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Sales Junior SF, da Silva EO, Mannarino CF, Correia FV, Saggioro EM. A comprehensive overview on solid waste leachate effects on terrestrial organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170083. [PMID: 38224881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Leachate is a highly complex waste with high toxicological potential that poses a significant threat to the terrestrial environment. Determining leachate physicochemical parameters and identifying xenobiotics alone is, however, not enough to determine the real environmental impacts. In this context, the use of terrestrial model organisms has been highlighted as a tool in ecotoxicological leachate assessments and as a guiding principle in risk assessments. In this context, this review aimed to present the most current state of knowledge concerning leachate toxicity and the bioassays employed in this evaluation concerning terrestrial plants and animals. To this end, a literature search on leachate effects on terrestrial organisms was carried out using ten search terms, in 32 different combinations, at the Web of Science and Scopus databases. A total of 74 eligible articles were selected. The retrieved studies analyzed 42 different plant and animal species and employed nine endpoints, namely phytotoxicity, genotoxicity, bioaccumulation, antioxidant system, cytotoxicity, reproduction, physiological changes, behavior and lethality. A frequent association of toxic leachate effects with metals was observed, mainly Pb, Cd, Cr, Mg, Zn and Cr, which can cause antioxidant system alterations and cyto- and genotoxicity. These elements have also been associated to reproductive effects in earthworms and mice. Specifically concerning plants, most of the retrieved studies employed Allium cepa in toxicity assays, reporting phytotoxic effects frequently associated to metals and soil parameter changes. Animal studies, on the other hand, mostly employed mice and evaluated genotoxicity and antioxidant system effects. Even with the description of toxic leachate effects in both plants and animals, a lack of knowledge is still noted concerning reproductive, physiological, cytotoxic, and behavioral effects in terrestrial species. We, thus, suggest that further studies be carried out on other animals, advancing our understanding on potential environmental leachate effects, also allowing for human health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Fernandes Sales Junior
- Post-graduation Program in Public Health and Environment, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões Ave, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Oliveira da Silva
- Post-graduation Program in Public Health and Environment, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões Ave, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Correia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), 458 Pasteur Ave., 22290-20 Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrico Mendes Saggioro
- Post-graduation Program in Public Health and Environment, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões Ave, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil; Environmental Health Evaluation and Promotion Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 4365 Brazil Ave, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
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Zhu M, Zhang M, Tang M, Wang J, Liu L, Wang Z. The concentration-dependent physiological damage, oxidative stress, and DNA lesions in Caenorhabditis elegans by subacute exposure to landfill leachate. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139544. [PMID: 37474030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The leakage of landfill leachate (LL) into environmental media would be happened even in the sanitary/controlled landfill, due to the deterioration of geomembrane and the blockage of drainage system after long-term operation. Considering the complex composition and high concentration of pollutants in LL, its toxicity assessment should be conducted as a whole liquid contaminant. Therefore, the impacts of LL on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were investigated under the condition of different exposure time and exposure volume fraction (EVF). The stimulating effects on locomotion behavior and growth of C. elegans were observed after acute (24 h) exposure to LL, which were increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of EVF. Meanwhile, the intestinal barrier was not affected by LL, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis significantly decreased. However, stimulation and inhibition effects on locomotion behavior and growth of C. elegans were observed when subacute (72 h) exposure to 0.25%-0.5% and 1%-4% of LL, respectively. The intestinal injury index and levels of ROS and cell apoptosis significantly increased when EVF were 2% and 4%. Although the acute exposure of LL had resulted in obviously biological adaptability and antioxidant defense in C. elegans, the protective mechanisms failed to be induced as the exposure time increased (subacute exposure). The toxic effects were confirmed by the down-regulation of genes associated with antioxidant defense and neurobehavior, accompanied by the up-regulation of intestinal injury and cell apoptosis related genes. Moreover, the disturbance of metabolic pathways that associated with locomotion behaviors, growth, and antioxidant defense provided good supplementary evidence for the confirmation of oxidative stress in C. elegans. The research results verified the potential of C. elegans as model organism to determine the complex toxic effects of LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingqi Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Zhiping Wang
- School of Environment Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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A Recent Progress in the Leachate Pretreatment Methods Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion for Enhanced Biogas Production: Feasibility, Trends, and Techno-Economic Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010763. [PMID: 36614205 PMCID: PMC9820962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Landfill leachate (LFL) treatment is a severe challenge due to its highly viscous nature and various complex pollutants. Leachate comprises various toxic pollutants, including inorganic macro/nano components, xenobiotics, dissolved organic matter, heavy metals, and microorganisms responsible for severe environmental pollution. Various treatment procedures are available to achieve better effluent quality levels; however, most of these treatments are nondestructive, so pollutants are merely transported from one phase to another, resulting in secondary contamination. Anaerobic digestion is a promising bioconversion technology for treating leachate while producing renewable, cleaner energy. Because of its high toxicity and low biodegradability, biological approaches necessitate employing other techniques to complement and support the primary process. In this regard, pretreatment technologies have recently attracted researchers' interest in addressing leachate treatment concerns through anaerobic digestion. This review summarizes various LFL pretreatment methods, such as electrochemical, ultrasonic, alkaline, coagulation, nanofiltration, air stripping, adsorption, and photocatalysis, before the anaerobic digestion of leachate. The pretreatment could assist in converting biogas (carbon dioxide to methane) and residual volatile fatty acids to valuable chemicals and fuels and even straight to power generation. However, the selection of pretreatment is a vital step. The techno-economic analysis also suggested the high economic feasibility of integrated-anaerobic digestion. Therefore, with the incorporation of pretreatment and anaerobic digestion, the process could have high economic viability attributed to bioenergy production and cost savings through sustainable leachate management options.
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Palm ER, Guidi Nissim W, Adamcová D, Podlasek A, Jakimiuk A, Vaverková MD. Sinapis alba L. and Triticum aestivum L. as biotest model species for evaluating municipal solid waste leachate toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114012. [PMID: 34731708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) inputs is rapidly increasing with a growing human population, and its composition is changing due an increased diversity of materials being deposited. There is an associated increase in leachate, a common toxic byproduct of MSW facilities that must be collected and treated prior to its release into the environment. There is growing interest in plant-based methods that are economical and efficient for leachate toxicity assessment such as biological tests that use indicator species. In the present study, the tolerance thresholds of two herbaceous species, Sinapis alba L. (mustard) and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) to increasing shares of leachate sourced from an MSW facility in the Czech Republic were assessed through a variety of physiological parameters. Soil-based biotests showed a stimulation in the shoot biomass, leaf expansion, primary root elongation and carbon assimilation rate of the selected plant species to leachate concentrations between 20 and 50 %. Higher leachate concentrations led to reductions in most physiological parameters, especially the elongation of seedling roots when growth solutions with >50 % leachate were applied. While S. alba was more sensitive to increasing proportions of leachate in terms of growth parameters of the shoot tissues, photosystem II efficiency and chlorophyll pigment concentrations were more responsive in T. aestivum, indicating species-dependent differences. The present biotests provide further support for the use of both Sinapis alba L and Triticum aestivum L. as indicator species of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rose Palm
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee, 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; PNAT s.r.l, via delle Cascine, 33/35, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Dana Adamcová
- Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Podlasek
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jakimiuk
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Daria Vaverková
- Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776, Warsaw, Poland
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Ančić M, Huđek A, Rihtarić I, Cazar M, Bačun-Družina V, Kopjar N, Durgo K. PHYSICO chemical properties and toxicological effect of landfill groundwaters and leachates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124574. [PMID: 31445332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Waste landfills represent a global problem, which is more pronounced in developing countries because of the lack of resources to implement procedures that include separation and waste processing. The aim of this research was to analyze leachate and ground waters samples at the site, upstream and downstream from the landfill during different year seasons on a registered non-hazardous waste dump and to conduct physico-chemical and biological assays to determine potential risk for the ecosystem. Potential cytotoxic, prooxidative and mutagenic effects of leachates and water samples were evaluated on human laryngeal cell line (HEp2). Leachates collected at landfill site caused genotoxic effect and had a higher pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and elevated concentrations of phosphorus, chloride, nitrogen compounds and sulphate. Genotoxicity of the leachate was increased in samples collected in dry and warm period of the year. These results are in accordance to the physico-chemical analysis which revealed that during summer period, because of intense degradation process at high temperatures increased concentrations of different chemicals can be found in leachate. Groundwater collected downstream and upstream from landfill did not show statistically significant (geno)toxic effect, irrespective of the sampling season. Chemical analysis revealed that all compounds in groundwater were below permitted values. Purification process at landfill is effective and compounds that reach groundwater do not represent a toxicological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ančić
- Euroinspekt Croatiakontrola, d.o.o., Karlovačka cesta 4L, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ana Huđek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva Rihtarić
- Euroinspekt Croatiakontrola, d.o.o., Karlovačka cesta 4L, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario Cazar
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Višnja Bačun-Družina
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medicine Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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