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Chen S, Zhang G, Liang X, Wang L, Li Z, He Y, Li B, Zhan F. A Dark Septate Endophyte Improves Cadmium Tolerance of Maize by Modifying Root Morphology and Promoting Cadmium Binding to the Cell Wall and Phosphate. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050531. [PMID: 37233243 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) can improve the performance of host plants grown in heavy metal-polluted soils, but the mechanism is still unclear. A sand culture experiment was performed to investigate the effects of a DSE strain (Exophiala pisciphila) on maize growth, root morphology, and cadmium (Cd) uptake under Cd stress at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg·kg-1). The results indicated that the DSE significantly improved the Cd tolerance of maize, causing increases in biomass, plant height, and root morphology (length, tips, branch, and crossing number); enhancing the Cd retention in roots with a decrease in the transfer coefficient of Cd in maize plants; and increasing the Cd proportion in the cell wall by 16.0-25.6%. In addition, DSE significantly changed the chemical forms of Cd in maize roots, resulting in decreases in the proportions of pectates and protein-integrated Cd by 15.6-32.4%, but an increase in the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd by 33.3-83.3%. The correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between the root morphology and the proportions of insoluble phosphate Cd and Cd in the cell wall. Therefore, the DSE improved the Cd tolerance of plants both by modifying root morphology, and by promoting Cd binding to the cell walls and forming an insoluble phosphate Cd of lower activity. These results of this study provide comprehensive evidence for the mechanisms by which DSE colonization enhances Cd tolerance in maize in root morphology with Cd subcellular distribution and chemical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guangqun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinran Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zuran Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yongmei He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fangdong Zhan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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2
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Wang L, Li Z, Zhang G, Liang X, Hu L, Li Y, He Y, Zhan F. Dark septate endophyte Exophiala pisciphila promotes maize growth and alleviates cadmium toxicity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1165131. [PMID: 37113231 PMCID: PMC10126344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are typical root endophytes with the ability to enhance plant growth and tolerance to heavy metals, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of a DSE strain, Exophiala pisciphila, in mitigating cadmium (Cd, 20 mg/kg) toxicity in maize were investigated. Our results showed, under Cd stress, E. pisciphila inoculation enhanced the biomass of maize and reduced both inorganic and soluble forms of Cd (high toxicity) by 52.6% in maize leaves, which may be potentially contributing to Cd toxicity mitigation. Besides, E. pisciphila inoculation significantly affected the expression of genes involved in the signal transduction and polar transport of phytohormone, and then affected abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents in maize roots, which was the main reason for promoting maize growth. In addition, E. pisciphila also made a 27% increase in lignin content by regulating the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of it, which was beneficial to hinder the transport of Cd. In addition, E. pisciphila inoculation also activated glutathione metabolism by the up-regulation of genes related to glutathione S-transferase. This study helps to elucidate the functions of E. pisciphila under Cd stress, sheds light on the mechanism of detoxifying Cd and provides new insights into the protection of crops from heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zuran Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guangqun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinran Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Linyan Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongmei He
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Fangdong Zhan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Fangdong Zhan,
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Ban Y, Tan J, Xiong Y, Mo X, Li W, Jia C, Ding Y, Xu Z. The responses and detoxification mechanisms of dark septate endophytes (DSE), Exophiala salmonis, to CuO nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13773-13787. [PMID: 36149553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To understand the tolerance mechanisms of dark septate endophytes (DSE), Exophiala salmonis, to CuO nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) with different sizes (40 and 150 nm), we investigated the morphology, antioxidant response, Cu subcellular distribution, and the melanin gene expression in the mycelia of E. salmonis. E. salmonis was cultured in liquid and solid media under the stress of increasing CuO-NP concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 250 mg/L). Results showed that (1) E. salmonis showed good CuO-NP tolerance, and the tolerance to CuO-NPs at 150 nm was stronger than that at 40 nm. A large number of agglomeration structures were observed on the mycelia surface with the exception of 50 mg/L CuO-NPs with a diameter of 150 nm. (2) CuO-NP stress significantly stimulated the production of antioxidant enzymes, particularly the CuO-NPs with small particle size (40 nm). (3) Cu uptaken by E. salmonis increased proportionally with the increase of CuO-NP concentration in the medium. More than 80% Cu was absorbed in cell wall of mycelia treated with a small particle size (40 nm). (4) FTIR analysis revealed that hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, and phosphate groups were associated with CuO-NP binding regardless of particle size. (5) Fungal melanin content increased with the addition of CuO-NPs; the increase of melanin induced by CuO-NPs with small particle size (40 nm) was more significant. (6) The expression of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase (Arp2) in the melanin synthesis pathway increased under the stress of CuO-NPs, and CuO-NPs with a small particle size (40 nm) caused a significant change in the expression level of Arp2 gene than those with a large particle size (150 nm). In conclusion, E. salmonis had a strong tolerance to CuO-NPs and mitigated the toxic effects of CuO-NPs through the antioxidant system, the expression of genes related to melanin synthesis, and the synthesis of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Ban
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayuan Tan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiantong Mo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chenyue Jia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yiwen Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhouying Xu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Liu N, Jacquemyn H, Liu Q, Shao SC, Ding G, Xing X. Effects of a Dark Septate Fungal Endophyte on the Growth and Physiological Response of Seedlings to Drought in an Epiphytic Orchid. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961172. [PMID: 35875551 PMCID: PMC9304953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a group of facultative biotrophic root-colonizing fungi that live within a plant for a part of their life cycle without causing any apparent, overt negative effects. These fungi have been found in >600 different plant species, including orchids. Although the precise ecological functions of dark septate fungal endophytes are not yet well understood, there is increasing evidence that they enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition, and improve the plant’s ability to tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses. In this research, we tested the effects of a DSE isolated from the roots of the epiphytic orchid Coelogyne viscosa on the growth and drought tolerance of orchid seedlings. Our results showed that addition of DSE inoculum significantly enhanced biomass of seedlings and increased the activities of drought resistance related enzymes and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances. These results suggest that DSE can fulfill important ecological functions in stressful environments and potentially play an important role in the life cycle of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Shao
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoke Xing,
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Insights into the beneficial roles of dark septate endophytes in plants under challenging environment: resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:79. [PMID: 35332399 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSE) exert a plethora of effects in regulating plant growth, signalling and stress tolerance. The advent of metagenomics has led to the identification of various species of DSE to be associated with plant organs. They are known to modulate growth, nutrient uptake, phytohormone biosynthesis and production of active bioconstituents in several plants. The interactions between the DSE and host plants are mostly mutualistic but they can also be neutral or exhibit negative interactions. The DSE has beneficial role in removal/sequestration of toxic heavy metals from various environmental sites. Here, we discuss the beneficial role of DSE in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, drought conditions, high salinity and protection from various plant pathogens. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of stress resilience facilitated by DSE-plant interaction has also been discussed. The article also provides insights to some important future perspectives associated with DSE-mediated phytoremediation and reclamation of polluted land worldwide thus facilitating sustainable agriculture.
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El-Sayed MT, Ezzat SM, Taha AS, Ismaiel AA. Iron stress response and bioaccumulation potential of three fungal strains isolated from sewage-irrigated soil. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1936-1953. [PMID: 34796581 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Contamination with heavy metal (HM) is a severe environmental issue. Therefore, there is a pressing need to create environmentally safe and cost-effective HM bioremediation approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Three iron-tolerant fungal strains were isolated from sewage-irrigated soils, molecularly identified and deposited in the GenBank as Aspergillus flavus MT639638, A. terreus MT605370 and Fusarium oxysporum MT605399. The fungal growth, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), tolerance index (TI), removal efficiency, bioaccumulation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Based on MIC values, A. flavus MT639638 was the most resistant strain. F. oxysporum displayed the highest percent removal efficiency (93.65% at 4000 mg L-1 ) followed by A. flavus (92.92%, at 11,000 mg L-1 ), and A. terreus (91.18% at 3000 mg L-1 ). F. oxysporum was selected based on its highly sensitivity for further characterization of its response to Fe(II) stress using TEM, SEM and EDX, in addition to HPLC analysis of organic acids. These analyses demonstrated the localization of bioaccumulated Fe(II) and ultrastructural changes induced by iron and indicated induction release of organic acids. CONCLUSIONS Our fungal strains showed an effective capacity for removal of Fe(II) via bioaccumulation and biosorption mechanisms which were supported by instrumental analyses. The iron tolerance potentiality was mediated by induction of selected antioxidative enzymes and biomolecules. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study depicts a potential utilization of the three fungal strains for the bioremediation of iron-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal T El-Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Saeid M Ezzat
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S Taha
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Potisek M, Likar M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Arčon I, Grdadolnik J, Regvar M. 1,8-dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN) - melanin confers tolerance to cadmium in isolates of melanised dark septate endophytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112493. [PMID: 34265529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of 1,8-dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN) melanin to cadmium (Cd) tolerance in two dark septate endophytes (DSE) of the genus Cadophora with different melanin content was investigated in vitro. The DSE isolate Cad#148 with higher melanin content showed higher tolerance to Cd than the less melanised Cad#149. Melanin synthesis was significantly reduced by Cd in both isolates with uninhibited melanin synthesis, in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of melanin synthesis by tricyclazole reduced the relative growth of Cad#148 exposed to Cd and did not affect Cad#149. Cd accumulation was not altered by tricyclazole in the two isolates, but it increased catalase and reduced glutathione reductase activity in more melanised Cad#148, indicating higher stress levels. In contrast, in Cad#149 the enzyme activity was less affected by tricyclazole, indicating a more pronounced role of melanin-independent Cd tolerance mechanisms. Cd ligand environment in fungal mycelia was analysed by extended EXAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure). It revealed that Cd was mainly bound to O- and S-ligands, including hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate and thiol groups. A similar proportion of S- and O- ligands (~35% and ~65%) were found in both isolates with uninhibited melanin synthesis. Among O-ligands two types with Cd-O-C- and Cd-O-P- coordination were identified. Tricyclazole altered Cd-O- ligand environment in both fungal isolates by reducing the proportion of Cd-O-C- and increasing the proportion of Cd-O-P coordination. DHN-melanin, among other tolerance mechanisms, significantly contributes to Cd tolerance in more melanised DSE fungi by immobilising Cd to hydroxyl groups and maintaining the integrity of the fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Potisek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matevž Likar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Arčon
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, POB 301, SI-5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jože Grdadolnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjana Regvar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Liu D, Zhu L, Li T, Zhao Z. Mutualism between Dark Septate Endophytes (DSEs) and their host plants under metal stress: a case study. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1954097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Li X, Lan X, Feng X, Luan X, Cao X, Cui Z. Biosorption capacity of Mucor circinelloides bioaugmented with Solanum nigrum L. for the cleanup of lead, cadmium and arsenic. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 212:112014. [PMID: 33548569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biosorption and bioaugmentation performances of Mucor circinelloides were investigated under different contact time, initial metal(loid) concentration and species. The microbe-plant interaction appeared synergistic with enhancing plant growth and alleviating oxidative damages induced by lead, cadmium and arsenic. The bioaugmentation with M. circinelloides led to significant immobilization on lead, cadmium and arsenic as indicated by the decreases of metal(loid) transfer and bioavailability in plant-microbe aqueous system. Lead, cadmium and arsenic were mainly allocated on cell wall and a few parts entered into intercellular system, suggesting cell wall adsorption and intracellular bioaccumulation served as the main mechanisms of M. circinelloides. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms on lead, cadmium and arsenic were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, with the maximum adsorption capacities of 500, 15.4 and 29.4 mg·g-1 fungal biomass at pH 6.0 and 25 ℃. The optimum initial concentration and contact time were 300-10-20 mg·L-1 and 2 h. This study provides a basis for M. circinelloides as a promising adsorbent and bioaugmented agent for the cleanup of soil/aqueous environment contaminated with lead, cadmium and arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Xiang Lan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiuwei Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyu Luan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiufeng Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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10
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Exogenous Glutathione Alleviation of Cd Toxicity in Italian Ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum) by Modulation of the Cd Absorption, Subcellular Distribution, and Chemical Form. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218143. [PMID: 33158133 PMCID: PMC7663564 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular fractions and the chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) reflect its level of toxicity to plants; however, these effects of exogenous glutathione (GSH) are poorly understood. We exposed two Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars (IdyII and Harukaze) to 50 µM Cd or 200 µM GSH to investigate the effect of GSH on the Cd uptake, subcellular compartments, and chemical forms. Cd significantly inhibited the plant growth, while GSH supplementation decreased this inhibition. The application of GSH significantly improved the Cd concentration in the roots but reduced that in the shoots and decreased the Cd translocation from root to shoot. The Cd concentration of the root in the cell wall was increased while the concentration in the soluble fraction was decreased when supplied with GSH. The inorganic form (80% ethanol for Cd extraction) in the roots was significantly reduced when treated with GSH. The Cd form extracted by 2% acetic acid (HAC) with low toxicity and immobility were greatly increased. In leaves, the application GSH decreased in any form of Cd form extracted. In conclusion, exogenous GSH decreased the translocation of Cd and alleviated Italian ryegrass Cd toxicity by accumulating more Cd in the root cell wall and immobilizing more Cd in lower toxicity fractions.
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11
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Vergara Cid C, Oburger E, Preiner J, Pignata ML, Rodriguez JH. Metal solubility in the rhizosphere of a co-cropping system. The role of total carbon exudation, soluble proteins and plant interaction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 273:128602. [PMID: 34756342 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we assessed how modified rhizosphere pH and root exudation (total carbon (C) and soluble proteins released) affected lead (Pb) solubility as well as plant growth and Pb accumulation. A pot experiment with Pb polluted agricultural soils was performed, which involved growing two species, Capsicum annum (pepper) and Tagetes minuta, with the latter being a native herb indicated as potential phytoextractor of Pb, in monocrop and co-cropping conditions. Changes in plant growth, metal uptake as well as rhizosphere soil parameters (pH, EC) and total C and protein exudation were determined. In addition, the metal extraction efficiency of exudates released under mono- and co-cropped conditions were investigated. Results showed that in contrast to the control soil (with low Pb concentration), total C exudation was higher in co-cropping systems in Pb contaminated soils which lead to increases in Pb uptake in both species. Exudates originating from T. minuta were more efficient in solubilizing Pb than exudates from pepper when grown under mono-cropping conditions. Exudates derived from co-cropping both species were either equally or less efficient in mobilizing Pb than exudates from T. minuta. The capacity of exudates to mobilize metals was dependent not only on the species specific quality of root exudates released, but also on its quantity, with the metal extraction efficiency increasing with C concentration in exudates. However, the role of exuded proteins in Pb solubilization was found to be negligible. Biochemical interactions in the rhizosphere under co-cropping conditions favored metal solubilization, and consequently Pb accumulation. The co-cropping conditions could allow accumulation of Pb to levels in pepper that pose risks when the plants are used as a food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vergara Cid
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Área Contaminación y Bioindicadores, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, FCEFyN, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Eva Oburger
- BOKU, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Julian Preiner
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - María L Pignata
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Área Contaminación y Bioindicadores, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, FCEFyN, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Judith H Rodriguez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Área Contaminación y Bioindicadores, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, FCEFyN, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, X5016CGA, Córdoba, Argentina
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12
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Berthelot C, Zegeye A, Gaber DA, Chalot M, Franken P, Kovács GM, Leyval C, Blaudez D. Unravelling the Role of Melanin in Cd and Zn Tolerance and Accumulation of Three Dark Septate Endophytic Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E537. [PMID: 32276491 PMCID: PMC7232325 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are often trace element (TE)-tolerant fungi and are abundant in TE-polluted environments. The production of melanin, a black polymer found in cell walls, was hypothesized by several authors to play a role in the TE tolerance of DSEs. To test this hypothesis, we established a series of experiments using albino strains and melanin inhibitors and examined the responses to Cd and Zn. Six DSEs belonging to genera Cadophora sp., Leptodontidium sp. and Phialophora mustea, were evaluated. The strains mainly produced 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin whereas 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanin melanin was also synthetized. Cd and Zn decreased melanin synthesis in most of the strains. A reduction in melanin concentration in hyphae through the use of tricyclazole, an inhibitor of DHN-melanin synthesis, did not reduce the tolerance of the strains to Cd and Zn. Similarly, albino mutants of Leptodontidium sp. were not more sensitive to Cd and Zn than the WT strain. Moreover, tricyclazole-treated colonies accumulated less Cd but more Zn compared to untreated colonies. The Cd and Zn contents of Leptodontidium albino strains were variable and similar to that of the WT. The results suggest that melanin production is not an important functional trait that contributes to Cd and Zn tolerance, but might contribute to Cd accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berthelot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
- CTIFL, Centre de Carquefou, F-44483 Carquefou, France
| | - Asfaw Zegeye
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Dalia A. Gaber
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
| | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, CNRS, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, F-25211 Montbéliard, France
- Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Philipp Franken
- Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany
- Erfurt Research Centre for Horticultural Crops, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, 99090 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Corinne Leyval
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Hou L, Yu J, Zhao L, He X. Dark Septate Endophytes Improve the Growth and the Tolerance of Medicago sativa and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Under Cadmium Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3061. [PMID: 32047481 PMCID: PMC6997539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the ecological function of dark septate endophytes (DSEs) is well studied, little is known about the responses of the host plant to DSEs obtained from other plants, especially under conditions of heavy metal stress. This study aimed to investigate how DSEs from a heavy-metal habitat affect non-host plants in cadmium (Cd) stress soils, which then provides a basis for the application of DSEs in the cultivation of different plant and soil remediation strategies for polluted ecosystems. We isolated and identified two species of DSE (Acrocalymma vagum and Scytalidium lignicola) inhabiting the roots of Ilex chinensis (host plant) which are grown in metal-polluted habitats. Then, the Cd stress tolerance of the DSEs was tested using a pure culture of which the Cd concentration has been adjusted. Subsequently, we examined the performance of non-host plants (Medicago sativa and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus) which were inoculated with DSEs under Cd stress in a growth chamber. The results indicated that the two DSEs could grow under Cd stress in vitro, even when not exhibiting high levels of tolerance to Cd. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), soluble protein, and melanin of the DSE fungi reached maximal levels at concentrations of 30-60 mg Cd/L, indicating the important preventive strategies adopted by the DSE fungi in environments contaminated by Cd. Despite a decreased biomass of DSE hyphae with enhanced Cd concentrations, the accumulation of Cd in the DSE hyphae tended to show an increasing trend. Both DSEs were effective colonizers of the non-host plants. A. vagum and S. lignicola inoculation significantly promoted the biomass and the root architecture of the two non-host plants under Cd stress. A. vagum inoculation increased the total nitrogen (TN) of A. mongolicus, whereas inoculation with S. lignicola significantly increased the organic carbon (OC) of M. sativa. In particular, the DSE inoculation significantly improved the accumulation of Cd in plant tissues under Cd stress, demonstrating a potential application in the bio-remediation of heavy-metal-pollution areas. Our findings suggest that the DSE inoculation improved the root growth and nutrient absorption of non-host plants, altered the soil Cd concentration, and facilitated plant growth and survival under Cd stress. These results contribute to a better understanding of DSE-plant interactions in habitats contaminated by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xueli He
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Chai L, Huang M, Cao X, Liu M, Huang Y. Potential metal-binding ability of proteins in the extracellular slime of Laccaria bicolor exposed to excessive Cu and Cd. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20418-20427. [PMID: 31098914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi can enhance the tolerance of plants to heavy metal stress by reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in the aerial parts of the plants. Extracellular chelation is a major mechanism of heavy metal tolerance in ectomycorrhizal fungi in which extracellular slime plays a fundamental role. The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential metal-binding ability and the protein composition of extracellular slime. The extracellular slime of Laccaria bicolor (L. bicolor) cultivated under Cd2+ and Cu2+ stress was separated using various ultrasonic pre-treatments. The protein content, composition, and metal content of the extracellular slime were measured. The results showed that the protein content in the extracellular slime significantly increased under both Cd2+ and Cu2+ stress. The SDS-PAGE profile showed that Cd2+ and Cu2+ stress induced the expression of several new proteins. Heavy metal quantification revealed that the Cd content fixed in the extracellular slime accounted for 22-28% of the metal fixed by the fungal mycelia. Meanwhile, no Cu was detected in the fungal extracellular slime, implying that the extracellular slime may not be effective for the fixation of essential metallic elements such as Cu. Taken together, these results provided evidence that L. bicolor was able to ameliorate the intracellular Cd content by stimulating extracellular slime exudation and altering the composition of the proteins therein. Nevertheless, this blocking strategy may be effective only for the non-essential element Cd and was ineffective for the physiological element Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Muke Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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15
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Rao S, Liang J, Song W. Accumulation of 152+154Eu(III) by Aspergillus sydowii and Trichoderma harzianum. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 193-194:75-81. [PMID: 30218792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclides-resistant filamentous fungi were isolated from radionuclides' contaminated soils. Effects of contact time, mycelia dosage, pH, ionic strength and thiol compounds on 152+154Eu(III) accumulation on two kinds of filamentous fungi (Aspergillus sydowii and Trichoderma harzianum, denoted as A. sydowii and T. harzianum, respectively) were investigated by batch techniques. The maximum tolerance to Eu(III) concentration of A. sydowii and T. harzianum reached 3000 mg/L and 3500 mg/L, and the Eu(III) accumulation on A. sydowii and T. harzianum can be fitted better with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. Filamentous fungi were characterized by FT-IR and acid base titrations, and morphological structures of mycelia changed obviously under Eu(III) stress by SEM and TEM analysis. The results suggested that filamentous fungi could play an important role in the migration and transformation of radionuclides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Rao
- School of Nursing, Anhui Sanlian University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Jun Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; Jianghuai College, Anhui University, Hefei, 230039, PR China
| | - Wencheng Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
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16
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Song W, Wang X, Chen Z, Sheng G, Hayat T, Wang X, Sun Y. Enhanced immobilization of U(VI) on Mucor circinelloides in presence of As(V): Batch and XAFS investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:228-236. [PMID: 29486456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined pollution of radionuclides and heavy metals has been given rise to widespread concern during uranium mining. The influence of As(V) on U(VI) immobilization by Mucor circinelloides (M. circinelloides) was investigated using batch experiments. The activity of antioxidative enzymes and concentrations of thiol compounds and organic acid in M. circinelloides increased to respond to different U(VI) and As(V) stress. The morphological structure of M. circinelloides changed obviously under U(VI) and As(V) stress by SEM and TEM analysis. The results of XANES and EXAFS analysis showed that U(VI) was mainly reduced to nano-uraninite (nano-UO2, 30.1%) in U400, while only 9.7% of nano-UO2 was observed in the presence of As(V) in U400-As400 due to the formation of uranyl arsenate precipitate (Trögerite, 48.6%). These observations will provide the fundamental data for fungal remediation of uranium and heavy metals in uranium-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics Technology and Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences and Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiangxue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Zhongshan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Guodong Sheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Tasawar Hayat
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangke Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, PR China; NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yubing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China.
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Berthelot C, Blaudez D, Beguiristain T, Chalot M, Leyval C. Co-inoculation of Lolium perenne with Funneliformis mosseae and the dark septate endophyte Cadophora sp. in a trace element-polluted soil. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:301-314. [PMID: 29502186 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of dark septate endophytes (DSEs) or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in plant roots and their effects on plant fitness have been extensively described. However, little is known about their interactions when they are simultaneously colonizing a plant root, especially in trace element (TE)-polluted soils. We therefore investigated the effects of Cadophora sp. and Funneliformis mosseae on ryegrass (Lolium perenne) growth and element uptake in a Cd/Zn/Pb-polluted soil. The experiment included four treatments, i.e., inoculation with Cadophora sp., inoculation with F. mosseae, co-inoculation with Cadophora sp. and F. mosseae, and no inoculation. Ryegrass biomass and shoot Na, P, K, and Mg concentrations significantly increased following AMF inoculation as compared to non-inoculated controls. Similarly, DSE inoculation increased shoot Na concentration, whereas dual inoculation significantly decreased shoot Cd concentration. Moreover, oxidative stress determined by ryegrass leaf malondialdehyde concentration was alleviated both in the AMF and dual inoculation treatments. We used quantitative PCR and microscope observations to quantify colonization rates. They demonstrated that DSEs had no effect on AMF colonization, while AMF colonization slightly decreased DSE frequency. We also monitored fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in the rhizosphere soils. FDA hydrolysis remained unchanged in the three inoculated treatments, but AMF colonization increased AP activity and P mobility in the soil whereas DSE colonization did not alter AP activity. In this experiment, we unveiled the interactions between two ecologically important fungal groups likely to occur in roots which involved a decrease of oxidative stress and Cd accumulation in shoots. These results open promising perspectives on the fungal-based phytomanagement of TE-contaminated sites by the production of uncontaminated and marketable plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Michel Chalot
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, F-25211, Montbéliard, France
- Université de Lorraine, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Corinne Leyval
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-54000, Nancy, France.
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Isolation of a fungus Pencicillium sp. with zinc tolerance and its mechanism of resistance. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:159-169. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Berthelot C, Leyval C, Foulon J, Chalot M, Blaudez D. Plant growth promotion, metabolite production and metal tolerance of dark septate endophytes isolated from metal-polluted poplar phytomanagement sites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw144. [PMID: 27364359 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies address the distribution and the diversity of dark septate endophytes (DSEs) in the literature, but little is known about their ecological role and their effect on host plants, especially in metal-polluted soils. Seven DSE strains belonging to Cadophora, Leptodontidium, Phialophora and Phialocephala were isolated from roots of poplar trees from metal-polluted sites. All strains developed on a wide range of carbohydrates, including cell-wall-related compounds. The strains evenly colonized birch, eucalyptus and ryegrass roots in re-synthesis experiments. Root and shoot growth promotion was observed and was both plant and strain dependent. Two Phialophora and Leptodontidium strains particularly improved plant growth. However, there was no correlation between the level of root colonization by DSEs and the intensity of growth promotion. All strains produced auxin and six also stimulated plant growth through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). SPME-GC/MS analyses revealed four major VOCs emitted by Cadophora and Leptodontidium The strains exhibited growth at high concentrations of several metals. The ability of metal-resistant DSE strains to produce both soluble and volatile compounds for plant growth promotion indicates interesting microbial resources with high potential to support sustainable production of bioenergy crops within the context of the phytomanagement of metal-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berthelot
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Corinne Leyval
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Foulon
- CNRS, UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- CNRS, UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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