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Parvin A, Hossain MK, Parvin A, Hossain MB, Shaikh MAA, Moniruzzaman M, Saha B, Suchi PD, Islam F, Arai T. Trace metals in transboundary (India-Myanmar-Bangladesh) anadromous fish Tenualosa ilisha and its consequences on human health. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19978. [PMID: 37968367 PMCID: PMC10651861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha, Hamilton, 1822), the highly coveted table fish within the Indian subcontinent, is Bangladesh's most significant single-species fishery. To assess the risk that toxic metals pose to human health, certain health risk indices-estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), and target cancer risk (TR)-were calculated. The hierarchy of toxic metals (µg/g-ww) in Hilsa shad of the bay showed as Zn (13.64 ± 2.18) > Fe (9.25 ± 1.47) > Mn (2.98 ± 0.75) > Cu (0.57 ± 0.18) > Cr (0.23 ± 0.06) > Pb (0.22 ± 0.04) > As (0.08 ± 0.02) > Ni (0.06 ± 0.02) > Co (0.04 ± 0.01) > Cd (0.01 ± 0.003) in the wet season and Zn (11.45 ± 1.97) > Fe (10.51 ± 1.38) > Mn (3.80 ± 0.75) > Cu (0.73 ± 0.17) > Pb (0.30 ± 0.03) > Cr (0.20 ± 0.05) > As (0.09 ± 0.01) > Ni (0.08 ± 0.02) > Co (0.07 ± 0.02) > Cd (0.02 ± 0.004) in the dry season. The EDI of all the examined trace metals indicated no risk to human health from consuming Hilsa fish. The estimation of THQ and TTHQ suggested that the ingestion of both individual and combined trace metals through Hilsa shad consumption was safe from the perspective of human health. Also, there was no evidence of carcinogenic risk for consumers based on the evaluation of the TR value of metals (As, Pb, Cd, and Ni) due to Hilsa shad consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsana Parvin
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamal Hossain
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
- Cental Analytical Research Facilities (CARF), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Afroza Parvin
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - M Belal Hossain
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Cental Analytical Research Facilities (CARF), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Badhan Saha
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Dey Suchi
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Islam
- Soil and Environment Research Laboratories, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat‑I‑Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Takaomi Arai
- Environmental and Life Science Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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Kuo HW, Li CY, Chieng ZX, Cheng W. Dietary administration of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, peel extract enhances the growth, and physiological and immunoendocrinological regulation of prawn, Macrobrachiumrosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108982. [PMID: 37536467 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential immunostimulatory effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract on Macrobrachium rosenbergii, specifically in enhancing immunity and resistance against Lactococcus garvieae. We employed a dietary administration approach to assess the impact of different extract preparations from mangosteen peel, namely mangosteen peel powder (MPP), boiled mangosteen peel powder (MPB), and mangosteen peel extract (MPE). Following the administration of mangosteen peel extract, we evaluated growth performance, innate immune parameters, and disease resistance in the prawns. The results revealed a significant increase in total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), as well as phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against L. garvieae. Based on these findings, we suggest that mangosteen peel extract can be utilized as an immunostimulant for prawns through dietary administration, regulating immune responses and enhancing resistance against pathogens by modulating carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Kuo
- General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Ying Li
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zheng-Xiang Chieng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Basu M, Guha AK. Separation of lead from aqueous phase by cucumber peel in column bioreactor: A phenomenon of interaction between biological and chemical system and its ecological importance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 337:117738. [PMID: 36963180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research work represents a holistic approach of separation of aqueous lead through dynamic adsorption on cucumber peel in fixed bed column bioreactor and highlights the biological perspective of mode of interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. Additionally attempt has been made to elucidate the importance of this process in preservation of aquatic ecosystem. The study illustrates influence of design parameters, periodic surveillance of generated effluents, statistical and mathematical model analyses of results and desorption. The findings exhibited a direct association between quality of treated effluent and speed of the feed solution, feed concentration and height of the fixed bed. Lead removal percentage was at its best (99.25%) at 8 cm bed height, 20 mL min-1 (0.9 L h-1) flow rate and 50 mg L-1 feed concentration whereas adsorption capacity reached its peak (300.26 mg g-1) when feed concentration was doubled up to 100 mg L-1. Time bound monitoring confirmed concentration of lead in treated effluents remained within satisfactory level. Adsorbed lead was recovered up to ∼95%. Experimentation with actual industrial effluents demonstrated that lead removal percentage remained in the range of 99.97-99.46% and 99.96-99.17% up to the entire phase of bioreactor operation. In summation proper combination of design parameters of column bioreactor played important role in generating superior quality effluent, multiple reuse of the bioreactor bed was dependent on proper eluant treatment and practicability of the study was ascertained by its ability to maintain concentration of lead in actual industrial effluents within permissible limit for prolonged duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Basu
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Arun K Guha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Parvin A, Hossain MK, Shahjadee UF, Lisa SA, Uddin MN, Shaikh MAA, Parvin A, Moniruzzaman M, Saha B, Suchi PD. Trace metal exposure and human health consequences through consumption of market-available Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45398-45413. [PMID: 36705833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using Oreochromis niloticus (L.), commonly known as tilapia, as a model, this study evaluated the exposure of trace metal and their risk assessment on human health. In addition, the status of amino acids, fatty acids, vital elements, and their benefits is also studied. Estimating the nutrient composition of fish muscle is necessary to ensure that it meets the requirements for human health, food regulations, and commercial specifications. The species examined contained appreciable concentrations of amino acids, fatty acid content, and minerals, suggesting that the fish species could be a good source of protein, fat, and minerals. Hazardous heavy metals were found to be lower compared to their corresponding maximum tolerable limits. The order of trace metals is Zn (22,709 µg/kg) > Fe (19,878 µg/kg) > Cu (1261 µg /kg) > Mn (1228 µg/kg) > Cr (474 µg/kg) > Ni (152 µg/kg) As (318 µg /kg) > Pb (281 µg/kg) > Co (24 µg /kg) > Cd (13 µg/kg) > Hg (5 µg/kg); a number of health-related indices, including estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI), as well as carcinogenic risk (CR) indices for adult and children, were calculated to evaluate the human health hazard of the heavy metals. The THQ and HI of heavy metals for tilapia are lower than 1, posing a non-carcinogenic threat to human health due to the biomagnifications of these deadly poisonous metals. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses delineated the common probabilistic sources of metal contamination origin and significant inter-parameter associations. Although no human health risks for the consumption of tilapia was found, more attention must be paid for the monitoring of Oreochromis niloticus before entering the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroza Parvin
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamal Hossain
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Umme Fatema Shahjadee
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akter Lisa
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nashir Uddin
- Planning and Development Department, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Parvin
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Badhan Saha
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Dey Suchi
- Soil and Environment Research Section, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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Farag MA, Mansour ST, Nouh RA, Khattab AR. Crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and lobster): A comprehensive review of their potential health hazards and detection methods to assure their biosafety. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Somaia T. Mansour
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Roua A. Nouh
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Amira R. Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport Alexandria Egypt
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Effect of different thermal processing methods on potentially toxic metals in the seafood, Penaeus vannamei, and the related human health risk assessment. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dietrich M, Ayers J. Geochemical partitioning and possible heavy metal(loid) bioaccumulation within aquaculture shrimp ponds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147777. [PMID: 34023607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited work has been conducted on trace metal(loid) exchange between sediment, water, feed, and shrimp, particularly in estuarine aquaculture environments. To identify metal(loid) sources and the processes controlling bioaccumulation in shrimp, we analyzed paired aquaculture water, sediment, and shrimp samples collected in Southwest Bangladesh in the late dry season (May), as well as several common artificial feeds. Additionally, we analyzed sediment extract samples from 24-hour laboratory batch experiments as an analogue for aquaculture pond sediment porewater to examine element mobilization from pond sediment. Weak correlations between element concentrations in extracts, pond water, and bulk sediment indicate equilibrium with sediment was not achieved in extract experiments or ponds, and that sediment composition has little influence on pond water or shrimp composition. Aquaculture shrimp metal(loid) concentrations were similar to artificial feed but not pond sediment or pond water, suggesting that shrimp composition is mostly influenced by diet. Although arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) were present at high concentrations in shrimp pond waters and sediment, they were often below detection in shrimp. However, the highly toxic metal thallium (Tl) was detected in shrimp at levels that pose significant human health risks based on calculated target hazard quotient (THQ) values. Thus, further research into potential Tl contamination in Bangladesh aquaculture environments is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dietrich
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - John Ayers
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Howladar MF, Hossain MN, Anju KA, Das D. Ecological and health risk assessment of trace metals in water collected from Haripur gas blowout area of Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15573. [PMID: 34341388 PMCID: PMC8329277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to assess the trace metals and physicochemical properties of water in the adjacent to the Sylhet gas blowout area. Trace metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, whereas physicochemical parameters were evaluated in-situ state using portable instruments and also in the laboratory. Trace metals Pb, Cd, and Ni were found in the water samples higher than the acceptable limit by WHO standards, whereas the concentration of Cu and Zn were within acceptable limit, respectively. The correlation coefficient matrix and factor loading analysis spectacle that the interrelationship among the physicochemical parameters, trace elements, as well as other ions are moderate to strongly corellated which reflecting the homogeneous source of origin. According to contamination factor, Nemerow multi-factor index, pollution load index, and also, potential ecological risk index, the water of the region is quite polluted in case of Pb, Cd, and Ni but unpolluted for Cu and Zn. The water quality index indicates that treatment of water is required before using it for domestic purposes. The health quotient and hazard index results are less than standard value 1 suggesting that there is no noncarcinogenic risk in the area. The carcinogenic analysis shows that the lifetime incremental cancer risk mean value of Cd and Ni are fairly insignificant and Pb is more significant for children to cause health problem. The ILCR value of Cd and Ni are insignificant whereas Pb is significant to pose health risk for adults. Physicochemical parameters revealed that the water was slightly acidic and soft in nature implying to avoid the water from this area for drinking purposes. At the end, it can be concluded that this study will be useful for the residence as well as the policymaker to take the protective surveillance measures around the areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farhad Howladar
- Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Numan Hossain
- Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Khaleda Akter Anju
- Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Debjani Das
- Department of Geography and Environment, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Uddin MJ, Jeong YK. Urban river pollution in Bangladesh during last 40 years: potential public health and ecological risk, present policy, and future prospects toward smart water management. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06107. [PMID: 33659727 PMCID: PMC7892934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
River water is very much important for domestic, agriculture and industrial use in Bangladesh which is in critical condition from long time based on research data. During last 40 years, extreme pollution events occurred in peripheral rivers surrounding Dhaka city and Karnaphuli River in Chittagong city. Present data showed that other urban rivers are also in critical condition especially Korotoa, Teesta, Rupsha, Pashur and Padma. The pollutants flowing with water made a severe pollution in downstream areas of rivers. Metals concentrations in river water was found to be higher in dry season. Dissolve oxygen (DO) was nearly zero in Buriganga River and several points in Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya and Karnaphuli River. NO3-, NO2- and PO43- pollution occurred in different rivers. Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, As and Cr concentration was above drinking water standard in most of the river and some metals was even above irrigation standard in water from several rivers. Sediment data showed very much higher metal concentrations in most of the rivers especially peripheral rivers in Dhaka and Karnaphuli, Korotoa, Teesta, Rupsha and Meghna River. Metal concentrations in sediment was above US EPA threshold value in most of the rivers. Metal concentrations in fish and agricultural crops showed that bioaccumulations of metals had occurred. The concentration of metals showed the trend like: water<fish<sediment. Agricultural crops were found to contain toxic metals through polluted water irrigation. The calculated data of daily intake for the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic showed that consumption of the contaminated foodstuff can cause serious health injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jamal Uddin
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Barisal, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yeon-Koo Jeong
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, South Korea
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Kumari P, Maiti SK. Metal(loid) contamination in water, sediment, epilithic periphyton and fish in three interconnected ecosystems and health risk assessment through intake of fish cooked in Indian style. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41914-41927. [PMID: 32705555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Samples of water, sediment and epilithic periphyton (EP) were collected from a lake (Dimna, DL), an intermediate canal (IC), and a river (Subarnarekha River, SR) to compare the pollution status of an urban ecosystem, and the concentrations of metal(loid) s were determined. Water characteristics were analysed by the water quality index (WQI). Sediment pollution was assessed using the ecological risk index (ERI). Accumulation of metal(loid) s in EP was determined by using bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). The result showed that the DL was least polluted (WQI = 30.39) and SR (WQI = 90.13) was the most polluted ecosystem. Sediment analysis revealed that Ni, Cr and Cd are the significant pollutants, especially in SR. The THQ value for fish dishes cooked in Indian style was found higher than that of raw fish, suggesting calculations considering the cooking process can provide better results. Health risk assessment shows that people inhabiting DL are vulnerable to Cr and Cu exposure, whereas people inhabiting IC and SR are susceptible to As and Co exposure due to the consumption of cooked fish. Moreover, for a developing country like India, it is important to upgrade the assessment methods and include regular monitoring of interconnecting ecosystems for the safeguard of human and ecological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Subodh Kumar Maiti
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
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