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Tian Y, Wei L, Yu T, Shen H, Zhao W, Chu X. Adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on layered pipe scales and the effects of disinfectants in drinking water distribution systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134745. [PMID: 38820751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Pipe scales in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) potentially adsorb chromium (Cr). Meanwhile, the fate of Cr in pipe scales and water could be influenced by the disinfectants used in DWDS since they might influence the valence state of Cr. Therefore, the adsorption of Cr (Cr(VI) and Cr(III)) on pipe scales, the transformation between different valence states, and the effects of disinfectants present in DWDS are important research topics for improving tap water quality but have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This study investigated the properties of layered pipe scales and conducted adsorption kinetic experiments in single and binary Cr(VI) and Cr(III) systems, as well as experiments related to the oxidation and adsorption of Cr(III) under the influence of decaying disinfectants. According to the results, pipe scales exhibited distinct layered structures with varying mechanisms for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Cr(VI) was adsorbed through surface complexation on the surface and porous core layers, while redox reactions predominantly occurred on the shell-like layer. Furthermore, Cr(III) was adsorbed via surface precipitation on the three-layer pipe scales. Importantly, disinfectants promoted the transformation of Cr(III) to the less readily released Cr(VI) in pipe scales, reducing the Cr exposure risk from the pipe scale phase. Pipe scales also decreased the Cr(VI) concentration in water (almost 0 mg/L), enhancing the safety of DWDS. This study provides theoretical guidance on the safe operation of DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lianyi Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hailiang Shen
- Computational Hydraulics International, 147 Wyndham St. N., Ste. 202, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weigao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xianxian Chu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Wang S, Liu Z, Li Y, Wang Q, Zhang X, Li M, Zhang B. Community assembly and microbial interactions in an alkaline vanadium tailing pond. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118104. [PMID: 38181847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Intensive development of vanadium-titanium mines leads to an increasing discharge of vanadium (V) into the environment, imposing potential risks to both environmental system and public health. Microorganisms play a key role in the biogeochemical cycling of V, influencing its transformation and distribution. In addition, the characterization of microbial community patterns serves to assess potential threats imposed by elevated V exposure. However, the impact of V on microbial community remains largely unknown in alkaline V tailing areas with a substantial amounts of V accumulation and nutrient-poor conditions. This study aims to explore the characteristics of microbial community in a wet tailing pond nearby a large-scale V mine. The results reveal V contamination in both water (0.60 mg/L) and sediment tailings (340 mg/kg) in the tailing pond. Microbial community diversity shows distinctive pattern between environmental metrices. Genera with the functional potential of metal reduction\resistance, nitrogen metabolism, and carbon fixation have been identified. In this alkaline V tailing pond, V and pH are major drivers to induce community variation, particularly for functional bacteria. Stochastic processes primarily govern the assemblies of microbial community in the water samples, while deterministic process regulate the community assemblies of sediment tailings. Moreover, the co-occurrence network pattern unveils strong selective pattern for sediment tailings communities, where genera form a complex network structure exhibiting strong competition for limited resource. These findings reveal the patterns of microbial adaptions in wet vanadium tailing ponds, providing insightful guidelines to mitigate the negative impact of V tailing and develop sustainable management for mine-waste reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Panzhihua, 617000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Song Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ziqi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinong Li
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China.
| | - Qianwen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Baogang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yang M, Zhou X, Abbas G, Wang L, Lu J. Effects of chloride on corrosion scale compositions and heavy metal release in drinking water distribution systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133452. [PMID: 38198869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Variations in water chemistry may lead to the release of harmful heavy metals in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). In this study, the effects of chloride on the release of heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Mo, V, Sr, and Co were examined using steel and cast iron pipe loops. After chloride was added, the relative contents of goethite (α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), and siderite (FeCO3) in pipe scales increased, but the contents of magnetite (Fe3O4) decreased. The most prevalent compounds were α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH. When the chloride levels were increased, the effluent concentrations of Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Mo, V, Sr, and Co significantly increased. These heavy metals were released presumably because of the destabilization and dissolution of corrosion scales induced by chloride and adsorption site competition. Strong positive correlations were also observed between Fe&Mn, Fe/Mn&As, Fe/Mn&Cr, Fe/Mn&Mo, Fe/Mn&V, Fe/Mn&Sr, and Fe/Mn&Co, indicating the co-release of Fe, Mn, and other metals. This study may be helpful for the potential strategies on avoidance of heavy metal release and improvement of water supply security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yuekai Liu
- Qingdao Municiple Engineering Design & Research Institute, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- China Northwest Architecture Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd, Xi'an 710018, PR China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Shenzhen Water Resources Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Long Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jinsuo Lu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
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Ni R, Chu X, Liu R, Shan J, Tian Y, Zhao W. Chromium immobilization and release by pipe scales in drinking water distribution systems: The impact of anions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167600. [PMID: 37802346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high toxicity, the release of chromium (Cr) by pipe scales poses a serious risk to drinking water quality and human health. This study looked into how Cr immobilized and released by pipe scales. SEM, XRD, and XPS were applied to evaluate the physicochemical characterization of pipe scales. To identify times of immobilization and release and the proper scale to water ratio, the behaviors of Cr were examined in stagnation experiments. Afterward, the common anions in drinking water were designed as nine concentration gradients to explore their species and concentrations impacts on the immobilization and release process of Cr. It is worth mentioning that the pipe scales were classified into block pipe scales, lumpy pipe scales, and powder pipe scales in this experiment. The types of pipe scales were rarely considered as an influencing factor. Results revealed that in contrast to powder pipe scales, block pipe scales and lumpy pipe scales exhibited extremely comparable trends. Specifically, in terms of accumulation capacity, the order from largest to smallest was powder pipe scales, lumpy pipe scales, and block pipe scales. However, the potential of Cr release from block pipe scales was the highest, indicating a high danger of heavy metal re-release in actual circumstances. Findings from this study discovered the turning points of chloride and sulfate concentrations associated with the pipe scales species in the anion-promoted release. These results provide insight into the relationship between pipe scales and Cr in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoling Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xianxian Chu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jinlin Shan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Weigao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Li M, Zhang D, Zhang R, Wang F, Song Y, Chen F, Yang J, Li C. Recent advances in the unlined cast iron pipe scale characteristics, cleaning techniques and harmless disposal methods: An overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139849. [PMID: 37595692 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water discoloration and its potential health risks (e.g., heavy metals, pathogens, carcinogenic organics) have aroused wide public concerns around the world, and the characteristics and corresponding cleaning techniques of pipe scales are one of the most important research fields closely related to people's lives and health. This Overview Article summarizes the latest research achievements about the new insights into the unlined cast iron pipe corrosion scale characteristics as well as the advanced cleaning techniques applied in drinking water distribution systems. The typical pollutants such as heavy metal ions, pathogens and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pipe scales and the main cleaning techniques including unidirectional flushing (UDF), air scouring, ice pigging and guided ultrasonic waves (GUW) are categorized and elaborated. In the final part, the current challenges and future opportunities are also further discussed from the viewpoint of evolution process of pipe scales as well as the widespread application of advanced cleaning techniques. Moreover, the possible technical route for the innocent treatment and resource utilization of pipe scale waste is also proposed. It is anticipated that this review will attract more attention toward the in-depth study of pipe scales and their cleaning techniques to enjoy cleaner and healthier drinking water for people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yang Song
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China.
| | - Feiyong Chen
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Nanjing Chibo Environmental Technology (China) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changming Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Yang L, Zhao J, Huang Q, Wang J, Xu C, Xu Y, Liu L. Release behavior of fertilizers and heavy metals from iron-loaded sludge biochar in the aqueous environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122163. [PMID: 37429492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the release behavior of fertilizers (NH4+-N, PO43- and K) and heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cr) from iron-loaded sludge biochar (ISBC) was investigated to evaluated the feasibility and risks of ISBC as a slow release fertilizer. Their release capacity was significantly enhanced with decreasing initial pH, increasing solid-liquid ratio (RS-L) and rising temperature (p < 0.05). When the initial pH, RS-L and temperature were separately 5 (fertilizers)/1 (heavy metals), 1:5 and 298 K, the final concentrations of NH4+-N, PO43-, K, Mn, Zn and Ni were 6.60, 14.13, 149.4, 53.69, 72.56, and 1.01 mg L-1, while the maximum concentrations of Cu, Pb and Cr were 0.94, 0.77, and 0.22 mg L-1, respectively. Due to the tiny difference between the R2 values, revised pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models described their release behavior well, suggesting that physical and chemical interactions played an important role. Activation energies greater than 40 kJ mol-1 indicated that the rate-controlling steps of the release of NH4+-N, PO43- and Ni were chemical reactions, while chemical reactions and diffusion together determined the release rates of K, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr because their activation energies were in the range of 20-40 kJ mol-1. The increasingly negative ΔG and positive ΔH and ΔS suggested that their release was a spontaneous (except Cr) and endothermic process with an increase of randomness between the solid-liquid interface. The release efficiency of NH4+-N, PO43- and K were in the ranges of 28.21%-53.97%, 2.09%-18.06% and 39.46%-66.14%, respectively. Meanwhile, the pollution index and evaluation index of heavy metals were in the ranges of 33.31-227.4 and 4.64-29.24, respectively. In summary, ISBC could be used as a slow-release fertilizer with low risk when the RS-L was less than 1:40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jirong Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China.
| | - Qingxia Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Chengtao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Liheng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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7
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Stefan DS, Bosomoiu M, Teodorescu G. The Behavior of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System-Comparison with Other Pipe Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3872. [PMID: 37835921 PMCID: PMC10575437 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner walls of the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) are expected to be clean to ensure a safe quality of drinking water. Complex physical, chemical, and biological processes take place when water comes into contact with the pipe surface. This paper describes the impact of leaching different compounds from the water supply pipes into drinking water and subsequent risks. Among these compounds, there are heavy metals. It is necessary to prevent these metals from getting into the DWDS. Those compounds are susceptible to impacting the quality of the water delivered to the population either by leaching dangerous chemicals into water or by enhancing the development of microorganism growth on the pipe surface. The corrosion process of different pipe materials, scale formation mechanisms, and the impact of bacteria formed in corrosion layers are discussed. Water treatment processes and the pipe materials also affect the water composition. Pipe materials act differently in the flowing and stagnation conditions. Moreover, they age differently (e.g., metal-based pipes are subjected to corrosion while polymer-based pipes have a decreased mechanical resistance) and are susceptible to enhanced bacterial film formation. Water distribution pipes are a dynamic environment, therefore, the models that are used must consider the changes that occur over time. Mathematical modeling of the leaching process is complex and includes the description of corrosion development over time, correlated with a model for the biofilm formation and the disinfectants-corrosion products and disinfectants-biofilm interactions. The models used for these processes range from simple longitudinal dispersion models to Monte Carlo simulations and 3D modeling. This review helps to clarify what are the possible sources of compounds responsible for drinking water quality degradation. Additionally, it gives guidance on the measures that are needed to maintain stable and safe drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Simina Stefan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Magdalena Bosomoiu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Georgeta Teodorescu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.S.S.); (G.T.)
- Doctoral School, Specialization of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhou C, Sui M, Du S. Insights into the electron activation mechanisms at the micro level by nano zero-valent iron supported by molybdenum disulfide (nZVI@MD) from preparation to application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131968. [PMID: 37429190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Both molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) exhibit excellent adsorption abilities. However, the constrained conductivity of MoS2 and the lack of selectivity of nZVI for electron transfer still pose challenges. In this study, we designed a series of novel nano zero-valent iron supported by molybdenum disulfide composites (nZVI@MD) with multiple electron-rich active sites, including iron dopant replacement, iron atom intercalation and exposed Mo4+, for effective removal of Cr(VI). Results showed that preparation temperature and the amount of MoS2 added were identified as the two most significant factors affecting the reduction properties of nZVI@MD. Systematic experiments revealed that the nZVI@MD exhibited good anti-interference performance, stability and reusability due to its excellent electron selectivity. Characterization results exhibited that iron atoms replaced the sulfur vacancies in MoS2 and inserted into an intercalation of MoS2 during the preparation process. The mechanisms underlying the uptake of Cr(VI) by nZVI@MD can be proposed as follows: (i) electrostatic interactions, (ii) reduction reaction, and (iii) co-precipitation involving Fe-O-Cr. Furthermore, nZVI@MD exhibited excellent electron activity, hydrophilicity and oxidation resistance, confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work provided new strategies and mechanistic insights for the rational design of adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songhang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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Zhang S, Zhao W, Jia S, Wei L, Zhou L, Tian Y. Study on release and occurrence of typical metals in corrosion products of drinking water distribution systems under stagnation conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15217-15229. [PMID: 36166128 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal contaminants in corrosion products of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can be released into potable water under specific conditions, thereby polluting drinking water and posing a health risk. Under stagnation conditions, the release characteristics, occurring forms, and environmental risks of ten metals were determined in loose and tubercle scale solids of an unlined cast iron pipe with a long service history, before and after immersion. Most Al, As, Cr, Fe, and V in corrosion scales existed in the residual fraction, with the released concentration and pollution risk being low. Since more than 59% of Ca in pipe scales existed in the exchangeable fraction, Ca release was high. Although the Pb and Cd content of corrosion solids was low, a high proportion of Pb and Cd was present in non-residual fractions with high mobility. Sudden severe Pb or Cd pollution events in DWDS could result in high pollution and environmental risk levels. The total content and released amount of Mn and Zn in corrosion scales were both high. Therefore, while special attention should be paid to Mn and Zn, Pb and Cd also present a high risk in pipe scales, despite their low concentrations. During stagnation immersion, metal release from powdered pipe scales occurred via the processes of mass release, re-adsorption into scales, and slow release until equilibrium was reached. The levels of metal re-adsorption into scales were much higher than the concentrations dissolved into bulk water. However, the amount of metal re-adsorption into tubercle scale blocks was less. Importantly, these findings highlight that during DWDS operation, the sudden release of metal pollutants caused by pipe scale breakage should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, Jinnan District, China
- Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin, 301636, China
| | - Weigao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, Jinnan District, China
| | - Shichao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, Jinnan District, China
| | - Lianyi Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, Jinnan District, China
| | - Letong Zhou
- Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin, 301636, China
| | - Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, Jinnan District, China.
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10
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Zhou Q, Huang J, Guo K, Lou Y, Wang H, Zhou R, Tang J, Hou P. Spatiotemporal distribution of opportunistic pathogens and microbial community in centralized rural drinking water: One year survey in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:115045. [PMID: 36513125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Centralized water supply in rural areas, supported by small waterworks (small-central mode) and by municipal water treatment plants (urban-extension mode), is an important guarantee to implement the Rural Revitalization Strategy Plan (2018-2022) in China. Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) could not be evaluated by the national drinking water sanitation standards in China (GB 5749-2022), posing potential microbial risks in rural drinking water. In this study, the spatiotemporal distribution of OPs, microbial community and the associated functional composition under two central water supply modes were investigated by molecular approaches. The results indicated that OPs were widely presented in the rural drinking water regardless of water supply modes, and were more abundant than those in the urban tap water. The insufficient residual chlorine and higher turbidity triggered more microbial proliferation, posing a seasonal variation of OPs gene copy numbers and bacterial community compositions. In warm seasons of summer and autumn, the gene copies of E. coli, M. avium, Pseudomonas spp. and the amoeba host Acanthamoeba spp. achieved up to 4.92, 3.94, 6.75 and 3.74 log10 (gene copies/mL), respectively. Potential functional prediction indicated higher relative abundance of pathogenic genes and infectious risks associated with the rural drinking water under small-central water supply mode. This one-year survey of the spatiotemporal distribution of OPs and microbial community provided scientific insights into microbial safety of rural drinking water, prompting attention on small-central water supply mode against OPs risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Zhou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Jingang Huang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; The Belt and Road Information Research Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Kangyin Guo
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China; Zhejiang Sunrise Garment Group Co., Ltd., Shengzhou, 312400, PR China
| | - Yucheng Lou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Rongbing Zhou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Pingzhi Hou
- The Belt and Road Information Research Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
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