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Chung D, Kim TK, Park KW, Oh YS, Shin HS. Distribution of 35 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Pine Needle Samples from Selected Locations in the Republic of Korea. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:74. [PMID: 38733375 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dust, and wax were measured in pine needles, and PAHs were also measured in surface soil. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the analytical values. The main compounds responsible for the increase in total PAHs were non-carcinogenic phenanthrene and fluoranthene. Therefore, the % content of carcinogenic PAHs decreased with a slope = -0.037 (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), as the total PAH concentration in pine needles increased. Correlations between individual PAHs in pine needles and surface soil were very high when only low-number ring PAHs (2R- and 3R-PAHs) were statistically analyzed and significant when only high-number ring PAHs were statistically analyzed. Low-number ring PAH mainly moves in the gas phase and diffuses into the wax layer, so it was found to be statistically significant with the wax content of pine needles. High-number ring PAHs showed a high correlation with the amount of dust in pine needles because they mainly attached to dust particles and accumulated on the surface of pine needles. The ratios of fluoranthene/pyrene and methylphenanthrene/phenanthrene for predicting the origin of atmospheric PAHs have also been proven valid for pine needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chung
- Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-Gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Kim
- Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-Gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wan Park
- Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-Ro, Seo-Gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Suk Oh
- International Advanced Analytical Institute, Dokang-Gu, Goyang, Gonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- International Advanced Analytical Institute, Dokang-Gu, Goyang, Gonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yakan SD, Çelik İE, Özkan K. Abundance and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of twelve alpine lakes in the Central Taurus Mountains. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:974. [PMID: 37470877 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The regions of Bolkar Mountains and Aladağlar accommodate a unique ecosystem in Turkey, due to being in a transitional climate between the continental and the Mediterranean and hosting alpine lakes which are considered as good indicators of regional and atmospheric pollution due to being far from direct human impact. On the other hand, these regions are surrounded by various power plants, and also subject to occasional human activities, where anthropogenic effects are expected to be. Sediment samples were collected from 12 lakes in Central Taurus Mountains, 6 lakes in Bolkar Mountains, and 6 lakes in Aladağlar. Fifteen PAHs, identified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as lake water chemical characteristics were determined. The distribution of analyzed PAHs was investigated, and PAH diagnostic ratios were calculated to identify their potential sources. It was a remarkable observation that only low-molecular-weight PAHs exist in the lakes of Aladağlar, whereas high-molecular-weight PAHs are also found in the lakes of Bolkar Mountains, likely reflecting more isolated characteristics of the Aladağlar region. As compatible with this observation, total PAHs (T-PAHs) were found lower in Aladağlar (0.00-105.78 ng/g w.w.) than in Bolkar Mountains (9.08-380.16 ng/g w.w.). Overall, T-PAHs of sampled lakes were found in a similar range when they are compared to the other high-altitude alpine lakes around the world, indicating no significant difference in terms of atmospheric pollution of the global average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Deniz Yakan
- Department of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - İmran Eren Çelik
- Department of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Korhan Özkan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey
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Guo F, Gao M, Dong J, Sun J, Hou G, Liu S, Du X, Yang S, Liu J, Huang Y. The first high resolution PAH record of industrialization over the past 200 years in Liaodong Bay, northeastern China. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119103. [PMID: 36116194 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are excellent tracers for fossil fuel combustion, natural fires and petroleum contamination, and have been widely used for reconstructing past wildfires and industrial activities at a variety of time scales. Here, for the first time, we obtain a high resolution (annual to decadal scale) record of PAHs from two parallel marine sediment cores from the Liaodong Bay, Northeastern China to reconstruct the industrial activities, spanning the past ∼ 200 years from 1815 to 2014. Our data indicate that PAH variations can be divided into four episodes: I) low (probably near background) PAHs from natural fires and domestic wood combustion during the pre-industrial period from 1815 to 1890; II) slightly increased (but with large fluctuations) PAH concentrations derived from intermittent warfare during the World War (1891-1945) and increased industrial activities after 1946 (1946-1965); III) a period of stagnation and, in some cases, reduction in PAHs during the "Cultural Revolution" (1966 to 1979); and IV) a rapid and persistent rise in PAHs post 1979 linked to fast economic development, with PAH concentrations doubled from 1979 to 2014. Changes in PAH distributions demonstrate major shifts in the dominant types of fuels over time from vegetation/wood, to coal and wood, followed by coal and petroleum (including vehicle emissions) over the past 200 years. We find that PAH records also show similar trend to domestic economy and the estimated regional Anthropocene CO2 emissions from industrial activities, suggesting sedimentary PAH fluxes could be used as an indirect and qualitative proxy to track the trend for regional anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China.
| | - Maosheng Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junfu Dong
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-1846, United States
| | - Shu Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Yongsong Huang
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-1846, United States.
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Changes and distribution of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine compounds in a high-mountain gradient over a three-year period (Pyrenees, 2017-2020). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154602. [PMID: 35306068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric gas-phase concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) were measured in six high-mountain sites in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m). Polyurethane foam passive air samplers were used for this purpose, providing continuous records spanning over three years (2017-2020). The mean concentrations of ∑PCBs, HCB, and PeCB, 13 ± 4 pg m-3, 44 ± 18 pg m-3, and 23 ± 20 pg m-3, respectively, were of the order of those reported in other mountain sites and similar to those measured 20 years ago in the same area, evidencing the persistence of these compounds despite the international regulatory actions. The mean concentration of ∑PAHs was 631 ± 238 pg m-3, representing between two- and three-times lower values than 20 years ago in the same area, but still in the range of other mountain regions. Statistically significant increases in gas-phase concentrations at higher temperatures were observed for most compounds. The experimental phase-change pseudo-enthalpies calculated from the slopes of the regressions between the natural logarithm of the concentrations and the reciprocal of temperature were lower than the reference values for nearly all compounds. This difference suggested a main contribution of long-range atmospheric transport of the gas-phase PAH and organochlorine concentrations in this mountain area. However, the less volatile compounds such as benz[a]anthracene, PCB138, and PCB180 showed a closer similarity between experimental and laboratory enthalpies, indicating that a significant portion of the variations in concentration of these compounds originated from temperature-dependent diffusive exchange by re-volatilization from local surfaces. The concentrations found in these sentinel ecosystems demonstrate that long-range transport of organic pollutants remains a risk in remote continental environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Mazmanci B, Mazmanci MA, Turgut C, Atatanir L, Yalcin M, Kurt-Karakus PB, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW. Pine needle and semi-permeable membrane device derived organochlorine compounds (OCPs) concentrations in air in Mersin Province to Taurus, Turkey. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:694-703. [PMID: 32536292 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1768782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in three different ages (half-, 1.5-, 2.5-year-old) for needles and semi permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) at three deployment periods from sea level to 1881 meter above sea level. Individual HCHs concentrations ranged between 1.4 and 129 pg/g fw depending on the age and sampling season while 2.5-year-old needles showed higher HCHs levels compared to half and 1.5- year-old. Correlation between elevation and HCH concentration in SPMDs was found but not in needle samples. Concentrations of HCHs in SPMDs indicated clearly cold condensation effect on accumulation in winter period and increased with altitude. Concentrations of DDTs in half and 1.5-year-old needles were lower than 2.5-year-old needles. The highest total concentration of DDTs was detected in 1-year-period SPMD. Higher concentrations were found in 2.5-year-old needles for other OCPs. Seasonal and altitude-dependent changes were not observed for other OCPs in SMPDs. Total accumulation of OCPs in SPMDs were found higher than in needles. On the contrary, an increased accumulation rate was observed for HCHs in SPMD. In general, Total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were similar to total of other OCPs in all altitudes when dominating endosulfan wasnot taken into account in the computation of total concentration of other OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgul Mazmanci
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet A Mazmanci
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Cafer Turgut
- Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Levent Atatanir
- Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Melis Yalcin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Perihan B Kurt-Karakus
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department für Biowissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Freising, Germany
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Cindoruk SS, Sakin AE, Tasdemir Y. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in pine tree components and ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113418. [PMID: 31732286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pine needles are employed as alternative biomonitoring agents in atmospheric studies. In this study, pine (Pinus Pinea) components (needles and branches) and air samples were collected simultaneously to monitor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Gemlik, Turkey between January and December 2016. The relationship between ambient air and pine needles were examined to enlighten the usability of pine components as passive samplers for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Marmara region. Average ∑14PAH concentrations for the ambient air, pine needles, and pine branches were 23.1 ± 18.3 ng/m3, 626 ± 306 ng/g DW and 548 ± 261 ng/g DW respectively. PCB concentrations were 118 ± 74 pg/m3, 7.5 ± 2.1 ng/g DW and 6.8 ± 2.9 ng/g DW and ∑10 OCP concentrations were 122 ± 89 ng/m3,1.3 ± 1.5 ng/g DW and 10.0 ± 3.8 ng/g DW in the same order. Levels of PAHs and PCBs were higher in needles than branches. PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in pine components tended to decrease with increasing temperatures in spring. PAH compounds with medium and light molecular weighted ones were found to be dominant. On the other hand, the predominant PCB components were the medium-weighted congeners while γ-HCH, Heptachlor endo. Epox. Iso A, endrin aldehyde, and methoxychlor were the dominant OCP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - A Egemen Sakin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
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Zhu T, Wu J, He C, Fu D, Wu J. Development and evaluation of MTLSER and QSAR models for predicting polyethylene-water partition coefficients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:600-606. [PMID: 29975886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Current study was aimed to make further improvements in measuring low density polyethylene (LDPE) -water partition coefficient (KPE-w) for organic chemicals. Modified theoretical linear solvation energy relationship (MTLSER) model and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model were developed for predicting KPE-w values from chemical descriptors. With the MTLSER model, α (average molecular polarizability), μ (dipole moment) and q- (net charge of the most negative atoms) as significant variables were screened. With the QSAR model, main control factors of KPE-w values, such as CrippenLogP (Crippen octanol-water partition coefficient), CIC0 (neighborhood symmetry of 0-order) and GATS2p (Geary autocorrelation-lag2/weighted by polarizabilities) were studied. As per our best knowledge, this is the first attempt to predict polymer-water partition coefficient using the MTLSER model. Statistical parameters, correlation coefficient (R2) and cross-validation coefficients (Q2) were ranging from 0.811 to 0.951 and 0.761 to 0.949, respectively, which indicated that the models appropriately fit the results, and also showed robustness and predictive capacity. Mechanism interpretation suggested that the main factors governing the partition process between LDPE and water were the molecular polarizability and hydrophobicity. The results of this study provide an excellent tool for predicting log KPE-w values of most common hydrophobic organic compounds, within the applicability domains to reduce experimental cost and time for innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Chengda He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China.
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Zhou R, Yang R, Jing C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and lichen from the western Tibetan Plateau: Concentration profiles, distribution and its influencing factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:151-158. [PMID: 29331219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a huge area and rarely affected by human activity, and is regarded as one of the most remote regions on the earth. Many studies about the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were conducted in southern and central TP. However, there are very limited studies focused on PAHs in the western TP and the concentrations profiles, distribution and its controlling factors in this area remains unclear. Thus, to explore this knowledge gap, 37 surface soil samples and 23 lichen samples were collected and analyzed for PAHs. The total concentration of 16 US EPA's priority PAHs (∑16PAHs) in western TP ranges 14.4-59.5ng/g and 38.0-133ng/g dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 30.8 and 84.6ng/g dw in soil and lichen, respectively, which is lower than the concentrations in most remote areas worldwide. In the western TP, low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) are dominant (occupied 77.4% and 87.9% on average in soil and lichen, respectively), implying a significant contribution of LRAT in this area. The significant linear correlations (R2 = 0.372-0.627, p < 0.05) between longitude and soil concentration suggest a strong impact of the westerly wind on the distribution of PAHs in soil. In addition, the concentration ratio of lichen/soil (L/S) was found to linearly increase with the increasing log KOA of individual PAH, suggesting lichen has a strong ability in filtering more lipophilic airborne pollutants in western TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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