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Li M, Gong X, Tan Q, Xie Y, Tong Y, Ma J, Wang D, Ai L, Gong Z. A review of occurrence, bioaccumulation, and fate of novel brominated flame retardants in aquatic environments: A comparison with legacy brominated flame retardants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173224. [PMID: 38763187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been developed as replacements for legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). The prevalence of NBFRs in aquatic environments has initiated intense concerns that they resemble to BFRs. To comprehensively elucidate the fate of NBFRs in aquatic environments, this review summarizes the physico-chemical properties, distribution, bioaccumulation, and fates in aquatic environments. 1,2-bis(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromophenyl) ethane (DBDPE) as the major substitute for PBDEs is the primary NBFR. The release from industrial point sources such as e-waste recycling stations is the dominant way for NBFRs to enter the environment, which results in significant differences in the regional distribution of NBFRs. Sediment is the major sink of NBFRs attributed to the high hydrophobicity. Significantly, there is no decreasing trend of NBFRs concentrations, while PBDEs achieved the peak value in 1970-2000 and decreased gradually. The bioaccumulation of NBFRs is reported in both field studies and laboratory studies, which is regulated by the active area, lipid contents, trophic level of aquatic organisms, and the log KOW of NBFRs. The biotransformation of NBFRs showed similar metabolism patterns to that of BFRs, including debromination, hydroxylation, methoxylation, hydrolysis, and glycosylation. In addition, NBFRs show great potential in trophic magnification along the aquatic food chain, which could pose a higher risk to high trophic-level species. The passive uptake by roots dominates the plant uptake of NBFRs, followed by acropetal and basipetal bidirectional transportation between roots and leaves in plants. This review will provide the support to understand the current pollution characteristics of NBFRs and highlight perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xinying Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Protection Science, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Sichuan Province Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Yuanjun Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Junyi Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Lian Ai
- Sichuan Province Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Chengdu 610074, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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Sun G, Du X, Wu Y, Yin G, Chen L, Liu X, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Lin T. Novel and legacy brominated flame retardants in snakes and frogs: Tissue distribution, biomagnification, and maternal transfer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165194. [PMID: 37391149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have examined polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in biota, information on the bioaccumulation characteristics of NBFRs from field works is limited. This study investigated the tissue-specific exposure to PBDEs and NBFRs in two reptilian (short-tailed mamushi and red-backed rat snake) and one amphibian species (black-spotted frog) prevalent in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The levels of ΣPBDEs and ΣNBFRs ranged from 4.4-250 and 2.9-22 ng/g lipid weight for snakes respectively and 2.9-120 and 7.1-97 ng/g lipid weight for frogs respectively. BDE-209, BDE-154, and BDE-47 were three major PBDE congeners while decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) dominated in NBFRs. Tissue burdens indicated that snake adipose was the major storage site of PBDEs and NBFRs. The biomagnification factors (BMFs) estimated from black-spotted frog to red-backed rat snake indicated the biomagnification of penta- to nona-BDE congeners (BMFs 1.1-4.0) but the lack of biomagnification of other BDE and all NBFR congeners (BMFs 0.16-0.78). Mother to egg transfer of PBDEs and NBFRs evaluated in frogs showed that maternal transfer efficiency was positively related to chemical lipophilicity. This is the first field study on the tissue distribution of NBFRs in reptiles and amphibians and the maternal transfer behavior of 5 major NBFRs. The results underline the bioaccumulation potential of alternative NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhen Sun
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Luting Chen
- SUEZ (Shanghai) Investment Co., LTD, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, TIMR (Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter), Centre de recherches Royallieu - CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Yihui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Khan AUH, Naidu R, Dharmarajan R, Fang C, Shon H, Dong Z, Liu Y. The interaction mechanisms of co-existing polybrominated diphenyl ethers and engineered nanoparticles in environmental waters: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:227-252. [PMID: 36182134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment. The release of ENPs and BFRs (e.g. PBDEs) to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms. The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic, molecular bridging and steric, hydrogen and π-bonding, cation bridging and ligand exchange were identified. The presence of ENPs could influence the fate and behaviour of PBDEs through the interactions as well as induced reactions under certain conditions which increases the formation of complex compounds. The interaction leads to alteration of behaviour for PBDEs and their toxic effects to ecological receptors. The intermingled compound (ENPs-BFRs) would show different behaviour from the parental ENPs or BFRs, which are currently lack of investigation. This review provided insights on the interactions of ENPs and BFRs in artificial, environmental water systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are important for a comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ul Haq Khan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Raja Dharmarajan
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hokyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijging 100191, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Han F, Chen G, Tao G, Xu J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li H, Zhao Y, Tian D, Kimura SY, Wei X, Ruan Y, Wu C, Xiao S, Zhan M, Zheng W. Thyroid-disrupting effects caused by exposure to alternative flame retardants from groundwater contamination in rural central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156300. [PMID: 35636535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals that exposure to alternative flame retardants (AFRs) results in defective thyroid functions. AFRs are detectable in various environmental media in developed cities in China. However, few studies have reported the contamination levels of AFR in groundwater in rural areas, indicating an urgent need to investigate exposure of AFRs and perform health risk assessment for populations that use groundwater as the main source of drinking water. This study investigated the concentrations of AFRs in groundwater in rural areas of central China. Moreover, Nthy-ori-3-1 cells were used to determine the thyroid cytotoxicities and thyroid-interfering effects of a single AFR as well as the mixtures of AFRs based on the AFR contamination levels in real-world. The results revealed that all classes of AFRs were detectable in rural areas in central China. Dechlorane plus, hexabromocyclododecane, bromophenols (BPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) exhibited spatial contamination patterns, with an average concentrations (median) of 157.89 ± 88.61 (185.47) pg/L, 0.09 ± 0.29 (not detectable) ng/L, 5.20 ± 5.92 (3.43) ng/L, 3338.11 ± 3758.78 (2836.72) pg/L, and 79.35 ± 97.19 (53.62) ng/L, respectively. The half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of BPs, OPFRs, and NBFRs ranged 98.4-4012 μM, 42.0-2506 μM, and 10.1-203.7 μM, respectively. Several AFRs exhibited more cytotoxic effects than did traditional brominated flame retardants. It is intriguing that several single AFRs and mixtures at environmentally-relevant exposure levels promoted the viability of Nthy-ori-3-1 cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates that AFRs are present in the groundwater in rural areas in central China and AFRs exhibit thyroid disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchan Han
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Gonghua Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Jingshan Xu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China
| | - Dajun Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, 3545 Lafayette Ave., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Ming Zhan
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Center for Water and Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Yu H, Wang F, Sun C, Liu H, Tang L, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang X. Evaluation of the self-assembled functional PPFS-P-AM composite for treating oilfield sewage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155228. [PMID: 35421506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oilfield sewage has a complex composition with large amounts of emulsified oils, polymers and surfactants. Efficient coagulants are required to purify such sewage to meet emissions standards. In this study, oxidized FeSO4·7H2O and NaHCO3were condensed by basic titration and polyferric sulfate phosphate (PPFS) was prepared by the addition of NaH2PO4·2H2O to improve its charge and stability. In addition, by adding modified palygorskite and cationic amylum, a functional polyferric sulfate phosphate, palygorskite and cationic amylum copolymer (PPFS-P-AM) composite coagulant was synthesized through self-assembly, and then used to treat oilfield sewage. The characteristic functional groups and crystal forms of the coagulant were characterized by FTIR and XRD. The zeta potential and radius of gyration (Rh) indicate that the introduction of palygorskite and cationic amylum enhance the charge neutralization and bridging adsorption abilities, respectively. The optimal dosage of cationic amylum is 5% in 80 mg·L-1 PPFS-P-AM, which provides turbidity and oil removal rates of 98% and 94%, respectively. Observation by SEM shows that the micro-morphology of PPFS-P-AM flocs has adendritic distribution with a reticular macromolecular structure that provides good sweeping performance during the sedimentation process. Finally, an analysis of its properties and performance reveals the mechanism by which PPFS-P-AM coagulates oilfield sewage. PPFS-P-AM provides better coagulation than the other studied coagulants via the synergistic effects of reinforced charge neutralization, bridging adsorption and sweeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil &Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Heilongjiang Daqing HuaLi BIO-TECH Company, Daqing 163414, China
| | - Chunlong Sun
- Daqing Oilfield Company, Daqing Oil Production Engineering Research Institute, Heilongjiang, Daqing 163453, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163412, China
| | - Long Tang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163412, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil &Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China.
| | - Huili Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163412, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163412, China
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Zhang Q, Gu S, Yu C, Cao R, Xu Y, Fu L, Wang C. Integrated assessment of endocrine disrupting potential of four novel brominated flame retardants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113206. [PMID: 35085884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have emerged as alternatives to the legacy BFRs due to BFRs' persistence, bioaccumulation and evidence of adverse health effects. The increasing production of NBFRs has led to the frequent detection in environmental media and even in organisms. Thus the potential health risks of these novel NBFRs need to be taken into account. Herein, the endocrine disrupting effects of the four NBFRs (α/β-TBCO, PBEB, EHTBB and BEHTBP) were evaluated by constructing an estrogen receptor (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) mediated dual-luciferase reporter gene assays on the CHO cells, in combination with steroid experiments on the H295R cells and molecular docking. The results revealed that α/β-TBCO, PBEB and EHTBB induced anti-estrogenic activity at certain concentrations while none of the four NBFRs was agonistic to ERα. For reporter gene assay, only PBEB exhibited GR antagonistic effects. Notably, none of the four NBFRs possess neither agonistic nor antagonistic activity of MR. The molecular docking results were generally consistent with the reporter gene assay, which showed the different binding affinities between NBFRs and the receptors. For steroidogenesis, α/β-TBCO, PBEB, and EHTBB all upregulated genes encoding for steroid synthesis enzymes, including 17βHSD, CYP11B1 and CYP17. Altogether, the data clarified that NBFRs may pose risks of endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China.
| | - Sijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Yitian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Hu PT, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Cao ZG, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Li L, Li YF. Approach to Predicting the Size-Dependent Inhalation Intake of Particulate Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15236-15245. [PMID: 34724783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The risk of human exposure to particulate novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in the atmosphere has received increasing attention from scientists and the public, but currently, there is no reliable approach to predict the intake of these compounds on the basis of their size distribution. Here, we develop a reliable approach to predict the size-dependent inhalation intake of particulate NBFRs, based on the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behavior of the NBFRs. We analyzed the concentrations of eight NBFRs in 363 size-segregated particulate samples and 99 paired samples of gaseous and bulk particles. Using these data, we developed an equation to predict the G/P partitioning quotients of NBFRs in particles in different size ranges (KPi) based on particle size. This equation was then successfully applied to predict the size-dependent inhalation intake of particulate NBFRs in combination with an inhalation exposure model. This new approach provides the first demonstration of the effects of the temperature-dependent octanol-air partitioning coefficient (KOA) and total suspended particle concentration (TSP) on the intake of particulate NBFRs by inhalation. In an illustrative case where TSP = 100 μg m-3, inhalation intake of particulate NBFRs exceeded the intake of gaseous NBFRs when log KOA > 11.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky str., Yakutsk 677000, Russia
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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Ling S, Lu C, Peng C, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Characteristics of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in water and sediment surrounding two e-waste dismantling regions in Taizhou, eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148744. [PMID: 34323757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A total of 51 water and 43 sediment samples were collected from the locations surrounding the two e-waste dismantling zones in Taizhou, the Fengjiang resource recycling industrial zone (FJ, shut down in 2017) and the Taizhou resource recycling base (TZ, newly constructed in recent years). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 1.7 to 44 ng/L in water and from not detected (nd) to 7100 ng/g in sediment. Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 0.29 to 1.6 ng/L in water, and from nd to 5300 ng/g in sediment. The levels of PBDEs and NBFRs in the water were comparable between FJ and TZ, while their concentrations were higher in the sediment from FJ than those from TZ. The levels of BDE-28, BDE-153, pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBB), ∑PBDEs and ∑BFRs in the water from FJ or TZ were found to be significantly negatively associated with the distance from the zone center. However, in the sediments from FJ and TZ, the BFRs levels did not decrease from the center to the outer regions. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were predominant in the sediments and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 were as high as 5.6 (mean: 0.97). The mass burden of PBDEs, BDE-209, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and HBB in the riverine sediments in Luqiao District was 829, 787, 363, 85, and 61 kg, respectively. The ecological risk assessment revealed that BDE-99 posed an unacceptable risk to aquatic life at 86% of the locations. The hazard quotients for penta-BDE, BDE-209, and HBB exceeded one for 30%, 28%, and 2.3% of the sediment samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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9
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Occurrence, effects, and biodegradation of plastic additives in sludge anaerobic digestion: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117568. [PMID: 34153611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The retention of microplastics, a complex blend of polymers and plastic additives (PAs), in municipal sludge has been reported. The inevitable release of PAs from microplastics might affect the subsequent biological disposal of sludge, and their final fate are of great public concern. Therefore, this review describes the current knowledge in the occurrence of PAs in sludge and significant advances in their effects on sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) and their biodegradation performance. Specifically, the compositions and contents of plasticizers, stabilizers, and flame retardants in sludge worldwide are systematically summarized. The discrepant impacts of PAs on hydrolysis, acidification, and methanogenesis processes are analyzed and compared, with corresponding trends deduced. Furthermore, the biodegradation performances of PAs during sludge AD are also discussed. For most of the PAs detected in sludge, available data for their fate and effects on AD is yet limited. Moreover, the potential role of AD microbes in the release of PAs from microplastics was still unknown. Especially, the potential effects of PAs released from biodegradable microplastics on sludge AD and their fate should be of concern. The obtained knowledge would update our understanding of the risk assessment and control of PAs in sludge AD. Recommendations for future investigation are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinguang Chen
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhengzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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10
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Study of the Photodegradation of PBDEs in Water by UV-LED Technology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144229. [PMID: 34299504 PMCID: PMC8303597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants that can arrive to water bodies from their use as flame retardants in a wide range of applications, such as electric and electronic devices or textiles. In this study, the photodegradation of PBDEs in water samples when applying UV-LED radiation was studied. Irradiation was applied at three different wavelengths (255 nm, 265 nm and 285 nm) and different exposure times. The best degradation conditions for spiked purified water samples were at 285 nm and 240 min, resulting in degradations between 67% and 86%. The optimized methodology was applied to real water samples from different sources: river, marine, wastewater (effluent and influent of treatment plants) and greywater samples. Real water samples were spiked and exposed to 4 hours of irradiation at 285 nm. Successful photodegradation of PBDEs ranging from 51% to 97% was achieved for all PBDE congeners in the different water samples with the exception of the marine one, in which only a 31% of degradation was achieved.
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11
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Hou R, Lin L, Li H, Liu S, Xu X, Xu Y, Jin X, Yuan Y, Wang Z. Occurrence, bioaccumulation, fate, and risk assessment of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in aquatic environments - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117168. [PMID: 33962238 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), which have been developed as replacements for legacy flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are a class of alternative flame retardants with emerging and widespread applications. The ubiquitous occurrence of NBFRs in the aquatic environments and the potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms have initiated intense global concerns. The present article, therefore, identifies and analyzes the current state of knowledge on the occurrence, bioaccumulation, fates, and environmental and health risks of NBFRs in aquatic environments. The key findings from this review are that (1) the distribution of NBFRs are source-dependent in the global aquatic environments, and several NBFRs have been reported at higher concentrations than that of the legacy flame retardants; (2) high bioaccumulative properties have been found for all of the discussed NBFRs due to their strong hydrophobic characteristics and weak metabolic rates; (3) the limited information available suggests that NBFRs are resistant to biotic and abiotic degradation processes and that sorption to sludge and sediments are the main fate of NBFRs in the aquatic environments; (4) the results of ecological risk assessments have indicated the potential risks of NBFRs and have suggested that source areas are the most vulnerable environmental compartments. Knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research regarding the monitoring, toxicokinetics, transformation processes, and development of ecological risk assessments of NBFRs in aquatic environments are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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12
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Xu G, Zhao X, Zhao S, Chen C, Rogers MJ, Ramaswamy R, He J. Insights into the Occurrence, Fate, and Impacts of Halogenated Flame Retardants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4205-4226. [PMID: 33705105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have been extensively used in various consumer products and many are classified as persistent organic pollutants due to their resistance to degradation, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. HFRs have been widely detected in the municipal wastewater and wastewater treatment solids in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the discharge and agricultural application of which represent a primary source of environmental HFRs contamination. This review seeks to provide a current overview on the occurrence, fate, and impacts of HFRs in WWTPs around the globe. We first summarize studies recording the occurrence of representative HFRs in wastewater and wastewater treatment solids, revealing temporal and geographical trends in HFRs distribution. Then, the efficiency and mechanism of HFRs removal by biosorption, which is known to be the primary process for HFRs removal from wastewater, during biological wastewater treatment processes, are discussed. Transformation of HFRs via abiotic and biotic processes in laboratory tests and full-scale WWTPs is reviewed with particular emphasis on the transformation pathways and functional microorganisms responsible for HFRs biotransformation. Finally, the potential impacts of HFRs on reactor performance (i.e., nitrogen removal and methanogenesis) and microbiome in bioreactors are discussed. This review aims to advance our understanding of the fate and impacts of HFRs in WWTPs and shed light on important questions warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Xuejie Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Siyan Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Matthew J Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Rajaganesan Ramaswamy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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13
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McGrath TJ, Kolobaric A, Lee E, Clarke BO. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Western Australian biosolids and implications for land application. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127601. [PMID: 32688318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the prevalence of eight priority polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) and six novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs; pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)) in biosolids samples from 15 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Western Australia. Analytes were extracted using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) operated in electron impact (EI) ionization mode. ∑8PBDE levels in biosolids ranged from 11 to 18,000 μg/kg dw with a median concentration of 1800 μg/kg dw. BDE-209 was the most prevalent congener constituting a median of 98% of ∑8PBDE concentrations in samples with BDE-99, -47 and -100 each typically contributing less than 3% to total levels. NBFRs were detected in 71% of samples with ∑6NBFR levels ranging between ND-1100 μg/kg dw (median; 600 μg/kg dw). Levels of DBDPE greatly exceeded those of all other NBFRs, while the next most prevalent compounds were EH-TBB and HBB. Australia produced approximately 327,000 dry tonnes of biosolids in 2017, of which approximately 75% was beneficially utilized on farmland as a fertilizer. Based on these results, an estimated 440 kg of BDE-209 and 150 kg of DBDPE are applied to agricultural land via biosolids applications annually in Australia. This study provides the first account of NBFR concentrations in Australian biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Elliot Lee
- Water Corporation, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, WA, 6007, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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14
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Xiong P, Yan X, Zhu Q, Qu G, Shi J, Liao C, Jiang G. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13551-13569. [PMID: 31682424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. Several novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), such decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), have been developed as replacements for PBDEs. NBFRs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of NBFRs in the environment, as well as their human exposure and toxicity. Occurrence of NBFRs in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum, have been documented. Evidence regarding the degradation, including photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NBFRs is summarized. The toxicity data of NBFRs show that several NBFRs can cause adverse effects through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and behavioral modification. The primary ecological risk assessment shows that most NBFRs exert no significant environmental risk, but it is worth noting that the result should be carefully used owing to the limited toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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15
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Demirtepe H, Imamoglu I. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in treatment plant sludge: Implications on sludge management. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:606-615. [PMID: 30665090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Past usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in commercial products resulted in their continuous emission from sources. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are the main sinks resulting from their industrial and domestic usage as well as atmospheric deposition. This preliminary study examined levels of PBDEs and HBCDD in urban and industrial WWTP sludge samples for the first time from Turkey. PBDE concentrations (sum of 26 congeners) of eight samples collected from four WWTPs were between 300 and 655 ng g-1 dw and 67-2.5*107 ng g-1 dw, and HBCDD concentrations (sum of α-, β-, and γ- diastereoisomers) ranged 75-616 ng g-1 dw and 13-416 ng g-1 dw, for urban and industrial WWTP samples, respectively. Although PBDEs have never been produced in Turkey, the highest PBDE concentration in sewage sludge worldwide was identified in one of the WWTPs. PBDE and HBCDD levels in other sludge samples were comparable to those reported in the literature. Application of a chemical mass balance model (CMB) suggested: (i) the main source of PBDEs as deca-BDE mixture; (ii) influence of a background air PBDE profile for one of the industrial WWTPs, having low contamination; (iii) indoor dust PBDE contamination as another source for urban WWTPs. The preliminary results for BFR levels in Turkey were discussed in terms of sludge disposal methods used worldwide, and the need for regulatory limits for BFRs in sludge management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ipek Imamoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Sun SJ, Zhao ZB, Li B, Ma LX, Fu DL, Sun XZ, Thapa S, Shen JM, Qi H, Wu YN. Occurrence, composition profiles and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in municipal sewage sludge in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:764-770. [PMID: 30502706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A nationwide survey, including 75 sludge samples and 18 wastewater samples taken from different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 23 cities, was carried out to investigate the occurrence and composition profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in China. In total, the concentrations of ∑16PAHs in sludge ranged from 565 to 280,000 ng/g (mean: 9340 ng/g) which was at a moderate level in the world. The composition profiles of PAHs were characterized by 3- and 4-ring PAHs in textile dyeing sludge and 4- and 5-ring PAHs in domestic sludge. Significant variations in regional distribution of PAHs were observed. Both the principal components analysis and diagnostic ratios revealed that vehicle exhaust, coal and natural gas combustion were the main sources of PAHs in China. The estimated concentrations of PAHs were 3820 ng/L and 1120 ng/L in influents and effluents of the WWTPs, respectively. The high toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values of PAHs are ascribed to the high PAH levels. Risk quotient values (RQs) in sludge indicated that there was low potential risk to soil ecosystem after sludge had been applied one year except for indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) detected in Huaibei, Anhui province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ze-Bin Zhao
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Dong-Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xia-Zhong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Samit Thapa
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ji-Min Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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17
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Kim UJ, Oh JE. Mass-flow-based removal and transformation potentials for TBBPA, HBCDs and PBDEs during wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:82-88. [PMID: 29775881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At a sewage treatment plant, 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 17 methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, nine hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers, and tetrabromobisphenol A were monitored at five major treatment stages (the influent, primary settlement stage, biological reaction stage, secondary settlement stage, and the UV irradiation disinfection stage). Hexabromocyclododecanes were the dominant chemicals, contributing 40% of the total concentrations of the chemicals in the dissolved phase of the sewage. Brominated flame retardant mass flow in the wastewater was lower after than before the biological reaction stage, and more than 70% of the inflowing mass load was removed from the mainstream wastewater by becoming associated with the sludge. More than half of mass loads of parent brominated flame retardants in the wastewater were removed after the treatments, but up to 10% of the initial mass loads remained in the final effluent and was expected to be released into the aquatic environment. The hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ether concentrations decreased by <25%, much less than the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. It is possible that hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers formed through the transformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers during the biological reactions of treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Sun J, Chen Q, Han Y, Zhou H, Zhang A. Emissions of selected brominated flame retardants from consumer materials: the effects of content, temperature, and timescale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24201-24209. [PMID: 29948699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor air, dust, and even in human tissue could be attributed to their emissions from BFR-containing products. Nevertheless, the emission behavior of BFRs, especially novel BFRs from consumer materials, to the indoor environment has still not been well understood. To evaluate the effects of chemical content, temperature, and time on the emissions of BFRs, we used a batch of small glass chambers to conduct emission tests on carpet, computer casings, sound insulation, circuit boards, decorative laminate, and PVC floors at temperatures from 20 to 80 °C, as well as different emission times of up to 35 days. Seven BFRs were extracted from the tested materials with contents ranging from 50 to 35,803 μg g-1, and four BFRs were detected with emission rates between 5.9 and 418 pg g-1 h-1 at room temperature (20 °C); 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was considered to be the dominant compound, which was found in and could be emitted from all of the tested materials. Emission rates are significantly and positively correlated with both the contents of tested materials and the elevated temperature. These results indicate that BFR-containing products have the potential to be a major source of indoor contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ying Han
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Huabiao Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Sun S, Jia L, Li B, Yuan A, Kong L, Qi H, Ma W, Zhang A, Wu Y. The occurrence and fate of PAHs over multiple years in a wastewater treatment plant of Harbin, Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:491-498. [PMID: 29268221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in wastewater, sludge and surrounding air from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Harbin, Northeast China. The concentration of total PAHs in the influent, effluent and sludge were 4080ng/L, 864ng/L and 8200ng/gdw, respectively. The total concentration of PAHs showed a trend of first rising, and then decreasing over years in the influent, effluent and sludge, which was in agreement with the usage of coal and oil in Harbin. The level of PAHs was 26-560ng/m3 in air from site 1 (the top of the A/O tank), 62-608ng/m3 in air from site 2 (the vicinity of the WWTP) and 61-686ng/m3 in air from site 3 (the urban district of Harbin). In the influent and effluent, the mean concentration of PAHs followed the sequence of summer>winter>autumn>spring, while the sequence was winter>summer>autumn>spring in sludge and air. Rainfall may be the main reason for higher contamination in summer. Coal fired central heating and indoor dust may be reasons for higher PAHs in winter. The mean removal efficiency of total PAHs was approximately 85% (20% of which was adsorbed onto sludge, and 65% volatilized into air or degraded by biodegradation), and 15% of PAHs were discharged through the effluent. There was approximately 6240kg of PAHs imported into the WWTP every year, 1005kg discharged into the Songhua River through the effluent, and 327kg absorbed onto sludge and the rest was degraded or volatilized into air. PCA was applied to identify the sources of PAHs for both heating and non-heating seasons. In general, coal combustion was the main source of PAHs during the heating season and vehicle exhaust was the main source of PAHs during the non-heating season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Linran Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Anni Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Wudalianchi Environmental Monitoring Station, Heilongjiang 164155, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wanli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yining Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Jiang J, Zhao H, Sun S, Wang Y, Liu S, Xie Q, Li X. Occurrence and profiles of halogenated phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the effluents of waste water treatment plants around Huang-Bo Sea, North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1-7. [PMID: 29197640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs), as ubiquitous environment contaminants, have attracted increasing concerns due to the potential adverse health impacts on organisms and even humans. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are one source of HOPs to the environment through their discharge of treated effluent. In this study, the presence and profiles of 6 halogenated phenols (HP), 17 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and 11 hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDE) were investigated in 12 WWTP effluent samples collected near Huang-Bo Sea in Dalian, China. These targeted organohalogen pollutants were found in all the effluent samples with the total concentrations of ΣHPs, ΣPBDEs and ΣOH-PBDEs ranging from 77.2 to 168.5ng/L, from not-detected to 5.3ng/L and from 0.08 to 0.88ng/L, respectively. The most abundant congeners of HPs and PBDEs in the effluents were pentachlorophenol (PCP), BDE-47 and BDE-99, while for OH-PBDEs, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 5-OH-BDE-47 were the most abundant. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was observed between BDE-47 and its metabolite 6-OH-BDE-47, indicating that PBDEs may be a source of OH-PBDEs detected in the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiangkun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity has been increasing at a staggering pace, with few indications of any decline, and is now one of the major public health challenges worldwide. While obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have historically thought to be largely driven by increased caloric intake and lack of exercise, this is insufficient to account for the observed changes in disease trends. There is now increasing evidence to suggest that exposure to synthetic chemicals in our environment may also play a key role in the etiology and pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Importantly, exposures occurring in early life (in utero and early childhood) may have a more profound effect on life-long risk of obesity and MetS. This narrative review explores the evidence linking early-life exposure to a suite of chemicals that are common contaminants associated with food production (pesticides; imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and glyphosate) and processing (acrylamide), in addition to chemicals ubiquitously found in our household goods (brominated flame retardants) and drinking water (heavy metals) and changes in key pathways important for the development of MetS and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E De Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Correspondence: Alison C Holloway, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, RM HSC-3N52, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada, Tel +1 905 525 9140 ext 22130, Fax +1 905 524 2911, Email
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