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Chen T, Wen XC, Zhang LJ, Tu SC, Zhang JH, Sun RN, Yan B. The geochemical and mineralogical controls on the release characteristics of potentially toxic elements from lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120328. [PMID: 36202267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings were deposited at tailings impoundments without proper management, which have posed considerable risks to the local ecosystem and residents in mining areas worldwide. Therefore, the geochemical behaviors of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in tailings were in-depth investigated in this study by a coupled use of batch kinetic tests, statistical analysis and mineralogical characterization. The results indicated that among these studied PTEs, Cd concentration fluctuated within a wide range of 0.83-6.91 mg/kg, and showed the highest spatial heterogeneity. The mean Cd concentrations generally increased with depth. Cd were mainly partitioned in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions. The release potential of PTEs from tailings was ranged as: Cd > Mn > Zn > Pb > As, Cd > Pb > Zn > Mn > As and Cd > Pb > Mn > Zn > As, respectively, under the assumed environmental scenarios, i.e. acid rain, vegetation restoration, human gastrointestinal digestion. The results from mineralogical characterization indicated that quartz, sericite, calcite and pyrite were typical minerals, cumulatively accounting for over 80% of the tailings. Sulfides (arsenopyrite, galena, and sphalerite), carbonates (calcite, dolomite, cerussite and kutnahorite), oxides (limonite) were identified as the most relevant PTEs-bearing phases, which significantly contributed to PTEs release from tailings. A combined result of statistical, geochemical and mineralogical approaches would be provided valuable information for the alteration characteristics and contaminant release of Pb/Zn mine tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Tu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Hao Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, 77005, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yang B, Luo W, Hong M, Wang J, Liu X, Gan M, Qiu G. Inhibition of hematite on acid mine drainage caused by chalcopyrite biodissolution. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhang Y, Zi F, Hu X, Chen Z, Yang P, Chen Y, Qin X, Chen S, He P, Lin Y, Zhao L. Mechanism of pyrite oxidation in copper(II)-ethylenediamine-thiosulphate gold leaching system. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jiale C, Chao Z, Jinzhao R, Chunhua Z, Ying G. Cadmium Bioavailability and Accumulation in Rice Grain are Controlled by pH and Ca in Paddy Soils with High Geological Background of Transportation and Deposition. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:92-98. [PMID: 33392688 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) threatens rice quality and human health, yet this risk remains uncertain in paddy fields with high geological background of transportation and deposition. In this study, we collected 31 pairs of soil and rice grain samples in Doumen and Xinhui Districts in Guangdong province, China and investigated which factors controlled Cd bioavailability in soil and accumulation in rice. Soil samples were mostly acidic and contained a range of organic matter. Total Cd in soil varied from 0.10 to 1.03 mg kg- 1 and was positively correlated with those of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe), suggesting that these elements shared same sources and Cd was most likely originated from parent material. The activity ratio (AR, CaCl2-extractable Cd/soil Cd) and bioconcentration factor (BCF, rice grain Cd/soil Cd) of Cd were negatively correlated with soil pH. The coupling relationship between soil and rice grain Cd could be described by a linear model, which was used to predict soil Cd threshold values to keep rice grain Cd concentration from exceeding the Chinese limit (0.2 mg kg- 1). In summary, Cd pollution was not very severe in the paddy soils of studied area but the risk could not be neglected when soil was acidified, which could increase Cd bioavailability and accumulation in rice grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiale
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zheng Chao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruan Jinzhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhang Chunhua
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ge Ying
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Yang B, Luo W, Wang X, Yu S, Gan M, Wang J, Liu X, Qiu G. The use of biochar for controlling acid mine drainage through the inhibition of chalcopyrite biodissolution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139485. [PMID: 32516660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although chalcopyrite biodissolution plays an important role in the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), the control of AMD through inhibiting the biodissolution of chalcopyrite has not been studied until now. In order to fill this knowledge gap, a novel method for inhibiting chalcopyrite biodissolution using biochar was proposed and verified. The effects of biochar pyrolysis temperature and biochar concentration on the inhibition of chalcopyrite biodissolution in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) were studied. The results indicate that biochar significantly inhibited chalcopyrite biodissolution, thus reducing the number of copper and iron ions and quantity of acid released. In turn, this suggests that AMD generation was suppressed under these conditions. Biochar pyrolyzed at 300 °C (Biochar-300 °C) was the most effective at inhibiting chalcopyrite biodissolution and reduced its biodissolution rate by 17.7%. A suitable concentration of biochar-300 °C enhanced its inhibition of chalcopyrite biodissolution. The optimal concentration of biochar-300 °C for inhibiting chalcopyrite biodissolution was 3 g/L. Biodissolution results, cyclic voltammetry, mineral surface morphology, mineralogical phase, and elemental composition analyses reveal that biochar inhibited the biodissolution of chalcopyrite by promoting the formation of passivation layer (jarosite and Sn2-/S0) and adsorbing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shichao Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Min Gan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Wu W, Qu S, Nel W, Ji J. The impact of natural weathering and mining on heavy metal accumulation in the karst areas of the Pearl River Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139480. [PMID: 32464386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the heavy metal content in river water, sediment and bedrock in the karst area of the Pearl River Basin in China to evaluate the long-term impact of natural weathering and mining on the ecological environment. The results show that Cd and As is 2-3 times more enriched within the carbonate bedrock of the Pearl River Basin compared to the upper continental crust (UCC), which is indicative of high geological background values. Within the river water of the upper reaches of the Diaojiang River (a tributary of the Pearl River), which flows through the Dachang super-large orefield, Zn, As, Cd and Sb exceeds the environmental quality standards for surface water (WQS) by more than an order of magnitude. Among these, Zn and Cd sharply decreases to within the WQS in the lower reaches of the river, but the content of As and Sb in the estuary is still several times higher than the WQS. Cd in the sediments of the small carbonate watersheds and in the mainstream of the Pearl River only present a low-moderate ecological risk. In contrast, severe heavy metal pollution of the sediments of the Diaojiang River Basin is observed. Even in the lower reaches, remote from the mining area, the content of Pb, Zn, As and Cd in the sediments is still two orders of magnitude higher than the soil background values. The content of both Cd and As presents a very high ecological risk, indicating that under the cumulative effect of high geological background values and mining, full restoration of the ecological environment in the Diaojiang River Basin is a complex and long-term process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Shuyi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Werner Nel
- Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Yang B, Zhao C, Luo W, Liao R, Gan M, Wang J, Liu X, Qiu G. Catalytic effect of silver on copper release from chalcopyrite mediated by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122290. [PMID: 32092647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although silver ion in the solution is an important factor affecting the biodissolution of chalcopyrite, the effect of silver ion on the release of copper ion from chalcopyrite to the environment has not been explored until now. In order to fill this knowledge gap, the effect of silver ion on copper release from chalcopyrite in the presence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated. The results indicate that silver ion significantly enhanced chalcopyrite biodissolution, thereby releasing more copper ion. In turn, this indicates that the release of copper ion from chalcopyrite to the environment was increased under these conditions. Biodissolution results, bacterial adsorption experiments, elemental composition analysis, and electrochemical analysis reveal that the enhancement of silver ion on copper ion release from chalcopyrite was mainly attributed to the improvement of electrochemical activity of chalcopyrite and the inhibition of the formation of passivation layer (Sn2-/S0) on the chalcopyrite surface. This study provides a better understanding of the effect of silver ion on the release of copper ion from chalcopyrite to the environment. In the future, the influence of silver ion on chalcopyrite biodissolution should be considered in the evaluation of copper ion pollution to ensure reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Liao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Min Gan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Zheng K, Li H, Xu L, Li S, Wang L, Wen X, Liu Q. The influence of humic acids on the weathering of pyrite: Electrochemical mechanism and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:738-745. [PMID: 31112928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrite weathering often occurs in nature and causes heavy metal ion pollution and acid mine drainage during the process. Humic acid (HA) is a critical natural organic material that can bind metal ions, thus affecting metal transfer and transformation. In this work, in situ electrochemical techniques combined with spectroscopic analysis were adopted to investigate the interfacial processes involved in pyrite weathering with/without HA. The results showed that the pyrite weathering mechanism with/without HA is FeS2 → Fe2+ + 2S0 + 2e-. The presence of HA did not change the pyrite weathering mechanism, but HA adsorbs on the pyrite surface and inhibits the further transformation of sulfur. Furthermore, HA and Fe(II) ions can form complex at 45.0 °C. Increased concentration of HA, decreased HA solution acidity or decreased environmental temperature would all weaken the pyrite weathering, for the above conditions cause pyrite weathering to have a larger resistance of the double layer and a larger passive film resistance. Pyrite will release 73.7 g m-2·y-1 Fe2+ to solution at pH 4.5, and the amount decreases to 36.8 g m-2·y-1 in the presence of 100 mg/L HA. This study provides an in situ electrochemical method for the assessment of pyrite weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Key Laboratory of High-temperature and High-pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of High-temperature and High-pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
| | - Liping Xu
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 221116, China
| | - Shengbin Li
- Key Laboratory of High-temperature and High-pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Luying Wang
- Key Laboratory of High-temperature and High-pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Xiaoying Wen
- Key Laboratory of High-temperature and High-pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-temperature and High-pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Feng J, Tian H, Huang Y, Ding Z, Yin Z. Pyrite oxidation mechanism in aqueous medium. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources Changsha China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources Changsha China
| | - Yaling Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources Changsha China
| | - Zhiying Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources Changsha China
| | - Zhoulan Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources Changsha China
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Borilova S, Mandl M, Zeman J, Kucera J, Pakostova E, Janiczek O, Tuovinen OH. Can Sulfate Be the First Dominant Aqueous Sulfur Species Formed in the Oxidation of Pyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans? Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3134. [PMID: 30619202 PMCID: PMC6305575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the literature, pyrite (FeS2) oxidation has been previously determined to involve thiosulfate as the first aqueous intermediate sulfur product, which is further oxidized to sulfate. In the present study, pyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied using electrochemical and metabolic approaches in an effort to extend existing knowledge on the oxidation mechanism. Due to the small surface area, the reaction rate of a compact pyrite electrode in the form of polycrystalline pyrite aggregate in A. ferrooxidans suspension was very slow at a spontaneously formed high redox potential. The slow rate made it possible to investigate the oxidation process in detail over a term of 100 days. Using electrochemical parameters from polarization curves and levels of released iron, the number of exchanged electrons per pyrite molecule was estimated. The values close to 14 and 2 electrons were determined for the oxidation with and without bacteria, respectively. These results indicated that sulfate was the dominant first aqueous sulfur species formed in the presence of bacteria and elemental sulfur was predominantly formed without bacteria. The stoichiometric calculations are consistent with high iron-oxidizing activities of bacteria that continually keep the released iron in the ferric form, resulting in a high redox potential. The sulfur entity of pyrite was oxidized to sulfate by Fe3+ without intermediate thiosulfate under these conditions. Cell attachment on the corroded pyrite electrode surface was documented although pyrite surface corrosion by Fe3+ was evident without bacterial participation. Attached cells may be important in initiating the oxidation of the pyrite surface to release iron from the mineral. During the active phase of oxidation of a pyrite concentrate sample, the ATP levels in attached and planktonic bacteria were consistent with previously established ATP content of iron-oxidizing cells. No significant upregulation of three essential genes involved in energy metabolism of sulfur compounds was observed in the planktonic cells, which represented the dominant biomass in the pyrite culture. The study demonstrated the formation of sulfate as the first dissolved sulfur species with iron-oxidizing bacteria under high redox potential conditions. Minor aqueous sulfur intermediates may be formed but as a result of side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Borilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Mandl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Josef Zeman
- Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Kucera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Pakostova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Oldrich Janiczek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Olli H Tuovinen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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