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Devriendt-Renault Y, Dubocq F, Massat F, Guérin T, Parinet J. Fate of chlordecone during home cooking processes - Transfer into the liquid and aerial phases by conventional thermal processes. Food Chem 2024; 440:138255. [PMID: 38150904 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the fate of chlordecone (CLD) during cooking processes. Neat CLD was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, which revealed that the vast majority of the compound (79 %) was vaporised at temperatures between 55 and 245 °C. In order to monitor the behaviour of CLD during cooking processes, a QuEChERS extraction protocol was optimised for vegetable cooking oil and a heating kinetics experiment was conducted at 195 °C on CLD-spiked cooking oil. The results showed a strong decrease in CLD over time and, for the first time to our knowledge, transformation of CLD into chlordecol. Finally, a comparison was conducted between the cooking of uncured pork with and without vegetable oil. The use of vegetable oil led to a significant decrease in CLD content, but revealed that a fraction of the CLD transferred into the cooking oil. This study provides data that shed light on the fate of CLD during cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Devriendt-Renault
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; LDA26, Departmental analytical laboratory of La Drôme, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Florian Dubocq
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; University Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, F-94320 Thiais, France
| | - Félix Massat
- LDA26, Departmental analytical laboratory of La Drôme, F-26000 Valence, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- ANSES, Strategy and Programmes Department, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Parinet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Lambert M, Huby K, Parinet J, Guérin T, Lavison-Bompard G, Inthavong C. Optimization of an HPLC-MS/MS method to analyze chlordecone in bovine serum and correlations with levels in liver, muscle and fat. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141755. [PMID: 38521101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Chlordecone is an organochlorine pesticide used from 1972 to 1993 in the French West Indies. Its extensive use and high persistence in soils induced massive contamination of the environment and of the food chain, especially in cattle through contaminated soil ingestion. To ensure suitability for consumption of bovine meat, monitoring plans are set up based on perirenal fat concentrations after slaughtering. In the present study, we have investigated an in-vivo monitoring approach by measuring chlordecone levels in serum samples. For this purpose, a sensitive high-performance liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method following a QuEChERS extraction method was successfully optimized and validated, reaching a limit of quantification of 0.05 ng g-1 fresh weight. This method was applied to 121 serum samples collected from bovines originating from contaminated areas of Martinique and Guadeloupe. Chlordecone was detected in 88% of the samples, and quantified in 77% of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 22 ng g-1. Perirenal fat, liver, and muscle were also sampled on the same animals and the measured concentrations of chlordecone were statistically correlated to the levels determined in serum. Mean concentration ratios of 6.5 for fat/serum, 27.5 for liver/serum, and 3.3 for muscle/serum were calculated, meaning that chlordecone was not only distribute in fat (as expected), muscle and liver, but also in serum. Good correlations were found to allow prediction of chlordecone concentrations in muscle based on concentrations measured in serum. This study opens the door to possible pre-control of bovines before slaughter. In cases of probable non-compliance with maximum residue levels (MRLs), farm management could proceed to allow for depuration under controlled conditions. This would have a strong impact on both economic and food safety management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Lambert
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karelle Huby
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Parinet
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- ANSES, Strategy and Programmes Department, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Lavison-Bompard
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Chanthadary Inthavong
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Martin DE, Alnajjar P, Muselet D, Soligot-Hognon C, Kanso H, Pacaud S, Le Roux Y, Saaidi PL, Feidt C. Efficient biodegradation of the recalcitrant organochlorine pesticide chlordecone under methanogenic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166345. [PMID: 37591382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has long been studied as an effective environmental and economic strategy for treating matrices contaminated with recalcitrant pollutants. In the present work, we investigated the bioremediation potential of AD on organic waste contaminated with chlordecone (CLD), an organochlorine pesticide extensively used in the French West Indies and classified among the most persistent organic pollutants. Digestates from animal and plant origins were supplemented with CLD and incubated under methanogenic conditions for over 40 days. The redox potential and pH monitoring showed that methanogenic conditions were preserved during the entire incubation period despite the presence of CLD. In addition, the comparison of the total biogas generated from digestates with and without CLD demonstrated no adverse effects of CLD on biogas production. For the first time, a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction method, followed by GC-MS and LC-HRMS analyses, was developed to quantify CLD and its main known transformation products (TPs) in AD experiments. A decrease in CLD concentrations was evident to a greater extent under thermophilic conditions (55 °C) compared to mesophilic conditions (37.5 °C) (CLD removal of 85 % and 42 %, respectively, after 40 days of incubation). CLD degradation was confirmed by the detection and quantification of several TPs: 10-monohydroCLD (A1), two dihydroCLDs different from 2,8-dihydroCLD (A3), pentachloroindene (B1), tetrachloroindenes (B2, B3/B4), tetra- and tri-chloroindenecarboxylic acids (C1/C2, C3/C4). Determining TPs concentrations using the QuEChERS method provided an overview of CLD fate in AD. Overall, these results reveal that AD processes can efficiently degrade CLD into several TPs from A, B, and C families while maintaining satisfactory biogas production. They pave the way to developing a scaled-up AD process capable of treating CLD-contaminated organic wastes produced by farming, thus stopping any further transfer of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah E Martin
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Perla Alnajjar
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UR AFPA, 54500 Nancy, France; Ecole doctorale en Sciences et Technologie, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Delphine Muselet
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | | | - Hussein Kanso
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Stéphane Pacaud
- Université de Lorraine, ENSAIA, Chaire Industrielle Agrométha, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Yves Le Roux
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UR AFPA, 54500 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, ENSAIA, Chaire Industrielle Agrométha, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Pierre-Loïc Saaidi
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UR AFPA, 54500 Nancy, France
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Baudry T, Gismondi E, Goût JP, Arqué A, Smith-Ravin J, Grandjean F. The invasive crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus facing chlordecone in Martinique: Bioaccumulation and depuration study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131926. [PMID: 34435577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, was introduced to Martinique Island for aquaculture purposes at the beginning of the 21st century, in an attempt to revitalize the freshwater crustacean aquaculture sector. Mainly due to its high economical value, it was intentionally released in the wild and was caught and sold by fishermen. Martinican rivers are polluted by chlordecone, considered as one of the worst Persistant Organic Pollutants (POP). Despite its dangerousness, it was used until 1993 in the French West Indies against a banana pest and was always found in the ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the level of contamination in the muscle of crayfish caught in the wild, as well as the potential of bioconcentration and depuration in the C. quadricarinatus muscle. This study could allow us to quantify the risk for consumers but also, to evaluate a depuration process to reduce the risk related to its consumption. Using both in-vitro and in-situ experiments, results highlighted the importance of the chlordecone concentration in the water and the time of exposure to the pollutant. The bioconcentration seems to be very quick and continuous in crayfish muscle, as chlordecone can be detectable as early as 6 h of exposure, whatever the concentration tested. Finally, it appears that, even after 20 days of depuration in chlordecone-free water, chlordecone concentrations remained higher to the residual maximum limit (i.e. 20 ng/g wet weight), concluding that the decontamination of the muscle seems not very efficient, and the risk for the Martinican people could be serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baudry
- DEAL Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement, Route de la Pointe de Jaham, BP7212, Schoelcher, 97274, Martinique; ODE Office De l'Eau, 7 Avenue Condorcet, Fort-de-France, Martinique; Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267 Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, 5 Rue Albert Turpin, Poitiers Cedex, France; Groupe de Recherche BIOSPHERES, Université des Antilles, Campus de Schoelcher, F.W.I, Martinique.
| | - Eric Gismondi
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE) - Freshwater and OceaniC Sciences Unit of ReSearch (FOCUS), Chemistry Institute, Bât. B6C, 11 Allée du 6 Août, B-4000, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Goût
- DEAL Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement, Route de la Pointe de Jaham, BP7212, Schoelcher, 97274, Martinique
| | - Alexandre Arqué
- ODE Office De l'Eau, 7 Avenue Condorcet, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Juliette Smith-Ravin
- Groupe de Recherche BIOSPHERES, Université des Antilles, Campus de Schoelcher, F.W.I, Martinique
| | - Frédéric Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267 Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, 5 Rue Albert Turpin, Poitiers Cedex, France
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Fourcot A, Feidt C, Le Roux Y, Thomé JP, Rychen G, Fournier A. Characterization of chlordecone distribution and elimination in ewes during daily exposure and depuration. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130340. [PMID: 34384186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the exposure of the French West Indies population to the pollutant chlordecone (CLD), the contamination of consumed products must be reduced. One of the strategies to secure safe animal products is related to the depuration of contaminated animals. In order to set up this strategy in situ, characterizing CLD distribution and elimination appears to be essential. The aim of this study is to characterize CLD distribution and elimination in ewes, and establish correlations between CLD concentrations in tissues following a continuous oral contamination period and a depuration period. The experiment consisted in a 90-d period of CLD exposure via daily feeding at 0.01 mg kg-1 body weight, followed by a 127-d period of depuration. A total of 24 ewes were sequentially slaughtered and serum, liver, perirenal fat, subcutaneous fat, shaft muscle, longissimus dorsi muscle and heart samples were collected. CLD concentrations in serum and tissues were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Whatever the time of sampling, CLD concentrations in liver were significantly higher than in other collected tissues. However, the results showed that fat tissues stored the higher portion of CLD body burden, followed by muscle, liver, serum and heart. CLD half-lives did not differ significantly between tissues including serum and ranged between 20.2 ± 4.0 and 24.1 ± 4.9 d. Two linear models were developed to estimate CLD concentration in tissues from a blood sample. This study illustrates the theoretical methodology to estimate the time required to decontaminate farm animals from a blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Fourcot
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Yves Le Roux
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Université de Liège, LEAE-CART, Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research (FOCUS), B6C, Allée Du 6 Août, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guido Rychen
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Alabed Alibrahim E, Legeay S, Billat PA, Bichon E, Guiffard I, Antignac JP, Legras P, Roux J, Bristeau S, Clere N, Faure S, Mouvet C. In vivo comparison of the proangiogenic properties of chlordecone and three of its dechlorinated derivatives formed by in situ chemical reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40953-40962. [PMID: 30710326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) has been identified as a possible way for the remediation of soils contaminated by chlordecone (CLD). Evidences provided by the literature indicate an association between the development of prostate cancer and CLD exposure (Multigner et al. 2010). In a previous in vitro study, we demonstrated that the two main dechlorinated CLD derivatives formed by ISCR, CLD-1Cl, and CLD-3Cl have lower cytotoxicity and proangiogenic properties than CLD itself (Legeay et al. 2017). By contrast, nothing is known on the in vivo proangiogenic effect of these dechlorinated derivatives. Based on in vitro data, the aims of this study were therefore to evaluate the in vivo influence of CLD and three of its dechlorinated metabolites in the control of neovascularization in a mice model of prostate cancer. The proangiogenic effect of CLD and three of its dechlorinated derivatives, CLD-1Cl, CLD-3Cl, and CLD-4Cl, was evaluated on a murine model of human prostate tumor (PC-3) treated, at two exposure levels: 33 μg/kg and 1.7 μg/kg respectively reflecting acute and chronic toxic exposure in human. The results of serum measurements show that, for the same ingested dose, the three metabolite concentrations were significantly lower than that of CLD. Dechlorination of CLD lead therefore to molecules that are biologically absorbed or metabolized, or both, faster than the parent molecule. Prostate tumor growth was lower in the groups treated by the three metabolites compared to the one treated by CLD. The vascularization measured on the tumor sections was inversely proportional to the rate of dechlorination, the treatment with CLD-4Cl showing no difference with control animals treated with only the vehicle oil used for all substances tested. We can therefore conclude that the proangiogenic effect of CLD is significantly decreased following the ISCR-resulting dechlorination. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which dechlorination of CLD reduces proangiogenic effects in prostate tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alabed Alibrahim
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Samuel Legeay
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France.
| | - Pierre-André Billat
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bichon
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Ingrid Guiffard
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Legras
- SCAHU, UNIV Angers, Pavillon Ollivier, UFR Sciences médicales, rue Haute de Reculée, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Roux
- SCAHU, UNIV Angers, Pavillon Ollivier, UFR Sciences médicales, rue Haute de Reculée, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- Laboratory Division, BRGM, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Clere
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Faure
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4, rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Mouvet
- Water, Environment and Ecotechnologies Division, BRGM, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
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Martin D, Lobo F, Lavison-Bompard G, Guérin T, Parinet J. Effect of home cooking processes on chlordecone content in beef and investigation of its by-products and metabolites by HPLC-HRMS/MS. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106077. [PMID: 32866735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is a toxic organochlorine pesticide frequently used in the French West Indies until 1993, resulting in a contamination of soil and food. This study assessed the behaviour of CLD residues and CLD processing factors (PFs) during four home cooking processes: cooking in a conventional oven ("oven"), frying ("pan"), cooking in a microwave oven ("microwave") and grilling ("grill"). These four processes were applied to six types of naturally contaminated beef (kidney, liver, rib, chuck, top-sirloin and sirloin). Targeted analyses with isotopic dilution were carried out by ID-HPLC-MS/MS to determine CLD concentrations before and after each cooking process and the corresponding processing factors. HPLC-HRMS/MS was used to find potential organochlorine degradation by-products and/or CLD metabolites present in samples by target, suspect and non-target screening. Cooking processes and especially microwave cooking led to a significant decrease in the CLD contained in beef (2% < PF < 17%). Traces of 5b-hydro-CLD and of another mono-hydro-CLD were found in the uncooked liver but no CLD degradation by-product was observed in the cooked liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Martin
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fiona Lobo
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thierry Guérin
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Parinet
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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8
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Saint-Hilaire M, Rychen G, Thomé JP, Joaquim-Justo C, Le Roux Y, Feidt C, Fournier A. Linear toxicokinetic of chlordecone in ewe's serum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40963-40970. [PMID: 31256406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine pesticide used in banana fields of the French West Indies between 1972 and 1993. This use resulted in a long-term pollution of soils and the possible contamination of farm animals. Indeed, after involuntary ingestion of soil, CLD is absorbed and consequently leads to contaminated animals. The aim of this study was the determination of CLD half-life and the establishment of the linearity of CLD disappearance kinetics in non-lactating adult's ewes. Chlordecone diluted in cremophor was intravenously administrated to ewes at different doses: 0.04, 0.2, or 1 mg kg-1 body weight (n = 5 for each dose). Blood samples were collected from time t = 0 to time t = 84 days. Serum samples were extracted with a solid-phase extraction and analyzed by electron capture detection gas chromatography. A two-compartmental model was applied to the serum CLD kinetics. An additional statistical analysis was applied to the observed elimination parameters in serum according to the administrated dose, and no significant differences were detected. The linear elimination of CLD between 0.04 and 1 mg kg-1 body weight allowed the possibility of ewe's extrapolation half-life in this dose range. The estimated mean CLD half-life in ewes was 24 days. Overall, the results of this study will be useful to establish decontamination strategies in small ruminants reared in contaminated CLD areas. Graphical abstract Experimental design of the CLD toxicokinetic study in ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlie Saint-Hilaire
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Guido Rychen
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Université de Liège, LEAE-CART, Allée du 6 Août, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Yves Le Roux
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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9
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Fourcot A, Feidt C, Bousquet-Mélou A, Ferran AA, Gourdine JL, Bructer M, Joaquim-Justo C, Rychen G, Fournier A. Modeling chlordecone toxicokinetics data in growing pigs using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126151. [PMID: 32092563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of chlordecone (CLD), a chlorinated polycyclic pesticide used in the French West Indies banana fields between 1972 and 1993, resulted in a long-term pollution of agricultural areas. It has been observed that this persistent organic pollutant (POP) can transfer from contaminated soils to food chain. Indeed, CLD is considered almost fully absorbed after involuntary ingestion of contaminated soil by outdoor reared animals. The aim of this study was to model toxicokinetics (TKs) of CLD in growing pigs using both non-compartmental and nonlinear mixed-effects approaches (NLME). In this study, CLD dissolved in cremophor was intravenously administrated to 7 Creole growing pigs and 7 Large White growing pigs (1 mg kg-1 body weight). Blood samples were collected from time t = 0 to time t = 84 days. CLD concentrations in serum were measured by GCMS/MS. Data obtained were modeled using Monolix (2019R). Results demonstrated that a bicompartmental model best described CLD kinetics in serum. The influence of covariates (breed, initial weight and average daily gain) was simultaneously evaluated and showed that average daily gain is the main covariate explaining inter-individual TKs parameters variability. Body clearance was of 76.7 mL kg-1 d-1 and steady-state volume of distribution was of 6 L kg-1. This modeling approach constitutes the first application of NLME to study CLD TKs in farm animals and will be further used for rearing management practices in contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fourcot
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Bousquet-Mélou
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - A A Ferran
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - J L Gourdine
- Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, INRAE, URZ UR143, Domaine Duclos, 97170, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - M Bructer
- Plateforme Tropicale d'Expérimentation sur l'Animal, INRAE, PTEA UE1294, 97170, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - C Joaquim-Justo
- Université de Liège, LEAE-CART, Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research (FOCUS), B6C, Allée du 6 Août, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - G Rychen
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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10
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Collas C, Mahieu M, Tricheur A, Crini N, Badot PM, Archimède H, Rychen G, Feidt C, Jurjanz S. Cattle exposure to chlordecone through soil intake. The case-study of tropical grazing practices in the French West Indies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:161-170. [PMID: 30852194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ingested soil is a major vector of organic contaminants from environment to free-ranged animals, particularly for grazing herbivores. Therefore, a better understanding of processes driving soil intake may provide new insights to limit animal exposure to contaminants and ensure safety of animal products. To maintain the supply service of livestock farming activities in contaminated areas, it is necessary to design adapted farming practices aiming at controlling the risk for human health. This study was conducted in the French West Indies, where chlordecone, an organochlorine insecticide previously used to protect banana plantation against the black weevil and banned since 1993, has polluted nearly 20% of agricultural surfaces since the 1970s. A crossover study design was performed to estimate soil intake by twelve tethered Creole young bulls according to different grazing practices. The objectives were to characterize the influence of (i) daily herbage allowance (LOW, HIGH, ADLIB: 100, 150, 300 g DM/kg BW0.75 respectively); (ii) and soil surface moisture (SSM) testing grazing on a water-saturated (HUM) vs dried (DRY) ground. The herbage offer was managed via the allocated surfaces varying the chain length as animal holders commonly do in informal Caribbean systems. The results evidenced an increase in soil intake with DHA reduction (2.1 to 3.8% of DM intake; P < 0.05) and with SSM increase (2.4 to 3.6% of DM intake; P < 0.05). Herbage offer reduction involved a closer-to-the-ground grazing with shorter post-grazing sward surface height (82.2 to 63.3 mm; P < 0.001), and both herbage offer reduction and SSM increase amplified sward soiling (measured from titanium content in unwashed herbage and image analysis). This work showed that soil intake is unavoidable even when herbage offer is very generous. The animals will significantly increase soil intake when herbage offer would be at 150 g DM/kg BW0.75 or less, especially when the grazed surface is humid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Collas
- Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (EA 3998, USC INRA 340), Université de Lorraine-INRA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Maurice Mahieu
- Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (UR 0143), INRA Centre Antilles-Guyane, Domaine Duclos Prise d'Eau, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Alexandre Tricheur
- Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (UR 0143), INRA Centre Antilles-Guyane, Domaine Duclos Prise d'Eau, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Nadia Crini
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR CNRS 6249), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté-CNRS, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Badot
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR CNRS 6249), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté-CNRS, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Harry Archimède
- Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (UR 0143), INRA Centre Antilles-Guyane, Domaine Duclos Prise d'Eau, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Guido Rychen
- Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (EA 3998, USC INRA 340), Université de Lorraine-INRA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (EA 3998, USC INRA 340), Université de Lorraine-INRA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Jurjanz
- Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (EA 3998, USC INRA 340), Université de Lorraine-INRA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 20163, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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11
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Méndez-Fernandez P, Kiszka JJ, Heithaus MR, Beal A, Vandersarren G, Caurant F, Spitz J, Taniguchi S, Montone RC. From banana fields to the deep blue: Assessment of chlordecone contamination of oceanic cetaceans in the eastern Caribbean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:56-60. [PMID: 30503469 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the French West Indies (Caribbean), the insecticide Chlordecone (CLD) has been extensively used to reduce banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) infestations in banana plantations. Previous studies have shown high CLD concentrations in freshwater and coastal communities of the region. CLD concentrations, however, have not yet been assessed in marine top predators. We investigated CLD concentrations in cetacean blubber tissues from Guadeloupe, including Physeter macrocephalus, Lagenodelphis hosei, Stenella attenuata and Pseudorca crassidens. Chlordecone was detected in all blubber samples analysed, with the exception of four P. macrocephalus. Concentrations (range: 1 to 329 ng·g-1 of lipid weight) were, however, lower than those found in species from fresh and brackish water. Ecological factors (open ocean habitat), CLD kinetics, and cetacean metabolism (high or specific enzymatic activity) might explain low concentrations found in cetacean blubber. Future analyses that include internal organ sampling would help to confirm CLD levels observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Méndez-Fernandez
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Observatoire Pelagis, UMS 3462 Université de La Rochelle/CNRS, 5 allées de l'Océan, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Michael R Heithaus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Andria Beal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Gaëlle Vandersarren
- CAR-SPAW, Parc National de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe, French West Indies, France
| | - Florence Caurant
- Centre d'études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372 Université de La Rochelle/CNRS, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Jérôme Spitz
- Observatoire Pelagis, UMS 3462 Université de La Rochelle/CNRS, 5 allées de l'Océan, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosalinda C Montone
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Devault DA, Amalric L, Bristeau S. Chlordecone consumption estimated by sewage epidemiology approach for health policy assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:29633-29642. [PMID: 30144006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is an organochlorine insecticide that was intensively used in the French West Indies to control the black weevil Cosmopolites sordidus in bananas. Its usage, however, resulted in the widespread pollution of the environment with heavy sanitary and social consequences, leading to population exposure mainly through food. Time-consuming and costly programs have been used to tackle this problem, and this study proposes to use the emerging sewage epidemiology approach to evaluate the current situation and the effect of such programs. The results determine the maximal value of chlordecone consumption, and considering the detection limit of the analytical protocol, the wastewater was found to have undetectable amounts of chlordecone. This value confirms the efficiency of the population protection strategy provided by French sanitary and environmental authorities. It also bolsters the usage of sewage epidemiology in pesticide assessment and relativizes the chlordecone risk compared to other chemicals of lesser concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Devault
- Public Health and Environment Laboratory, UMR 8079 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Laurence Amalric
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, cedex 2, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- Division Laboratoires, BRGM 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans, cedex 2, France
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13
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Saint-Hilaire M, Inthavong C, Bertin T, Lavison-Bompard G, Guérin T, Fournier A, Feidt C, Rychen G, Parinet J. Development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS method with QuEChERS extraction using isotopic dilution to simultaneously analyze chlordecone and chlordecol in animal livers. Food Chem 2018; 252:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Lastel ML, Fournier A, Jurjanz S, Thomé JP, Joaquim-Justo C, Archimède H, Mahieu M, Feidt C, Rychen G. Comparison of chlordecone and NDL-PCB decontamination dynamics in growing male kids after cessation of oral exposure: Is there a potential to decrease the body levels of these pollutants by dietary supplementation of activated carbon or paraffin oil? CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:100-107. [PMID: 29127834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen weaned male Alpine kids (Capra hircus) were subjected to a 21-day oral daily exposure of 0.05 mg kg-1 BW. d-1 of chlordecone (CLD) and 0.30 μg kg-1 BW. d-1 of each non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs, congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180). Four kids, identified as the CONTA group, were slaughtered at the end of the exposure, while the remaining animals (n = 12) were fed with specific diets for an additional 21-day decontamination period before slaughtering. Kids from the DECONTA (n = 4) group were fed a control diet, while those from the AC10% and PO8% group received pellets supplemented with 10% activated carbon (AC) and 8% paraffin oil (PO), respectively. CLD and NDL-PCB levels in blood, liver, peri-renal fat and muscles from different groups were analysed to compare the decontamination dynamics of the pollutants and to determine the efficiency of AC and PO to decrease the body levels of pollutants. After the decontamination period, the CLD levels considerably decreased (more than 60%) in blood, liver, muscles and fat. Concerning NDL-PCBs, the decontamination process was much lower. Overall, CLD appeared to be less retained in kids' organism compared with NDL-PCBs, and the decontamination dynamics of these pollutants appeared to be different because of their specific physicochemical properties and lipophilicity. Furthermore, the dietary supplementation with AC or PO did not significantly affect the decontamination dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Lastel
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, EA 3998, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40402, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; French Environment and Energy Management Agency, 20, Avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, 49004 Angers Cedex 01, France.
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, EA 3998, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40402, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Jurjanz
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, EA 3998, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40402, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Université de Liège, LEAE-CART (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et d'Ecotoxicologie-Centre for Analytical Research and Technology), Allée du 6 Août, 11, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Célia Joaquim-Justo
- Université de Liège, LEAE-CART (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et d'Ecotoxicologie-Centre for Analytical Research and Technology), Allée du 6 Août, 11, 4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Harry Archimède
- INRA, URZ, UR 143, Domaine Duclos, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Maurice Mahieu
- INRA, URZ, UR 143, Domaine Duclos, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, EA 3998, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40402, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Guido Rychen
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, EA 3998, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40402, F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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15
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Fournier A, Feidt C, Lastel ML, Archimede H, Thome JP, Mahieu M, Rychen G. Toxicokinetics of chlordecone in goats: Implications for risk management in French West Indies. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:564-570. [PMID: 28039835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The former use of chlordecone (CLD) in the French West Indies has resulted in long-term pollution of soils. CLD is known to be potentially transferred towards animal products of animals reared outdoors, mainly through accidental soil ingestion. Several studies indicate that soil bound CLD is bioavailable when administered to farm animals. Currently there is a need to quantify the level of CLD absorption and its toxicokinetic characteristics in the ruminant and particularly in the goat. These are considered as important farm species in the French West Indies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption rate and the half-life of CLD in the non-lactating goat. The goats were administered either intravenously (i.v., n = 6) or orally (p.o., n = 6) one dose (1 mg kg-1 body weight) of CLD. Blood samples were collected at defined times up to 160 days post-dosing. CLD was analyzed in serum by high-resolution gas chromatography. A comparison of the area under the serum concentration-time curves (AUC) showed that the i.v. route is equivalent to the oral route. Thus, CLD is considered almost completely absorbed after p.o. administration, as shown by the mean absolute bioavailability. The comparison between the pharmacokinetic profiles of CLD following oral and intravenous dose showed a difference during the first 14 days and a similar kinetic after this period. The half-life of CLD in serum was close to 20 days. These results highlight a possible strategy of decontamination due to the short half-life of CLD, obtained in dry goats that did not excrete fat matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Laure Lastel
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Harry Archimede
- INRA, URZ, UR 143, Domaine Duclos, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thome
- Université de Liège, LEAE-CART, Allée du 6 Août, 11, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maurice Mahieu
- INRA, URZ, UR 143, Domaine Duclos, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Guido Rychen
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, USC 340, UR AFPA, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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16
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Lerch S, Guidou C, Thomé JP, Jurjanz S. Non-dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Chlordecone Release from Adipose Tissue to Blood in Response to Body Fat Mobilization in Ewe (Ovis aries). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1212-1220. [PMID: 26761077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are released from adipose tissue (AT) to blood is a critical step in proposing rearing strategies hastening the removal of POPs from contaminated livestock. The current study aimed to determine in nonlactating ewes whether polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlordecone are released from AT to blood along with lipids during body fat mobilization achieved through β-agonist challenges or undernutrition. β-Agonist challenges did not affect serum POP concentrations, whereas serum PCBs 138, 153, and 180 were readily increased in response to undernutrition. After 21 days of depuration in undernutrition, AT PCB 153 and 180 concentrations were increased concomitantly with a decrease in adipocyte volume, whereas AT chlordecone concentration was not different from that observed at the end of the well-fed contamination period. Thus, undernutrition may be of practical relevance for accelerating POP depuration unless it is combined with a strategy increasing their excretion pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lerch
- Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, INRA, USC 340, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, TSA 40602 , F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Côme Guidou
- Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, INRA, USC 340, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, TSA 40602 , F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et d'Ecotoxicologie, Center for Analytical and Research Technology, Université de Liège , B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stefan Jurjanz
- Université de Lorraine, EA 3998, INRA, USC 340, UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, TSA 40602 , F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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