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Zhang Y, Dang Y, Pei F, Yuan Y, Yuan J, Gu Z, Wang J. Sub-acute toxicity of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium exposure in adult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122605. [PMID: 37742863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinateammonium (GLA) is one of the most widely used agricultural herbicides. It is frequently detected in surface waters near farmland and may pose a risk to non-target aquatic species. This study aimed to explore the toxicity of subacute GLA exposure in crayfish. Adult red swamp crayfish were exposed to GLA (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) for 21 days. Bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, nonspecific immunity, and the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic detoxification-related enzymes were examined. The results showed GLA accumulation and hepatopancreatic histopathological changes (dilation of hepatic tubules and vacuolation of hepatocytes) in the exposed crayfish. GLA exposure induced ROS production, inhibited glutathione expression, and catalase activity in the crayfish hepatopancreas, as well as inhibited immunoenzyme expression (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and lysozyme) in the hemolymph. In addition, the total hemocyte number decreased, and the proportion of hemocyte subsets changed significantly. Superoxide dismutase first increased and then decreased with increasing GLA dosage. GLA promoted the expression of biotransformation enzymes (cypb5, gst) in the hepatopancreas. Our results suggest that subacute GLA exposure caused structural damage to the hepatopancreatic tissue and decreased antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity in crayfish. These findings provide insight into the toxicity of herbicides on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yao Dang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fucheng Pei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongchao Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junfa Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zemao Gu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Shan Z, Li S, Yu C, Bai S, Zhang J, Tang Y, Wang Y, Irwin DM, Li J, Wang Z. Embryonic and skeletal development of the albino African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). J Anat 2023; 242:1051-1066. [PMID: 36708289 PMCID: PMC10184547 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal stages of embryonic development for wild-type Xenopus laevis were established by Nieuwkoop and Faber in 1956, a milestone in the history of understanding embryonic development. However, this work lacked photographic images and staining for skeleton structures from the corresponding stages. Here, we provide high-quality images of embryonic morphology and skeleton development to facilitate studies on amphibian development. On the basis of the classical work, we selected the albino mutant of X. laevis as the observation material to restudy embryonic development in this species. The lower level of pigmentation makes it easier to interpret histochemical experiments. At 23°C, albino embryos develop at the same rate as wild-type embryos, which can be divided into 66 stages as they develop into adults in about 58 days. We described the complete embryonic development system for X. laevis, supplemented with pictures of limb and skeleton development that are missing from previous studies, and summarized the characteristics and laws of limb and skeleton development. Our study should aid research into the development of X. laevis and the evolution of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Shan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghua Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shibin Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yining Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Turhan DO, Güngördü A. Developmental, toxicological effects and recovery patterns in Xenopus laevis after exposure to penconazole-based fungicide during the metamorphosis process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135302. [PMID: 35697111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are a group of chemicals causing pollution of freshwater ecosystems due to their widespread use in agriculture. However, their endocrine disrupting effects are less studied than herbicides and insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental and toxicological effects and recovery patterns of penconazole-based fungicide (PBF) during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. For this purpose, firstly, the 96 h median lethal (LC50) and effective (EC50) concentrations and minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG) values of PBF were estimated for X. laevis as 4.97, 3.55 and 2.31 mg/L respectively, using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) on Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage 8 embryos. FETAX results showed PBF formulation was slightly teratogenic with a 1.4 teratogenic index; most recorded malformations were gut, abdominal edema, and tail curvature. The Subacute Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA) was modified based on acute FETAX results, and used to evaluate toxic effects and recovery patterns of relatively low PBF concentrations on metamorphosis using morphological and biochemical markers. NF Stage 51 tadpoles were exposed to two separate groups of each concentration for seven days in the AMA. Secondly, tadpoles of one group of each concentration continued to be exposed to PBF for the next 7 and 14 days while the other group was kept in a pesticide-free environment (depuration/recovery). Various morphological and biochemical markers were measured homogenate samples of tadpoles from exposure and recovery groups. Continuous exposure to relatively low PBF concentrations caused oxidative stress, toxic, and endocrine disrupting effects in the AMA, leading us to conclude that it has negative effects on frog health and development during the recovery period when PBF exposure is terminated. The glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, catalase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase activities were higher than the control group transferred to pesticide-free media for 14 days after the 7 days exposure and indicate persistent PBF impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ozhan Turhan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, 44210, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Abbas Güngördü
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, 44210, Malatya, Turkey.
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Reyes YM, Robinson SA, De Silva AO, Brinovcar C, Trudeau VL. Exposure to the synthetic phenolic antioxidant 4,4'-thiobis(6-t-butyl-m-cresol) disrupts early development in the frog Silurana tropicalis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132814. [PMID: 34774609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals in commonly used household and industrial products are being released into the environment, yet their toxicity is poorly understood. The synthetic phenolic antioxidant, 4,4'-thiobis(6-t-butyl-m-cresol) (CAS 96-69-5; TBBC) is present in many common products made of rubber and plastic. Yet, this phenolic antioxidant has not been tested for potential toxicity and developmental disruption in amphibians, a sensitive and susceptible class. We investigated whether acute and chronic exposure to TBBC would interfere with thyroid hormone-dependent developmental processes in the frog Silurana tropicalis and thus affect its early life-stage development. We exposed S. tropicalis embryos at the Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) 9-10 stage to TBBC at nominal concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 μg/L) to determine the 96h lethal concentrations and sublethal effects. We conducted a chronic exposure starting at stage NF47-48 to three sublethal TBBC nominal concentrations (0, 0.002, 0.1 and 5 μg/L) for 48-52 days to evaluate effects on growth and metamorphosis. The 96h lethal and effective (malformations) TBBC concentrations (LC50 and EC50) were 70.5 and 76.5 μg/L, respectively. Acute exposure to all TBBC concentrations affected S. tropicalis growth and was lethal at 200 and 400 μg/L. Chronic exposure to sublethal TBBC concentrations reduced body size by 8% at 5 μg/L and body mass by 17% at 0.002 μg/L when metamorphosis was completed. This study demonstrates that TBBC is toxic, induces malformations and inhibits tadpole growth after acute and chronic exposures. These findings call for further investigations on the mode of actions of TBBC and related antioxidants for developmental disruption in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yol Monica Reyes
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4, Canada.
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cassandra Brinovcar
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4, Canada.
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5
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Flach H, Lenz A, Pfeffer S, Kühl M, Kühl SJ. Impact of glyphosate-based herbicide on early embryonic development of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 244:106081. [PMID: 35074614 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, amphibian populations are declining drastically. One reason might be the use of pesticides including herbicides. The herbicide glyphosate is an inhibitor of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase of the plant shikimate pathway, preventing the formation of aromatic amino acids and thus inducing plant death. Due to this specific action, GBH are considered nontoxic to non-target organisms. However, GBH impairs embryonic development of chickens, amphibians and fishes. So far, no detailed tissue- and organ-specific analysis of the effects of GBH during development in amphibians has been performed. RESULTS We demonstrated that GBH Roundup® LB plus has a negative effect on embryonic development of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. GBH treatment with sublethal concentrations resulted in a reduced body length and mobility of embryos. Furthermore, incubation with GBH led to smaller eyes, brains and cranial cartilages in comparison to untreated embryos. GBH incubation also resulted in shorter cranial nerves and had an effect on cardiac development including reduced heart rate and atrium size. On a molecular basis, GBH treatment led to reduced expression of marker genes in different tissues and developmental stages. CONCLUSION GBH leads to disturbed embryonic development of Xenopus laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Flach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Lenz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Pfeffer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Pavan FA, Samojeden CG, Rutkoski CF, Folador A, Da Fré SP, Müller C, Hartmann PA, Hartmann MT. Morphological, behavioral and genotoxic effects of glyphosate and 2,4-D mixture in tadpoles of two native species of South American amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:103637. [PMID: 33753236 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination is an important factor in the global decline of amphibians. The herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D are the most applied worldwide. These herbicides are often found in surface waters close to agricultural areas. This study aims at evaluating the chronic effects caused by glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture in Boana faber and Leptodactylus latrans tadpoles. The combined solution of the glyphosate and 2,4-D, in 5 different concentrations, was applied for 168 h. Herbicide mixtures did not affect the survival of the exposed tadpoles but growth and swimming activity were altered; besides causing several damages in the mouth and intestine. The erythrocytes showed micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities. There is an ecological risk in the exposure of tadpoles of B. faber and L. latrans from the mixture of glyphosate + 2,4-D. Therefore, the approach used in this study provides important information on how commonly used pesticides can affect non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe André Pavan
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Garcia Samojeden
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila Fátima Rutkoski
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Folador
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Pricila Da Fré
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Afonso Hartmann
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marilia Teresinha Hartmann
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim Campus, RS-135 - Km 72, nº 200, Erechim, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Babalola OO, Truter JC, Archer E, van Wyk JH. Exposure Impacts of Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of a Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulation on Larval Development and Thyroid Histology of Xenopus laevis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:717-725. [PMID: 32948887 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play critical roles in body growth and development as well as reproduction. They also influence the activities of a wider variety of tissues and biological functions, such as osmoregulation, metabolism, and especially metamorphosis in organisms, such as frogs. These complex activities of thyroid hormones are prone to disruption by agricultural pesticides, often leading to modulation of growth and the reproductive system in particular. These substances include Glufosinate ammonium, Glyphosates, Imazapyr, Penoxsulam, and Diquat dibromide among other herbicides. In this study, the standardized Xenopus Metamorphosis Assay protocol was used to assess the potential thyroid-modulatory properties of the Glufosinate ammonium Basta formulation, at relevant environmental concentrations (0.05 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, and 0.25 mg/L) for 21 days. The results showed that this formulation only reduced the hind-limb length among the morphological endpoints. Histological evaluation showed that the mean thyroid gland area and the mean thyroidal follicle epithelium height were significantly increased following 0.15 and 0.25 mg/L exposures. The present study confirmed that this Basta formulation interacts with the thyroid axis and therefore potentially pose health hazard to amphibian in particular and potentially metamorphic aquatic vertebrates. Furthermore, the result is a signal of inherent potential thyroid disrupting activities that must be further investigated and characterised in some of the aquatic herbicide formulations to safeguard the aquatic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun O Babalola
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - J Christoff Truter
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Edward Archer
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johannes H van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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8
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Santos AT, Valverde BSL, De Oliveira C, Franco-Belussi L. Genotoxic and melanic alterations in Lithobates catesbeianus (anura) tadpoles exposed to fipronil insecticide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20072-20081. [PMID: 33405149 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and morphological systemic effects of both an acute and a chronic exposure of bullfrog tadpoles to fipronil. Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles had morphological biomarkers (skin, liver, and blood) analyzed at Gosner stages 36-38, when exposed to four different concentrations of Regent® 800 WG (80% fipronil): 0.00 (control), 0.04, 0.08, 0.4 mg/L, and four experimental times: 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. Body darkness responded directly to the treatment and exposure time. There was a treatment-dependent decrease in darkness of heads and tails. In relation to the biometric analysis, fipronil induced a decrease in the individual weight and liver mass at the end of the experiments, whereas the hepatosomatic index did not vary according to the treatment. For the exposed animals and for the control group, the area of hepatic melanin increased as exposure time increased. Fipronil has genotoxic effects on L. catesbeianus tadpoles even after short exposure times (e.g., 4 and 8 days), and the main nuclear abnormality is in the anucleate cells. A relevant correlation was observed between genotoxic biomarkers and cutaneous and internal melanin. The frequency of nuclear abnormalities is inversely correlated both with the hepatic melanin area and with the cutaneous melanin of animals. Fipronil has distinct systemic effects on tadpoles based on its concentration, as well as on its exposure time. Such alterations (pigmentation level and rate of erythrocyte abnormality) result in morphological and physiological effects, which may compromise the behavior and survival of the anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arleto T Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno S L Valverde
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Classius De Oliveira
- Departmento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, CEP: 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Romano RM, de Oliveira JM, de Oliveira VM, de Oliveira IM, Torres YR, Bargi-Souza P, Martino Andrade AJ, Romano MA. Could Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Be Associated With Increased Thyroid Diseases Worldwide? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:627167. [PMID: 33815286 PMCID: PMC8018287 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.627167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of thyroid diseases raises a series of questions about what the main predisposing factors are nowadays. If dietary restriction of iodine was once a major global health concern, today, the processes of industrialization of food and high exposure to a wide variety of environmental chemicals may be affecting, directly or indirectly, thyroid function. The homeostasis of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is finely regulated through the negative feedback mechanism exerted by thyroid hormones. Allostatic mechanisms are triggered to adjust the physiology of HPT axis in chronic conditions. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides are pesticides with controversial endocrine disrupting activities and only few studies have approached their effects on HPT axis and thyroid function. However, glyphosate has an electrophilic and nucleophilic zwitterion chemical structure that may affect the mechanisms involved in iodide oxidation and organification, as well as the oxidative phosphorylation in the ATP synthesis. Thus, in this review, we aimed to: (1) discuss the critical points in the regulation of HPT axis and thyroid hormones levels balance, which may be susceptible to the toxic action of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, correlating the molecular mechanisms involved in glyphosate toxicity described in the literature that may, directly or indirectly, be associated to the higher incidence of thyroid diseases; and (2) present the literature regarding glyphosate toxicity in HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula Bargi-Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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10
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Jacques MT, Bornhorst J, Soares MV, Schwerdtle T, Garcia S, Ávila DS. Reprotoxicity of glyphosate-based formulation in Caenorhabditis elegans is not due to the active ingredient only. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1854-1862. [PMID: 31326750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides guarantee us high productivity in agriculture, but the long-term costs have proved too high. Acute and chronic intoxication of humans and animals, contamination of soil, water and food are the consequences of the current demand and sales of these products. In addition, pesticides such as glyphosate are sold in commercial formulations which have inert ingredients, substances with unknown composition and proportion. Facing this scenario, toxicological studies that investigate the interaction between the active principle and the inert ingredients are necessary. The following work proposed comparative toxicology studies between glyphosate and its commercial formulation using the alternative model Caenorhabditis elegans. Worms were exposed to different concentrations of the active ingredient (glyphosate in monoisopropylamine salt) and its commercial formulation. Reproductive capacity was evaluated through brood size, morphological analysis of oocytes and through the MD701 strain (bcIs39), which allows the visualization of germ cells in apoptosis. In addition, the metal composition in the commercial formulation was analyzed by ICP-MS. Only the commercial formulation of glyphosate showed significant negative effects on brood size, body length, oocyte size, and the number of apoptotic cells. Metal analysis showed the presence of Hg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the commercial formulation, which did not cause reprotoxicity at the concentrations found. However, metals can bioaccumulate in soil and water and cause environmental impacts. Finally, we demonstrated that the addition of inert ingredients increased the toxic profile of the active ingredient glyphosate in C. elegans, which reinforces the need of components description in the product labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tavares Jacques
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis Elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Experimentação em Neuropatologia, Department of Biochemistry, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Block C, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit FOR 2558, Berlin-Potsdam-Jena, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marcell Valandro Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis Elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; TraceAge - DFG Research Unit FOR 2558, Berlin-Potsdam-Jena, Germany
| | - Solange Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis Elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, PO BOX 118, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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de Brito Rodrigues L, Gonçalves Costa G, Lundgren Thá E, da Silva LR, de Oliveira R, Morais Leme D, Cestari MM, Koppe Grisolia C, Campos Valadares M, de Oliveira GAR. Impact of the glyphosate-based commercial herbicide, its components and its metabolite AMPA on non-target aquatic organisms. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:94-101. [PMID: 31255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is the active ingredient of several herbicide formulations widely used to control weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Due to the intensive use of GLY-based herbicides and their direct application on soils, some of their components, including the active ingredient, may reach the aquatic environment through direct run-off and leaching. The present study assessed the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of the GLY-based formulation Atanor 48 (ATN) and its major constituents GLY, surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), as well as the main metabolite of GLY aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on non-target aquatic organisms. The toxic effects of these chemicals were evaluated in the fish embryo acute toxicity test with zebrafish (Danio rerio), while genotoxic effects were investigated in the comet assays with cells from zebrafish larvae and rainbow trout gonad-2 (RTG-2). GLY and AMPA caused no acute toxic effect, while ATN and POEA induced significant lethal effects in zebrafish (LC50-96 h 76.50 mg/L and 5.49 mg/L, respectively). All compounds were genotoxic in comet experiments with zebrafish larvae (LOEC 1.7 mg/L for GLY, ATN, AMPA and 0.4 mg/L for POEA). Unlike in vivo, only POEA induced DNA damage in RTG-2 cells (LOEC 1.6 mg/L), suggesting that it is a direct acting genotoxic agent. In summary, these data indicate that the lethal effects on zebrafish early-life stages can be ranked in the following order from most to least toxic: surfactant POEA > formulation ATN > active ingredient GLY ≈ metabolite AMPA. Genotoxic effects were observed in both RTG-2 cells (only POEA) and zebrafish (all test compounds) with the lowest tested concentrations. Therefore, it is important to evaluate different toxicological endpoints as well as use different non-target organisms to predict the hazards of GLY-based formulations and their components and breakdown product to aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Technology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), UNESP, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Biological Sciences Institute - University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), UNESP, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Bach NC, Marino DJG, Natale GS, Somoza GM. Effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulation, Roundup ® Ultramax, on liver histology of tadpoles of the neotropical frog, Leptodactylus latrans (amphibia: Anura). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:289-297. [PMID: 29573614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the agricultural expansion has led to an increased use of pesticides, with glyphosate as the most widely used worldwide. This is also the situation in Argentina, where glyphosate formulations are the most commercialized herbicides. It is known that glyphosate formulations are much more toxic than the active ingredient, and this difference in toxicity can be attributed to the adjuvants present in the formula. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare sub-lethal histological effects of the glyphosate formulation Roundup Ultramax and glyphosate active ingredient on Leptodactylus latrans tadpoles at Gosner-stage 36. Semi-static bioassays were performed using 96 h of exposure with Roundup Ultramax formulation (RU; 0.37-5.25 mg a.e./L), glyphosate (GLY; 3-300 mg/L), and a control group. RU exposure showed an increment in the melanomacrophagic cells (MMc) and melanomacrophagic centers (MMCs) from 0.37 mg a.e./L. GLY exposure showed a significant increment in the number of MMc from 15 mg/L, and of MMCs from 3 mg/L. Also, histopathological lesions were observed in the liver of tadpoles exposed to both, GLY and RU. These lesions included: lipidosis and hepatic congestion, but only RU showed significant differences respect to control, with a LOEC value of 2.22 mg a.e./L for both effects. In sum, this study represents the first evidence of adverse effects of glyphosate and RU formulation on the liver of anuran larvae at concentrations frequently found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia C Bach
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2, (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Damián J G Marino
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo S Natale
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), UNLP-CONICET, Calle 47 y 115, La Plata, 1900 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2, (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Ockleford C, Adriaanse P, Berny P, Brock T, Duquesne S, Grilli S, Hernandez-Jerez AF, Bennekou SH, Klein M, Kuhl T, Laskowski R, Machera K, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Stemmer M, Sundh I, Teodorovic I, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Wolterink G, Aldrich A, Berg C, Ortiz-Santaliestra M, Weir S, Streissl F, Smith RH. Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05125. [PMID: 32625798 PMCID: PMC7009658 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science to support the potential development of a risk assessment scheme of plant protection products for amphibians and reptiles. The coverage of the risk to amphibians and reptiles by current risk assessments for other vertebrate groups was investigated. Available test methods and exposure models were reviewed with regard to their applicability to amphibians and reptiles. Proposals were made for specific protection goals aiming to protect important ecosystem services and taking into consideration the regulatory framework and existing protection goals for other vertebrates. Uncertainties, knowledge gaps and research needs were highlighted.
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Ockleford C, Adriaanse P, Berny P, Brock T, Duquesne S, Grilli S, Hernandez-Jerez AF, Bennekou SH, Klein M, Kuhl T, Laskowski R, Machera K, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Stemmer M, Sundh I, Teodorovic I, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Wolterink G, Aldrich A, Berg C, Ortiz-Santaliestra M, Weir S, Streissl F, Smith RH. Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles. EFSA J 2018. [PMID: 32625798 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5125issn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science to support the potential development of a risk assessment scheme of plant protection products for amphibians and reptiles. The coverage of the risk to amphibians and reptiles by current risk assessments for other vertebrate groups was investigated. Available test methods and exposure models were reviewed with regard to their applicability to amphibians and reptiles. Proposals were made for specific protection goals aiming to protect important ecosystem services and taking into consideration the regulatory framework and existing protection goals for other vertebrates. Uncertainties, knowledge gaps and research needs were highlighted.
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15
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Lukas P, Olsson L. Sequence and timing of early cranial skeletal development in Xenopus laevis. J Morphol 2017; 279:62-74. [PMID: 28960402 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model organism in biological research. Morphological descriptions of the larval cartilaginous skeleton are more than half a century old and comprehensive studies of early cartilage differentiation and development are missing. A proper understanding of early cranial skeletal development in X. laevis requires a detailed description that can function as a baseline for experimental studies. This basis makes it possible to evaluate skeletal defects produced by experiments on gene interactions, such as gain- or loss-of function experiments. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the pattern and timing of early cartilage differentiation and development in the larval head of X. laevis. Methods used include antibody staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D-reconstruction. Results were than compared to earlier studies based on classical histological approaches and clearing-and-staining. The first cartilage to chondrify is, in contrast to other vertebrates investigated so far, the ceratohyal. The components of the branchial basket chondrify in anterior-to-posterior direction as reported for other amphibians. Chondrification of different cartilages begins at different stages and the majority of cartilages are fully developed at Ziermann and Olsson stage 17. Our baseline data on the pattern and timing of early cartilaginous development in X. laevis is useful for evaluation of experiments which alter head skeletal development as well as for identifying heterochronic shifts in head development in other amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lukas
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Lennart Olsson
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
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