption capacity, antimicrobial and antioxidative properties, low toxicity, and biocompatibility and biodegradability features. A plethora of chemical chitosan derivatives have been synthesized yielding improved materials with suggested or effective applications in water treatment, biosensor engineering, agriculture, food processing and storage, textile additives, cosmetics fabrication, and in veterinary and human medicine. The number of studies in this research field has exploded particularly during the last two decades. Here, we review recent advances in utilizing chitosan and chitosan derivatives in different technical, agricultural, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Cohen
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- School of Science and Technology, Institute of Biology – Molecular Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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18
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Soares SF, Fernandes T, Sacramento M, Trindade T, Daniel-da-Silva AL. Magnetic quaternary chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for the efficient uptake of diclofenac from water. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 203:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Riegger BR, Kowalski R, Hilfert L, Tovar GE, Bach M. Chitosan nanoparticles via high-pressure homogenization-assisted miniemulsion crosslinking for mixed-matrix membrane adsorbers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rutenberg R, Golden G, Cohen Y, Kleiman M, Poverenov E. Investigation of Substituent Effect in Modified Nature-Sourced Polymers: Rational Side Chain Engineering to Control Yield, Design, and Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12841-12850. [PMID: 31458008 PMCID: PMC6644356 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
"Side chain engineering" research has yielded many promising and beneficial results, with applications in various fields. However, this research did not receive sufficient focus when nature-sourced polymers are concerned. In this study, we have performed side chain engineering on chitosan, a nature-sourced polysaccharide, by coupling it with a number of aliphatic aldehydes of varying chain lengths. The side chains' length and the pursuing effect on the modified products' properties were studied in great detail. In terms of coupling yields, it was found that some substituents have displayed more favorable results than others by a factor of over 35 times. When studying the modified polymers' physical and mechanical properties, some of them were found to exhibit more rigid mechanical properties by a factor of 3.5 times than others. The effect was also expressed through self-assembly concentrations and encapsulation capabilities of the modified polymers. Remarkably, the combined experimental and calculated kinetic studies showed the results do not necessarily follow a linear progression relating to substituent chain length, but rather a parabolic pattern with a specific extremum point. This study has assisted in shedding light on the inspected phenomenon, explaining that not only steric and electronic factors but also interfacial solubility related factors govern the coupling reaction and the resulting modified polymers' properties. As chemical protocols in various academic, clinical, and industrial studies around the world slowly shift their norms toward finding safer ways for the production of novel materials and technologies, nature-sourced polymers hold great promise as virtually inexhaustible raw materials. The perfection of their chemical modification is therefore relevant now more than ever, with far-reaching and diverse applicative prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Rutenberg
- Postharvest
and Food Science Institute and Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science
and Nutrition, Faculty of
Agriculture, Food and Environment and Environmental Studies and Agricultural
Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gilad Golden
- Postharvest
and Food Science Institute and Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science
and Nutrition, Faculty of
Agriculture, Food and Environment and Environmental Studies and Agricultural
Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Cohen
- Postharvest
and Food Science Institute and Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science
and Nutrition, Faculty of
Agriculture, Food and Environment and Environmental Studies and Agricultural
Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maya Kleiman
- Postharvest
and Food Science Institute and Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
| | - Elena Poverenov
- Postharvest
and Food Science Institute and Plant Science Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel
- E-mail: . Phone: 972-3983354, 972-506220070
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de Andrade JR, Oliveira MF, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA. Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals from Water and Wastewater Using Nonconventional Low-Cost Materials: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia R. de Andrade
- Department of Processes and Products Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria F. Oliveira
- Department of Processes and Products Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meuris G. C. da Silva
- Department of Processes and Products Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa G. A. Vieira
- Department of Processes and Products Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Avenue, 500, 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Removal of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions using O-carboxymethyl-N-laurylchitosan/γ-Fe 2 O 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Lu X, Shao Y, Gao N, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Lu Y. Adsorption and removal of clofibric acid and diclofenac from water with MIEX resin. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:400-411. [PMID: 27448753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of MIEX resin as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of clofibric acid (CA) and diclofenac (DCF). The adsorption performance of CA and DCF are investigated by a batch mode in single-component or bi-component adsorption system. Various factors influencing the adsorption of CA and DCF, including initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, agitation speed, natural organic matter and coexistent anions are studied. The Langmuir model can well describe CA adsorption in single-component system, while the Freundlich model gives better fitting in bi-component system. The DCF adsorption can be well fitted by the Freundlich model in both systems. Thermodynamic analyses show that the adsorption of CA and DCF is an endothermic (ΔH(o) > 0), entropy driven (ΔS(o) > 0) process and more randomness exists in the DCF adsorption process. The values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG(o) < 0) indicate the adsorption of DCF is spontaneous but nonspontaneous (ΔG(o) > 0) for CA adsorption. The kinetic data suggest the adsorption of CA and DCF follow the pseudo-first-order model in both systems and the intra-particle is not the unique rate-limiting step. The adsorption process is controlled simultaneously by external mass transfer and surface diffusion according to the surface diffusion modified Biot number (Bis) ranging from 1.06 to 26.15. Moreover, the possible removal mechanism for CA and DCF is respectively proposed based on the ion exchange stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; China Academy of Urban Planning & Design, Beijing, China.
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yansen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Sequestration of agrochemicals from aqueous media using cross-linked chitosan-based sorbents. ADSORPTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-016-9796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Chitosan-based adsorption and freeze deproteinization: Improved extraction and purification of synthetic colorants from protein-rich food samples. Food Chem 2015; 188:240-7. [PMID: 26041188 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A freeze method for deproteinization coupling with the chitosan purification process was developed for the determination of 8 synthetic food colorants in protein-rich samples. The solvents for extraction and different methods for deproteinization were examined and selected. Chitosan was employed for the purification after deproteinization, and further compared with the traditional polyamine purification method. Determination of the purified extract was conducted through the separation using high performance liquid chromatography and detection by multi-wavelength mode. Under the optimum conditions, the method showed good linearity between 0.6 and 10mg/kg, for the 8 synthetic colorants, and the limit of detection was between 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg as was defined when the ratio of signal to noise was three. The recoveries of the spiked samples were found to be between 83% and 91%. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision was estimated to be 3-10% and 6-12%, respectively. The developed method could be applied to deproteinization and clean-up for pretreatment of protein-rich samples.
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Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN. Recent modifications of chitosan for adsorption applications: a critical and systematic review. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:312-37. [PMID: 25584681 PMCID: PMC4306939 DOI: 10.3390/md13010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012-2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Kyzas
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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