1
|
Di Duca F, Montuori P, De Rosa E, De Simone B, Russo I, Nubi R, Triassi M. Assessing Heavy Metals in the Sele River Estuary: An Overview of Pollution Indices in Southern Italy. TOXICS 2024; 12:38. [PMID: 38250994 PMCID: PMC10819315 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization, coupled with a historical lack of understanding in toxicology, has led in an increase in estuary pollution, frequently resulting in unexpected environmental situations. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) constitutes a major environmental issue, posing a serious risk both to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of eight HMs (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water, suspended particles, and sediment near the Sele River estuary (Italy) in order to assess their environmental impacts on the sea and health risks for humans. The results revealed an increasing order of HM concentration according to the scheme suspended particulate matter (SPM) > sediment (SED) > dissolved phase (DP) and a moderate contamination status in sediment. The health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk was negligible. Carcinogenic risk, expressed as the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), was negligible for Cd and Ni and within tolerable limits for As, Pb, and Cr. The findings suggested that, even if there are currently no specific limits for chemical parameters in the transitional waters of Italy, monitoring systems should be implemented to determine pollution levels and implement effective steps to improve river water quality and reduce human health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy (R.N.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Çiftçi TD. Determination of heavy metals and essential elements in nasal sprays and drops (Saline/Sea Water) and evaluation in terms of toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:96938-96947. [PMID: 37582895 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are toxic to human health and their concentrations in drinking water are sometimes above the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to drinking water, a possible source for the intake of heavy metals is nasal sprays, which are frequently used to combat upper respiratory tract infections, especially in young children. Different types of nasal sprays are sold in pharmacies, such as saline solutions prepared from NaCl, sea water, or ocean water. In this work, Al, Sb, As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, and Zn analyzes were performed on 22 saline samples with ICP-MS to determine their toxicity levels. For some samples, the toxic element concentrations were above the drinking water limits. Because nasal sprays are administered to the region close to the brain, the potential risk should be considered more fully. The accuracy of the results was tested by the standard addition method and certified reference material (CRM) analysis, which obtained recovery values for the elements of 83%-115% and 82%-108% for standard addition and CRM analysis, respectively. This is the first study to consider the risk of heavy metals in nasal sprays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tülin Deniz Çiftçi
- Department of Chemistry, Ege University, Faculty of Science, İzmir, 35040, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yakovlev E, Puchkov A, Malkov A, Bedrina D. Assessment of heavy metals distribution and environmental risk parameters in bottom sediments of the Pechora River estuary (Arctic Ocean Basin). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113960. [PMID: 35944304 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the content of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the estuary of the Pechora River, which is the largest river in the European Arctic of Russia. In addition to metals, the particle size distribution and physicochemical parameters of river sediments were analyzed, such as the content of carbonates, organics and ash components. Average concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments of the Pechora Delta sediment have been found to be significantly lower than terrestrial values. The assessment of pollution and toxicity of sediments in the Pechora delta, made using various parameters Igeo, Cf, Cd, EF and ERI, showed a low level of heavy metals in bottom sediments, coupled with a low level of environmental risk. Despite the fact that high concentrations of heavy metals of anthropogenic origin are continuously recorded in the water of the Pechora River, (almost throughout the entire length), there is no accumulation of pollutants in the sediments of the delta. Thus, the estuary of the Pechora River, unlike other large estuary systems, does not act as a filter or sediment trap, which contributes to the penetration of heavy metals deep into the Barents Sea and the widespread distribution of pollutants in the ecosystems of the Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Yakovlev
- N. Laverov Federal Centre for Integrated Arctic Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109 Severnoj Dviny Emb., Arkhangelsk 163000, Russia.
| | - Andrey Puchkov
- N. Laverov Federal Centre for Integrated Arctic Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109 Severnoj Dviny Emb., Arkhangelsk 163000, Russia
| | - Alexey Malkov
- N. Laverov Federal Centre for Integrated Arctic Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109 Severnoj Dviny Emb., Arkhangelsk 163000, Russia
| | - Daria Bedrina
- N. Laverov Federal Centre for Integrated Arctic Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109 Severnoj Dviny Emb., Arkhangelsk 163000, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Total Mercury Mass Load from the Paglia-Tiber River System: The Contribution to Mediterranean Sea Hg Budget. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070395. [PMID: 35878300 PMCID: PMC9317560 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by a marked mercury (Hg) geochemical anomaly, arising in part from large Hg deposits. Mercury mass loads discharged from the Monte Amiata mining district (Central Italy) to the Mediterranean Sea through the Paglia–Tiber River system were estimated. Data from two seasons showed that up to 40 kg year−1 of Hg are drained to Tiber River and finally to the Mediterranean Sea. The mercury mass loads varied in different seasons, from 3 mg day−1 in the upper section of Paglia River in November to 42 g day−1 before the confluence with Tiber River in June. Along Tiber River, up to 15 ng L−1 of the total Hg found at a site after Rome showed that Hg can be discharged to the sea. The Alviano reservoir along Tiber River acts as a temporary trap for Hg-rich particulate, while dam operations may promote Hg release (up to 223 g day−1). The combination of hydrologic factors controlling Hg transport, the torrential regime in the upper catchment of Paglia River, the waterway steepness, together with Hg-contaminated legacy sediments in the Paglia River floodplain, make the Paglia–Tiber River system a long-lasting intermittent source of Hg to Tiber River and the Mediterranean Sea.
Collapse
|
5
|
Adel M, Copat C, Oliveri Conti G, Sakhaie F, Hashemi Z, Mancini G, Cristaldi A, Ferrante M. Trace elements in the muscle tissue of Hemiculter leucisculus and Abramis brama orientalis from the Anzali International wetland, south-west of Caspian Sea: An exposure risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113756. [PMID: 35617744 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High levels of trace elements in aquatic environments can affect the quality of seafood. We analyzed the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni and Pb, in the edible muscles of Hemiculter leucisculus and A. brama orientalis caught in four different areas of southwest of the Caspian Sea. We estimated the potential risks for human health deriving by the oral consumption of these two species, and the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) according to the US-EPA approach. THQ by adults and children was always below 1 for all stations. The greater contribution was given by Co, followed by Cd, Hg, Pb, Ni, As and Mn. Total-THQ was 0.538 and 0.246 for children and adults, respectively. Trace elements detected by our study were not elevated, highlighting a positive picture of the studied area and a lower risk of developing chronic systemic effects deriving from the consumption of local fish products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Adel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Chiara Copat
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Fahimeh Sakhaie
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hashemi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Mancini
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Antonio Cristaldi
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pace DS, Di Marco C, Giacomini G, Ferri S, Silvestri M, Papale E, Casoli E, Ventura D, Mingione M, Alaimo Di Loro P, Jona Lasinio G, Ardizzone G. Capitoline Dolphins: Residency Patterns and Abundance Estimate of Tursiops truncatus at the Tiber River Estuary (Mediterranean Sea). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:275. [PMID: 33800538 PMCID: PMC8066396 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodic assessments of population status and trends to detect natural influences and human effects on coastal dolphin are often limited by lack of baseline information. Here, we investigated for the first time the site-fidelity patterns and estimated the population size of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) at the Tiber River estuary (central Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea, Rome, Italy) between 2017 and 2020. We used photo-identification data and site-fidelity metrics to study the tendency of dolphins to remain in, or return to, the study area, and capture-recapture models to estimate the population abundance. In all, 347 unique individuals were identified. The hierarchical cluster analysis highlighted 3 clusters, labeled resident (individuals encountered at least five times, in three different months, over three distinct years; n = 42), part-time (individuals encountered at least on two occasions in a month, in at least two different years; n = 73), and transient (individuals encountered on more than one occasion, in more than 1 month, none of them in more than 1 year; n = 232), each characterized by site-fidelity metrics. Open POPAN modeling estimated a population size of 529 individuals (95% CI: 456-614), showing that the Capitoline (Roman) coastal area and nearby regions surrounding the Tiber River estuary represent an important, suitable habitat for bottlenose dolphins, despite their proximity to one of the major urban centers in the world (the city of Rome). Given the high number of individuals in the area and the presence of resident individuals with strong site fidelity, we suggest that conservation plans should not be focused only close to the Tiber River mouths but extended to cover a broader scale of area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Silvia Pace
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Chiara Di Marco
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Giacomini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Sara Ferri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Margherita Silvestri
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Elena Papale
- CNR-IAS, Campobello di Mazara, 91021 Trapani, Italy;
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Edoardo Casoli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Daniele Ventura
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| | - Marco Mingione
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (P.A.D.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Alaimo Di Loro
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (P.A.D.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Giovanna Jona Lasinio
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (P.A.D.L.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Giandomenico Ardizzone
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.M.); (G.G.); (S.F.); (M.S.); (E.C.); (D.V.); (G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Assessing Diazinon Pollution in the Three Major Rivers Flowing into the Caspian Sea (Iran). WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in the concentrations of a widely used organophosphorous pesticide (OPP), diazinon, and the associated risk posed by this OPP in the surface water from the three largest rivers located in the northern province of Iran: the Haraz, the Talar and the Babolrood rivers. These rivers are located in the agriculture province of Mazandaran, and are exposed to high doses of organophosphorus pesticides, especially diazinon. The concentration of diazinon was determined using gas chromatography, while the potential risk posed by diazinon was elucidated using a Risk Quotient (RQ) calculated for general (RQm) and worst-case (RQex) scenarios. The obtained results demonstrated that the average diazinon concentrations ranged from 41 ± 76 ng/L in the Talar River and 57 ± 116 ng/L in the Haraz River, to 76.5 ± 145 ng/L in the Babolrood River, with a significant difference noted between summer and autumn seasons for all three rivers. For some stations, the concentration of diazinon is higher than the standard guidelines of Australian/New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (FMWQ) and the United States Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC). The calculated RQs indicated a medium risk of diazinon, RQm = 0.73 and RQex = 2.27, in the Talar River; RQm = 1.02 and RQex = 2.49 in the Haraz River; and RQm = 1.35 and RQex = 4.54 in the Babolrood River. The overall exposure of diazinon was defined to have a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1); however, the summer sampling revealed a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1), while the autumn had a medium risk (RQm and RQex < 1). The obtained results revealed not only elevated concentrations of diazinon in the studied rivers but most importantly the high risk posed by this OPP for the aquatic organisms and the wellbeing of the whole river ecosystem. The current study showed that development and implementation of appropriate standards and regulations toward diazinon in countries such as Iran are required to reduce the pollution levels and risks related to elevated concentrations of the studied pesticide.
Collapse
|
8
|
Survey and assessment of metals distribution in the overlying water of the representative lake and rivers in Zhenjiang, China. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
9
|
Rimondi V, Costagliola P, Lattanzi P, Morelli G, Cara G, Cencetti C, Fagotti C, Fredduzzi A, Marchetti G, Sconocchia A, Torricelli S. A 200 km-long mercury contamination of the Paglia and Tiber floodplain: Monitoring results and implications for environmental management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113191. [PMID: 31542668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a joint project carried out by three regional environmental agencies of Italy to evaluate long-range mercury (Hg) transport from the abandoned Mt. Amiata Hg district in southern Tuscany (the third largest worldwide site for Hg production) to the fluvial ecosystems of the Paglia and Tiber rivers. Most of the work focused on stream sediments, surface waters and soils. A preliminary survey of Hg0 content in air was also conducted. Data obtained by public health authorities on Hg in vegetables and fish were also included. The highest Hg concentrations (up to thousands of μg/g Hg) were observed in stream sediments and soils directly impacted by Hg mine runoff. Although progressive Hg dilution was observed from north to south along the river, sediments and soils show anomalous Hg levels for over 200 km downstream of Mt. Amiata, testifying to an extreme case of long-range Hg contamination. A pervasive redistribution of Hg is observed in all sediment compartments. Presumably, the width of the impacted fluvial corridor corresponds to the entire alluvial plains of the rivers. The floodplains can be considered new sources for downstream Hg redistribution, especially during large flood events. On the other hand, results from water, air, and vegetable sampling indicate low potential for human exposure to Hg. The extent and distribution of the contamination make remediation not viable. Therefore, people and human activities must coexist with such an anomaly. On the technical side, the most urgent action to be taken is a better definition of the exact extent of the contaminated area. On the management side, it is necessary to identify which public institution(s) can best deal with such a widespread phenomenon. According to the precautionary principle, the impact of the contamination on human activities in the affected areas should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Rimondi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - P Costagliola
- Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - P Lattanzi
- CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - G Morelli
- CNR-Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Via G. La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - G Cara
- ARPA Toscana, Area Vasta Sud, Loc. Ruffolo, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C Cencetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - C Fagotti
- ARPA Toscana, Area Vasta Sud, Loc. Ruffolo, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - A Fredduzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli s.n.c., 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Marchetti
- ARPA Marche, Via Ruggeri, 5, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Sconocchia
- ARPA Umbria, via Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa nsc, 5100 Terni, Italy
| | - S Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche, Università di Firenze, Via delle Pandette 32, 50127 Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun X, Fan D, Liu M, Tian Y, Pang Y, Liao H. Source identification, geochemical normalization and influence factors of heavy metals in Yangtze River Estuary sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:938-949. [PMID: 29929160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples, including 40 surface samples and 12 sediment cores, were collected from 52 stations of the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) in 2015 and 2016. The 95% linear prediction intervals (LPI) and principal components analysis (PCA), were conducted to evaluate the metal sources and grain-size effect (GSE). The in situ physico-chemical properties of pH, Eh, DO, salinity, temperature and turbidity were combined to elucidate the relationships between environmental factors and the fate of heavy metals in the river-estuary-shelf system. This study indicates a decreasing trend of metals in sediments from the estuary towards the adjacent shelf and the river channel and that Zn, Cu and Cr are mainly derived from natural processes throughout the catchment, whereas Pb appears to have anthropogenic inputs via atmospheric deposition. Furthermore, considering the best fit regression lines between the concentrations of Al and heavy metals as well as the deficiencies of the conventional Celements/CAl method, we introduce an approach (Al-SN: Al-scope normalization) that can eliminate the GSE on heavy metals and be applied to other estuaries. After Al-scope normalization, the relatively constant levels of Zn, Cu and Cr that remain in sediments from the river channel to the estuary and shelf confirmed that the variation of grain size in sediments almost entirely explained the distribution patterns of sediment toxicity in the YRE, while the enrichment of Pb in estuarine sediments could be attributed to its chemical species and physico-chemical properties. The results further suggest that the relationship between grain size and spatial behavior of sediment pollutants should be given priority over the contamination assessment and provenance discrimination in estuarine or similar environments with complex sediment compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dejiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yue Pang
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huijie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Technology, MOE, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|