Does multilateral environmental diplomacy improve environmental quality? The case of the United States

The influence of environmental diplomacy, economic determinants and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation: Empirical evidence of G20 countries

This study examines how various environmental and economic variables contribute to environmental degradation. Industrialization, trade openness, and foreign direct investment are among the variables, as are environmental diplomacy, environmental diplomacy secure, and renewable energy consumption. Therefore, the data covers the years 1991-2020, and our sample includes all 19 countries and two groups (the European Union and the African Union). The research used the Pesaran CD test to determine cross-section dependency, CIPS and CADF test to determine stationarity, the Wald test for hetrodcedasasticity and the Wooldridge test for autocorrelation; therefore, VIF for multicollinearity, Durbin and Hausman to analyze the endogeneity. It also employed Westerlund's cointegration test to ensure cross-sectional dependence, Wald test for group-wise heteroscedasticity, Wooldridge test for autocorrelation, VIF for multicollinearity, and Durbin and Hausman for endogeneity. The two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) is used to estimate the results and confirm the relationship between independent variables (Industrialization, trade openness, FDI, environmental diplomacy, secure environmental diplomacy, and renewable energy) and dependent variables (Environmental Degradation) in G20 countries. Therefore, Industrialization, trade openness, foreign direct investment, ecological diplomacy, and renewable energy consumption significantly impact ecological degradation. Environmental diplomacy is crucial to combat degradation and stimulate global collaboration. G20 nations enact strict environmental restrictions to tackle climate change and encourage economic growth.

Do renewable energy and human capital facilitate the improvement of environmental quality in the United States? A new perspective on environmental issues with the load capacity factor

Recently, countries have been making intensive efforts to alleviate the burden on the environment and to make environmental conditions sustainable. In this context, our study aims to investigate the long-term impact of renewable energy consumption (REC) and human capital (HC) by considering the load capacity factor (LCF). We also investigate the long-term impact of economic growth (Y) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) on the LCF. In this context, we analyze annual data for the U.S. for the period 1965-2018 using the newly developed augmented ARDL (AARDL) approach. The long-term empirical results show the following. i) Increases in Y negatively affect LCF and deteriorate environmental quality. ii) Increases in NREC negatively affect LCF and accelerate the deterioration of environmental quality. iii) REC has no significant impact on environmental quality. iv) Increases in HC support the improvement of environmental quality. The empirical results show that contrary to expectations, renewable energy consumption does not have a significant impact on environmental quality in the U.S., whereas human capital is an important factor in improving environmental quality. In this context, US policymakers should pave the way for more investment in eco-friendly renewable energy investments and human capital to establish sustainable environmental quality. Policymakers should also take steps to reduce the use of fossil fuels.

The role of environmental diplomacy and economic factors on environmental degradation

In recent years, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other negative environmental effects of human activity have raised concerns about the planet's future. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic activity have shown a surge in CO2 emissions, contributing to global warming and climate change. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of such as gross domestic product, gross domestic product square, foreign direct investment, environmental diplomacy, environmental diplomacy security, and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation. This study provides a new perspective on environmental diplomacy in OECD countries using panel data econometric methodologies from 1991 to 2020. It contributes to our understanding of the role of environmental and economic factors in reducing CO2 emissions. The panel data is also analyzed by CD, CIPS, FMOLS, DOLS, and PMG-ARDL tests. However, as per the findings of this research, all the factors significantly impact environmental degradation (Co2 emission). Finding data to either confirm or deny the efficacy of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory within the framework of OECD countries is possible through this approach. This policy framework attempts to solve the issues at the connection of environmental diplomacy and economic concerns by emphasizing cooperation and sustainability and incorporating environmental considerations into economic decision-making processes in OECD countries.

Understanding the Role of Technology in Asian Economies: The Environmental Impact of Remittances and Economic Complexity

In recent years, scholars have determined various determinants of environmental degradation using the panel and time-series studies. However, technological innovations (TI) and remittances, among the financial system's essential components, are relatively ignored. In addition, nations' economic progress and environmental performance also depend upon the nature of their economic structure. This empirical research investigates the effects of TI, remittances and economic complexity (EC) on CO2 controlling economic growth and trade openness (TR) in the selected 15 Asian nations. The study collected panel data of 15 Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 and employed the panel quantile regression and augmented mean group methods to unveil the impacts of variables on CO2 emissions. The empirical findings established that remittances are negatively linked with CO2 emissions. Similarly, EC reduces CO2 emissions in the context of Asian countries. In addition, EC and remittances Granger cause CO2 emissions. These findings indicate that remittances and EC positively contribute to environmental quality in Asian countries. Conversely, TI, economic growth, and TR intensify CO2 emissions in Asian countries. Finally, the study recommended policies to enhance remittances and EC in Asian countries to curb environmental degradation.

Democracy, information, and communication technology infrastructure and environmental quality

Environmental degradation is an urgent global concern. While previous studies acknowledge the substantial effects of both democracy and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on environmental quality, their joint effects remain underexplored. Addressing this gap, our research investigates the individual and synergistic effects of democracy and ICT infrastructure on environmental quality. Utilizing the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we assess a panel dataset from 152 countries between 2003 and 2019. Our results indicate that both democracy and ICT infrastructure advancements substantially improve environmental quality. Furthermore, an enhanced ICT infrastructure augments the positive effects of democratic practices on the environment and vice versa. However, when ICT infrastructure is insufficient, the positive influence of democratic systems on the environment becomes negligible, and similarly, without a solid democratic foundation, the benefits of ICT infrastructure on environmental quality are diminished. This underscores a synergistic relationship between democracy and ICT in fostering sustainable environmental progress. Consequently, our study offers significant insights into the multifaceted interplay between democracy, ICT infrastructure, and the environment.

Analyzing the contribution of renewable energy and natural resources for sustainability in G-20 countries: How gross capital formation impacts ecological footprints

Sustainability ensures well-being for people and communities worldwide and helps shape the world's present and future. A global transformation is required by adopting renewable energy sources to achieve sustainability. Sustainability trends have been examined using this study for the period 1992-2018 for G20 countries. The study uses indicators like ecological footprints, natural resources, renewable energy (RE), and non-renewable energy (NRE), along with gross domestic product (GDP) and capital formation. A cross-sectional-ARDL approach has been used to examine short- and long-term relationships. The presence of stationarity property, cross-sectional dependence, panel cointegration, and slope heterogeneity have been confirmed during initial testing. The empirical result confirms that using renewable energy impacts environmental sustainability in the long run and causes a decrease in ecological footprints. On the contrary, non-renewable energy and natural resources contribute to the negative shift in sustainable development. The consistency of results has also been confirmed using robustness checks under the AMG and FMOLS approaches. The study concludes that G20 countries should promote renewable energy to empower the United Nations' agenda for sustainable development.

The nexus between government spending, economic growth, and tourism under climate change: testing the CEM model for the USA

This study examines the impact of government spending, income, and tourism consumption on CO2 emissions in the 50 US states through a novel theoretical model derived from the Armey Curve model and the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. The findings of this research are essential for policymakers to develop effective strategies for mitigating environmental pollution. Utilizing panel cointegration analysis, the study provides valuable insights into whether continued increases in government spending contribute to higher pollution levels. By identifying the threshold point of spending as a percentage of GDP, policymakers can make informed decisions to avoid the trade-off between increased spending and environmental degradation. For instance, the analysis reveals that Hawaii's tipping point is 16.40%. The empirical results underscore the importance of adopting sustainable policies that foster economic growth while minimizing environmental harm. These findings will aid policymakers in formulating targeted and efficient approaches to tackle climate change and promote long-term environmental sustainability in the United States. Moreover, the impact of tourism development on CO2 emissions varies across states, with some US states experiencing a decrease while others see an increase.

Impact of energy depletion, human development, and income distribution on natural resource sustainability

Constant exploitation of natural resources has resulted from the industrialization and urbanization of society. One of the possible causes of the COVID-19 pandemic is an ecological disturbance caused by excessive resource exploitation. Countries worldwide have taken precautionary measures to limit the spread of this disease because of its highly infectious nature: lockdowns, quarantines, curfews, etc. This paper explores the impacts of energy depletion and the human development index on natural resources, considering the roles of CO₂ emissions and economic growth in China from 1971 to 2019. We apply advanced economic modeling using the Phillips-Ouliaris test for integration, Gaussian identity mixed-effects Generalized Linear Model, and Robust GEE population-averaged model for long-run estimates. Results explain that CO₂ emissions and economic growth devalue natural resources, while the human development index and energy depletion increase them. Depletion of natural resources occurs due to overexploitation and overuse of natural resources, as well as unsustainable planning and waste. In the case of natural resources that man uses to make other resources, such as dams, roads, sports complexes, etc., these are considered human-made resources. It is, therefore, essential to develop human resources as a part of the natural resource development process. Research limitations and future directions are discussed.

Estimation of ecological footprint based on tourism development indicators using neural networks and multivariate regression

The ecological footprint has attracted a lot of attention in the top tourism destination countries, and this issue may be worrying. This study aims to estimate the ecological footprint, using such indicators as economic growth, natural resources, human capital, and the number of tourists in top tourism destination countries. For this purpose, artificial neural network models and multivariate regression were used for a period of 24 years (1995-2019). The results of the study showed a significant positive correlation between economic growth and ecological footprint. Multivariate regression estimation (R = 0.75) is weaker than neural network models (R = 96.3). Regarding predicting the ecological footprint, neural network models have better performance in comparison with the multivariate regression statistical methods. Accordingly, one can say that for planning ecological footprint, deeper look at neural networks can be more effective in predicting top tourism destination countries.

The role of financialization in stimulating environmental innovation implementation in the European region

This paper empirically examines the influences of financial development on environmental innovation implementation. Our research is based on four measures designed to assess the effectiveness of environmental innovations in 24 European countries, including the percentage of enterprises implementing environmental innovation investment (% of surveyed firms); the percentage of enterprises implementing environmental innovation activities (e.g., implementation of resource efficiency actions, sustainable products, or ISO 14001 certificates) measured, a number of enterprises having new ISO 14001 registration and a number of environmental innovation-related patents. Based on our analysis and estimates, we reveal that the better quality of the financial system improved the environmental innovation performance in the European region during the 2011-2019 period. To shed light on the link between financialization and environmental innovations, we dig deeper into financial markets and financial institutions' depth, access, and efficiency. Our results highlight financial institutions and financial markets' depth and efficiency in enhancing EI activities. However, EI-related patents do not show any significant improvements under the changes in the financial system.

Alternative energy and natural resources in determining environmental sustainability: a look at the role of government final consumption expenditures in France

The global community is concerned about several environmental changes. Climate change, desertification, destruction of tropical rainforests, erosion of coastal ecosystems, soil resource loss, overfishing, species extinction, and loss of biodiversity are all contributing factors. Many commentators contend that these issues make up a cumulative, sustained human impact on the environment that has profoundly changed the surface of the Earth. We explore the effects of alternative energy sources, natural resources, and government consumption expenditures on French environmental sustainability from 1990 through 2018 under the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework. We apply advanced econometric methodologies for empirical analysis. Our long-run estimates indicate that alternative and nuclear energy, natural resources, and government final consumption expenditures are negatively associated with CO₂ emissions, while economic growth is positively related to CO₂ emissions. CO₂ emissions are negatively correlated with the square root of economic growth (EKC), thereby supporting EKC. As economic growth increases, environmental sustainability deteriorates. Eventually, EKC will make a positive contribution to environmental improvement. Future research directions, research limitations, and policy implications are discussed.

Does political risk undermine environment and economic development in Pakistan? Empirical evidence from China–Pakistan economic corridor

China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) invests \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{US}}\$ 62$$\end{document}US$62 billion in Pakistan’s energy, infrastructure, and other development projects to step toward Eurasia’s economic integration. However, CPEC may exacerbate climate change vulnerabilities for Pakistan’s struggling economy due to potential environmental hazards and consequences. In this context, the current study seeks to examine the impact of political risk on carbon emissions and economic growth in Pakistan while also considering the relevance of trade openness, Chinese outward Foreign Direct Investment \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\text{FDI})$$\end{document}(FDI), and One Belt One Road \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left( \text{OBOR} \right)$$\end{document}OBOR policy. To investigate this impact, we use the autoregressive distributed lag technique to cointegration and the fully modified ordinary least squares estimator for robustness results, using data spanning \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$2000\,\, {\text{to }}\,\,2020$$\end{document}2000to2020. Our empirical findings reveal that trade openness, FDI, and OBOR policy contribute to pollution and economic growth, but political stability slows the rate of environmental deterioration and increases economic growth. Furthermore, the existence of robust political stability mitigates the negative impacts of FDI and trade openness on the environment, while strong political stability aids the positive effects of FDI and trade openness on economic growth. Also, the findings confirmed that a better political environment promotes economic development while simultaneously lowering carbon emissions. Our results may assist the Government of Pakistan in transforming \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\text{CPEC}$$\end{document}CPEC into a model green \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\text{OBOR}$$\end{document}OBOR initiative in the region.

Understanding the dynamics of natural resources rents, environmental sustainability, and sustainable economic growth: new insights from China

There is a close relationship between natural resources and production in many sectors, and production and consumption can also have an environmental impact. Low environmental quality affects economic growth and well-being. Environmental protection and economic growth cannot be maximized simultaneously. Choosing the right balance between the two aims is imperative for each country. By moderating the role of merchandise trade and manufacturing value-added from 1970 to 2016, we examine the dynamics of China's natural resource rents, environmental sustainability, and sustainable economic growth. Overall, the results of this study indicate that natural resources improve environmental sustainability at the expense of economic growth. In contrast, financial development, merchandise trade, and urban population growth promote environmental degradation. It is vital to understand governance mechanisms to sustain natural resource policies, considering environmental, social, and governance concerns to benefit society.

Role of alternative and nuclear energy in stimulating environmental sustainability: impact of government expenditures

Environmental sustainability is fundamental to the survival of our planet and ourselves, as polluted air, water, and land severely affect communities and society to thrive and damage the quality of life. This study examined the role of alternative and nuclear energy in stimulating the environment sustainably while mediating the function of government expenditure and economic growth in the top three highest CO₂ emitter countries. We apply advanced econometric methodologies for empirical analysis from 1981 to 2016 and find long-run relationships among the variables that suggest general government final consumption expenditure and economic growth are positively related to CO₂ emissions. Moreover, alternative and nuclear energy and the square root of economic growth (EKC) improve environmental sustainability. The general government's final consumption expenditure and economic growth deteriorate environmental sustainability. Policymakers in the top three highest CO₂ emitter countries are encouraged to adopt a comprehensive approach to access the compatibility of alternative and nuclear energy sources, changing the source of uranium from mined ore to seawater, encourage, tide, and include macroeconomic stabilization, public and private fiscal position goals with the environmental sustainability policies. Moreover, governments are suggested to incorporate green fiscal policies to address the global environmental challenges and promote a green economy. Aligning government expenditures with environmental goals, reflecting externalities in prices, broader fiscal reform by making fiscal space for clean and green investment is highly encouraged to achieve the sustainable development goals' target. Study limitations and directions for future research in the area are presented.

Environmental degradation and financial development: do institutional quality and human capital make a difference in G11 nations?

Developing nations are rushing towards economic developments; however, this development is increasing the ecological footprints. In this regard, it has become important to identify the factors of environmental degradation. For sound economic growth, countries are enhancing their human resources with sound financial institutions. Therefore, this work examines the effects of human capital (HC), financial development (FD), and institutional quality (IQ) on ecological footprints (EF) in the group of 11 countries. This work also checks the interactional effect of FD, human capital, and IQ on ecological footprints. This work employs the annual data of 1984-2017 and utilizes the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach for panel data analysis (CS-ARDL). The findings show that FD is degrading the environmental quality by 0.04%. Furthermore, IQ and HC are improving environmental quality by 0.07% and 0.01%. The findings also reveal that FD is lowering ecological footprints through the channel of HC and IQ. Based on the findings, these countries need to extend human capital with an efficient institutional network for environmental sustainability. These countries need to allocate funds to the health and education sector to develop human capital. Moreover, human resource management tools should be strengthened to cope with the challenges of environmental problems.

Are digital business and digital public services a driver for better energy security? Evidence from a European sample

This paper empirically analyses the impacts of the digital transformation process in the business and public sectors on energy security (ES). We employ 8 indicators to represent four aspects of energy security, including availability, acceptability, develop-ability, and sustainability. Digital businesses development is captured by e-Commerce (including e-Commerce sales, e-Commerce turnover, e-Commerce web sales) and e-Business (including customer relation management (CRM) usage and cloud usage). Digital public services development is reflected by business mobility and key enablers. Different econometric techniques are utilized in a database of 24 European Union countries from 2011 to 2019. Our estimation results demonstrate that digital businesses play a critical role in improving the acceptability and develop-ability of energy security, while digitalization in public services supports achieving energy sustainability goals. The use of modern digital technology such as big data, cloud computing is extremely important to ensure the security of the energy system, especially the availability of energy. For further discussion on the role of digital public services, we reveal a nonlinear association between digitalization in the public sector and energy intensity and energy consumption, suggesting the acceptability and develop-ability of energy security can be enhanced if the digital transformation process achieves a certain level.

The anthropogenic consequences of energy consumption in the presence of uncertainties and complexities: evidence from World Bank income clusters

In environmental management, many studies have examined the energy consumption-emission nexus in detail. However, for the first time in the literature, this study considers how the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) moderate the contribution of energy consumption to emissions for the four World Bank Income clusters. The system generalised methods of moments are applied to data for 109 countries from 1996 to 2016. Based on the main model (grouped clusters) estimations, the result revealed the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Also, an increase in air transport and consumption of energy releases more carbon emissions to the climate. Interestingly, ECI decreases carbon emission significantly while EPU does not have a significant impact. Moreover, the study revealed that ECI moderated the impact of other variables on emission, but EPU is not a significant moderator. Furthermore, a comparative analysis among the four incomes suggests that the EKC hypothesis holds only in the high-income clusters; ECI is a significant predictor of carbon emission in the four clusters, but it only decreases the emission in high-income clusters. This corroborates the debate on climate change and the productive capacity of high-income countries. Given the foregoing, several policy measures were recommended.

Does foreign private investment affect the clean industrial environment? Nexus among foreign private investment, CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade openness, and sustainable economic growth

This study examines to what extent foreign private investment (FPI) affects the clean industrial environment and sustainable economic growth through developed countries investment in China. Moreover, this study investigates an association among FPI, CO2 emission, energy consumption, trade openness, and sustainable economic growth. This study uses random effects and generalized least squares (GLS) and panel VAR estimators for data analysis. The results show that China's economy has a great positive impact on the location and choice of investment in domestic markets in emerging countries and developed countries. In addition, investment in emerging and developed economies has increased the contribution of domestic enterprises and environmental sustainability to the national economy. The further results show that foreign private investment and gross domestic investment have positive impact on sustainable economic growth.

Reinvestigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by a composite model constructed on the Armey curve hypothesis with government spending for the US States

This study reinvestigates the EKC hypothesis for US states with a new methodology that differs from all previous empirical studies using traditional EKC models. To this aim, this methodology, for the first time, unifies two seemingly different but strongly interrelated hypotheses (models), namely the Armey curve (AC) and traditional EKC models, into one single composite model. The rationale for creating this composite model is twofold. First, the functional propositions of these two hypotheses are depicted with inverted U-shaped curves. Second, they also have economically interrelated-causal relationships. This means that rising government spending (through the AC hypothesis) increases real GDP per capita (RGDPPC) and, consequently, increases in RGDPPC (through the EKC hypothesis) increase CO₂ emissions. The composite model created may also allow US state policymakers to determine a single maximum spending level that will maximize or minimize CO₂ emissions. Empirical findings indicate that the composite model is capable of testing the EKC hypothesis for 7 US states. Additionally, for 7 US states, maximum spending level was calculated to be around 15% of their RGDPPCs. Hence, with this calculated spending level, policymakers of these states may be able to determine-adjust their golden spending levels so as not to cause environmental degradation and declines in GDP.

Clean energy investment and financial development as determinants of environment and sustainable economic growth: evidence from China

Environmental sustainability has become one of the most common phrases in discussions about climate change. This study examines the impact of clean energy investment and financial development on environmental sustainability and China's economic growth, using manufacturing value-added and urbanization as moderator variables from 1970 to 2016. We used advanced econometric methodologies for empirical estimations, used structural break unit root tests, fully modified least square, dynamic least square, and robust least square multiple regressions for long-run estimates. Overall, the results determine that clean energy investment is negatively associated with CO₂ emissions and ecological footprint while positively associated with China's economic growth. Financial development, manufacturing value-added, and urbanization are positively associated with CO₂ emissions, ecological footprint, and China's economic growth. Moreover, clean energy investment improves environmental sustainability at the expense of economic growth. Financial development, manufacturing value-added, and urbanization encourage economic growth at the expense of environmental sustainability. We argued that the local governments play a critical role in lifting the outstanding barriers to cleaner energy investment, addressing disincentives, including pricing carbon dioxide emissions, reforming inefficient nonrenewable fossil fuel subsidies, and addressing regulatory and market rigidities that can undesirably affect the attractiveness of clean energy investment. Policymakers are suggested to encourage green finance strategy for the financial sector to broader sustainable development objectives. At the heart of green manufacturing, industrialization policies are needed to integrate diverse intentions, like inclusive growth, environmental protection, and productivity through a wider range of economic, social, and environmental policy frameworks suitable for decoupling growth from social and environmental unsustainability.

A study of energy investment and environmental sustainability nexus in China: a bootstrap replications analysis

Environmental sustainability is increasing emphasis on global environmental concerns at the forefront of public policy debate. This paper investigates the relationship between energy investments and environmental sustainability in China from 1980 to 2018 while considering the moderating effect of international trade and economic growth under the environment Kuznets curve (EKC) framework. We apply advanced econometric modeling for empirical analysis. Our findings show that energy investment and economic growth are positive, while international trade is negatively associated with ecological footprints. Moreover, economic growth and energy investment deteriorate, while international trade improves environmental sustainability. This empirical evidence suggests the improvements in cleaner energy infrastructure with the participation of the private sector to promote clean energy investment. We argue that policymakers should ensure environmental provisions in the regional and bilateral trade agreements to harmonize the environmental regulations, and develop crucial trade and ecological policy indicators to monitor policy consistency.

Dynamics among economic growth, urbanization, and environmental sustainability in IEA countries: the role of industry value-added

As an indicator of environmental degradation, the ecological footprint has seen a terrific focus in the literature. We explore the dynamics among economic growth, urbanization, and environmental sustainability in the presence of population growth and industry value-added in the thirty International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries. We apply advanced econometric modeling for empirical analysis over the period 1992 to 2016. This study's short-run results suggest that capital formation and biocapacity increase ecological footprint in the short run. The findings of long-run estimates demonstrate that industrial value-added and capital formation improve environmental sustainability. However, economic growth, urbanization, biocapacity, and population growth deteriorate environmental sustainability in the long run. Policymakers in the IEA countries are encouraged to establish policies that promote a sustained lifestyle, ecological awareness, clean technological innovations, efficient production and consumption measures, and enlarge cities to limit the adverse effects of urbanization on environmental sustainability. Finally, study limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Investigating the dynamic linkages among carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: evidence from developing countries

This research paper examines the causal relationships among carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, for a panel of 68 developing countries over the period 1990 - 2014. We use the multivariate panel cointegration framework and apply a battery of conventional (Pedroni 1999, 2004; and Kao 1999) as well as newly developed methodologies accounting for heterogeneity and cross-sectional correlation (Westerlund's ECM panel cointegration (2007) and panel bootstrap cointegration (2007) tests). The pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and dynamic fixed effects (DFE) methodologies were further applied to trace out the short-run dynamics. The results support evidence of significant dynamic linkages among the involved variables and reveal possible differences in the magnitude of the impacts from renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on environmental quality. The issue of distinguishing by source and determining the magnitude of the detected effects could provide valuable information for a sustainable economic and environmental development, substantially helping policy makers to designate more efficient policy measures.