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Kim JA, Park YS, Kim JH, Choi CY. Hyposalinity elicits physiological responses and alters intestinal microbiota in Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01387-6. [PMID: 39102012 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Global warming significantly impacts aquatic ecosystems, with changes in the salt environment negatively affecting the physiological responses of fish. We investigated the impact of hyposalinity on the physiological responses and intestinal microbiota of Sebastes schlegelii under the context of increased freshwater influx due to climate change. We focused on the osmoregulatory capacity, oxidative stress responses, and alterations in the intestinal microbiome of S. schlegelii under low-salinity conditions. Our findings revealed compromised osmoregulatory capacity in S. schlegelii under low-salinity conditions, accompanied by the activation of oxidative stress responses, indicating physiological adaptations to cope with environmental stress. Specifically, changes in Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in gill tissues were associated with decreased osmoregulatory capacity. Furthermore, the analysis of the intestinal microbiome led to significant changes in microbial diversity. Exposure to low-salinity environments led to dysbiosis, with notable decreases in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria at the class level and specific genera such as Enterovibrio, and Photobacterium. Conversely, Bacilli classes, along with genera like Mycoplasma, exhibited increased proportions in fish exposed to low-salinity conditions. These findings underscore the potential impact of environmental salinity changes on the adaptive capacity of fish species, particularly in the context of aquaculture. Moreover, they highlight the importance of considering both physiological and microbial responses in understanding the resilience of aquatic organisms to environmental stress. Additionally, they highlight the importance of intestinal microbiota analyses in understanding the immune system and disease management in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Kim
- Department of Convergence Study On the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Korea
| | - Young-Su Park
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, 46252, Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Department of Convergence Study On the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Korea.
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Korea.
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Zarei S, Ghafouri H, Vahdatiraad L, Heidari B. The influence of HSP inducers on salinity stress in sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus): In vitro study on HSP expression, immune responses, and antioxidant capacity. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:552-566. [PMID: 38909654 PMCID: PMC11268179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a crucial role in antioxidant systems, immune responses, and enzyme activation during stress conditions. Salinity changes can cause stress and energy expenditure in fish, resulting in mortality, especially in fingerlings. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between salinity and HSPs in stressed fish by assessing the effects of various HSP inducers (HSPis), including Pro-Tex® (800 mM), amygdalin (80 mM), and a novel synthetic compound derived from pirano piranazole (80 µM), on isolated cells from Sterlet Sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) exposed to 13 ‰ salinity (S13). After liver, kidney, and gill cells were cultured, the HSPi compounds were treated in vitro in the presence and absence of salinity. The expression patterns of HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90 were assessed by Western blotting. Biochemical enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase), cortisol levels, and immune parameters (component 3, immunoglobulin M, and lysozyme) were measured before and after treatment with HSPis and HSPi + S13. According to these findings, HSPis positively modulate HSP expression, immune responses, and antioxidant levels. Furthermore, they increased in vitro cell survival by maintaining cortisol levels and biochemical enzyme activities in A. ruthenus under saline conditions (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, HSPis can increase A. ruthenus resistance to salinity stress. However, the results also indicated that these compounds can reverse the adverse effects of salinity. The effectiveness of this approach depends on further research into the effects of these ecological factors on the health status of the species, especially in vivo and in combination with other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghafouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Leila Vahdatiraad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrooz Heidari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Amirfakhrian Z, Abdossi V, Mohammadi Torkashvand A, Weisany W, Ghanbari Jahromi M. Co-applied magnesium nanoparticles and biochar modulate salinity stress via regulating yield, biochemical attribute, and fatty acid profile of Physalis alkekengi L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31806-31817. [PMID: 38637482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
While previous studies have addressed the desirable effects of biochar (BC) or magnesium nanoparticles (Mg NPs) on salinity stress individually, there is a research gap regarding their simultaneous application. Additionally, the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of BC and Mg NPs on salinity in Physalis alkekengi L. remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of BC and Mg NPs on P. alkekengi L. under salinity stress conditions. A pot experiment was conducted with salinity at 100 and 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), as well as soil applied BC (4% v/v) and foliar applied Mg NPs (500 mg L-1) on physiological and biochemical properties of P. alkekengi L. The results represented that salinity, particularly 200 mM NaCl, significantly reduced plant yield (58%) and total chlorophyll (Chl, 36%), but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD, 82%) and catalase (CAT, 159%) activity relative to non-saline conditions. However, the co-application of BC and Mg NPs mitigated these negative effects and improved fruit yield, Chl, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid. It also decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Salinity also altered the fatty acid composition, increasing saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), while decreasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The heat map analysis showed that fruit yield, anthocyanin, Chl, and CAT were sensitive to salinity. The findings can provide insights into the possibility of these amendments as sustainable strategies to mitigate salt stress and enhance plant productivity in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Amirfakhrian
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Abdossi
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Weria Weisany
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Lorrain-Soligon L, Bizon T, Robin F, Jankovic M, Brischoux F. Variations of salinity during reproduction and development affect ontogenetic trajectories in a coastal amphibian. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11735-11748. [PMID: 38225486 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Although coastal ecosystems are naturally submitted to temporal variations of salinity, salinization has been increasing over time threatening coastal biodiversity. Species that exploit such habitats can thus be exposed to brackish water at different life stages. However, the impacts of variations of salinity on wildlife remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for coastal amphibians, due to the strong dependency of early life stages (embryos and larvae) on aquatic environments. In order to investigate the effect of salinity during egg laying and embryonic and larval development of coastal amphibians, we used a full-factorial design to expose reproductive adults, eggs, and larvae of coastal spined toads (Bufo spinosus) to fresh (0 g.l-1) or brackish water (4 g.l-1). At egg laying, we evaluated parental investment in reproduction. During embryonic and larval development, we assessed effects on survival, development, and growth. We highlighted strong effects of environmental salinity on reproduction (reduced egg laying time, marginally reduced egg size, and reduced investment in reproduction). Responses to salinity were highly dependent on the developmental stages of exposure (stronger effects when individuals were exposed during embryonic development). These effects carried over when exposure occurred at egg laying or during embryonic development, highlighting the importance of the environmental conditions during early life on ontogenetic trajectories. We also highlighted partial compensation when individuals were transferred back to freshwater. Whether the magnitude of these responses can allow coastal biodiversity to overcome the observed detrimental effects of salinization remain to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Lorrain-Soligon
- UMR 7372: Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) - CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 405 route de Prissé la Charrière, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France.
| | - Timothé Bizon
- UMR 7372: Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) - CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 405 route de Prissé la Charrière, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Frédéric Robin
- LPO France, Fonderies Royales, 17300, Rochefort, France
- Réserve naturelle du marais d'Yves LPO, Ferme de la belle espérance, 17340, Yves, France
| | - Marko Jankovic
- Réserve naturelle du marais d'Yves LPO, Ferme de la belle espérance, 17340, Yves, France
| | - François Brischoux
- UMR 7372: Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) - CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 405 route de Prissé la Charrière, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
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Jiang S, Zhang W, Qian X, Ji J, Ning X, Zhu F, Yin S, Zhang K. Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response and gut microbiota of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106556. [PMID: 37182272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia causes irreversible damage to aquatic animals. However, few reports have explored the effect of hypoxia stress and reoxygenation on intestinal homeostatic imbalance and consequent hepatopancreas-intestine axis health in crustacean. Herein, 180 Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were equally divided into control (DO 7.0 ± 0.2 mg/L) and treatment groups. The treatment group was exposed with continuous hypoxic stress (DO 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/L) for 96 h and then reoxygenated (DO 6.9 ± 0.1 mg/L) for 96 h. The effects on intestines and hepatopancreas of Chinese mitten crab were investigated, and the role of gut microbiota in hypoxia induced damages was explored. Hypoxia impaired intestinal tissue structure, and decreased swelling and the number of goblet cells, which are features that did not significantly improve after reoxygenation. With prolonged hypoxic stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (LDH, SOD and CAT) and MDA content in intestine were significantly elevated. Moreover, the level of oxidative stress increased, which led to upregulated apoptosis rate and expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, Caspase 8 and BAX). In addition, the expression of immune related genes (MyD88, ALF1, Relish and Crustin) in hepatopancreas and intestine was both significantly induced under hypoxia, which activated the immune defense mechanism of Chinese mitten crab to adapt to the hypoxic environment. Furthermore, diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota decreased noticeably during hypoxic stress; the number of beneficial bacteria downregulated. Finally, KEGG pathway analysis revealed that nine pathways were significantly enriched in intestinal microorganisms, including autoimmune disease and environmental adaptation. Collectively, these results suggested that hypoxia negatively affected E. sinensis health by triggering oxidative stress, altering the composition of the gut microbiota and inhibiting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jiang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaobin Qian
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Ji
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China
| | - Xianhui Ning
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Shaowu Yin
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China.
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Giareta EP, Hauser-Davis RA, Abilhoa V, Wosnick N. Carbonic anhydrase in elasmobranchs and implications of the current climate change scenario. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111435. [PMID: 37086909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) has well-known functions in acid-base balance, respiratory gas exchange, and osmoregulation in teleost fishes. However, studies concerning the role of CA in elasmobranchs are still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present the current status of CA studies in sharks and rays, as well as to identify gaps and emerging needs, in order to guide future studies. This review is organized according to the main roles of CA, with further considerations on climate change and CA effects indicated as paramount, as strategies in the face of climate change can be crucial for species response. The literature review revealed a reduction in publications on CA over the years. In addition, a historical research differentiation is noted, where the first assessments on the subject addressed investigations on basic CA functions, while the most recent studies present a comparative approach among species as well as interdisciplinary discussions, such as ecology and phylogeny. Considering that most elasmobranchs are threatened, future studies should prioritize non-lethal methodologies, in addition to expanding studies to climate change effects on CA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Abilhoa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natascha Wosnick
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Amaral D, Filipe DM, Cavalheri TF, Vieira L, Magalhães RP, Belo I, Peres H, Ozório RODA. Solid-State Fermentation of Plant Feedstuff Mixture Affected the Physiological Responses of European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Reared at Different Temperatures and Subjected to Salinity Oscillation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:393. [PMID: 36766282 PMCID: PMC9913833 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of plant feedstuff mixture (PFM) pre-treated by solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the physiological responses of European seabass. For that purpose, two diets were formulated to contain: 20% inclusion level of non-fermented plant ingredients mixture (20Mix) and 20Mix fermented by A. niger in SSF conditions (20Mix-SSF). Seabass juveniles (initial body weight: 20.9 ± 3.3 g) were fed the experimental diets, reared at two different temperatures (21 and 26 °C) and subjected to weekly salinity oscillations for six weeks. Growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, humoral immune parameters, and oxidative stress indicators were evaluated. A reduction in weight gain, feed intake, and thermal growth coefficient was observed in fish fed the fermented diet (20Mix-SSF). Salinity oscillation led to an increase in weight gain, feed efficiency, daily growth index, and thermal growth coefficient, regardless of dietary treatment. Higher rearing temperatures also increased daily growth index. No dietary effect was observed on digestive enzymes activities, whereas rearing temperature and salinity oscillation modulated digestive enzyme activities. Oxidative stress responses were significantly affected by experimental diets, temperature, and salinity conditions. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities showed an interactive effect. Fish reared at 21 °C showed higher enzymatic activity when fed the 20Mix-SSF. Conversely, fish reared at 26 °C showed higher GPx activity when fed the 20Mix diet. Fish reared at 26 °C showed reduced peroxidase and lysozyme activities, while salinity fluctuation led to increased lysozyme activity and decreased ACH50 activity. ACH50 activity increased in fish fed the 20Mix-SSF. Overall, the dietary inclusion of PFM fermented by A. niger was unable to mitigate the impact of environmental stress on physiological performance in European seabass. In fact, fermented feed caused an inhibition of growth performances and an alteration of some physiological stress indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Amaral
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Moreira Filipe
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Thais Franco Cavalheri
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Pedro Magalhães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Belo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo O. de A. Ozório
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
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The Effect of Salinity Stress on Enzyme Activities, Histology, and Transcriptome of Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111580. [PMID: 36358281 PMCID: PMC9687411 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A 56-day study was performed to examine the effect of freshwater (FW) and brackish water (BW 6‱ salinity) on the antioxidant ability, Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activities, histology, and transcriptome of the gill and kidney tissue in juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). The results show that when juvenile silver carp were exposed to 6‱ salinity, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were shown to be substantially increased (p < 0.05), while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in gill were not significantly affected (p < 0.05). In kidney tissue, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX, enzyme activities peaked at 24, 8, and 4 h, respectively, but were not significantly different compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, significant effects of salinity were observed for the NKA level in both the gills and kidney tissues (p < 0.05). The gill filaments of juvenile silver carp under the BW group all underwent adverse changes within 72 h, such as cracks and ruptures in the main part of the gill filaments, bending of the gill lamellae and enlargement of the gaps, and an increase in the number of mucus and chloride-secreting cells. Transcriptome sequencing showed 171 and 261 genes in the gill and kidney tissues of juvenile silver carp compared to the BW group, respectively. Based on their gene ontology annotations, transcripts were sorted into four functional gene groups, each of which may play a role in salt tolerance. Systems involved in these processes include metabolism, signal transduction, immunoinflammatory response, and ion transport. The above findings indicate that the regulation processes in juvenile silver carp under brackish water conditions are complex and multifaceted. These processes and mechanisms shed light on the regulatory mechanism of silver carp osmolarity and provide a theoretical foundation for future research into silver carp growth in brackish water aquaculture area.
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